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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
The Effect Of Quality Of Subsoil Structure Identification On The Execution Of Pile Structures For Bridge Supports, Maciej Kumor, Zbigniew Młynarek
The Effect Of Quality Of Subsoil Structure Identification On The Execution Of Pile Structures For Bridge Supports, Maciej Kumor, Zbigniew Młynarek
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Supports of road viaducts or bridges are founded predominantly on piles. This is determined by the subsoil structure and the location of the designed object. In certain cases the selection of the pile system is also influenced by the neighboring buildings and infrastructure. The design for bridge foundation in such cases needs to be based on high quality geotechnical documentation. Although this criterion is specified in Eurocode 7: PN-EN 1997 parts 1 and 2, binding throughout Europe, including Poland, frequently geotechnical documentations are not very precise and do not present an accurate subsoil structure, leading to building disasters. Such a …
Soil Movements Due To Displacement Pile Driving, M. K. Chong
Soil Movements Due To Displacement Pile Driving, M. K. Chong
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The effects of displacement piling are well documented with many cases of movements caused to adjacent structures and detrimental effects on recently installed piles. The author’s experience with dealing with ground displacements of raft piling in deep marine clays in Singapore led to the development of a method for calculating the ground movements to assess the cumulative effects of pile driving. The method is derived from soil mechanics parameters, principle of potential energy, strain energy and work done by the stresses in the soil undergoing a cylindrical cavity expansion process and the stresses in the soil undergoing large strains direct …
A Case History Of A Deep Foundation Pit Constructed By Zoned Excavation Method In Shanghai Soft Deposit, Z. H. Xu, J. Zhang, C. Chen
A Case History Of A Deep Foundation Pit Constructed By Zoned Excavation Method In Shanghai Soft Deposit, Z. H. Xu, J. Zhang, C. Chen
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
This paper presents a case history of a deep excavation for building foundation in Shanghai soft deposit. The excavated area was about 15916 m2. The excavation depth at the tower part was 15.0 m and at the podium part was 14.5 m to 15.2 m. Around the excavated pit, there existed many facilities including roads, the shield tunnels of the No.7 Metro, buildings, and pipelines. Zoned excavation method was adopted in this project. The excavation was divided into a relatively small pit (Zone I) and a big pit (Zone II). The small pit was just adjacent to the …
A Case History Of Deep Excavation In Doha, L. Tony Chen
A Case History Of Deep Excavation In Doha, L. Tony Chen
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The Doha high-rise tower consists of a 4 level basement which required an excavation depth of 16m along the site perimeter. Minimization of impact of excavation-induced ground movements on the adjacent structures and underground utilities was one of the major considerations in the design and construction of the excavation and its temporary retaining system. The temporary retaining system initially consisted of anchored secant pile walls with toe grouting along the entire site perimeter. After excessive movement was detected on one section of the southern wall, inclined steel bracing was installed inside the excavation as a remedial measure to provide additional …
Accumulation Of Rainfall In The Permeable Fill Behind A Soil Nail Wall, S. Mohsen Haeri, Mohammadhasan Sasar, Kioumars Afshari
Accumulation Of Rainfall In The Permeable Fill Behind A Soil Nail Wall, S. Mohsen Haeri, Mohammadhasan Sasar, Kioumars Afshari
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
TOOBA deep excavation project was conducted in a densely developed area in the North West of Tehran, capital of Iran, to provide space for 4 basement levels for multiple buildings around the already functional TOOBA tower. Besides excavating on 3 sides of TOOBA tower, this project involved excavation to the depths varying from 9 to 28 meters depending on the sloping ground condition. A 5 story school building and a 2 story residential building abut the excavation boundary. Previous experience of constructed soil nail walls in cemented soils of Tehran indicated relatively small wall deformations. Therefore, except for the retaining …
Application Of Jacket Pack Anchor (Jp Anchor), Kim Tae-Seob, Cho Yoon-Ju
Application Of Jacket Pack Anchor (Jp Anchor), Kim Tae-Seob, Cho Yoon-Ju
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Jacket Pack Anchor(JP Anchor) is applied the irregular layer that general ground anchor is difficult to be applied such as soft layer(SPT-N values of less than 20) or gravel layer that grout lost. It makes sure of the pullout resistance required in these layers by the certain grout bulb formation and expansion effect. Thereby, Jacket Pack Anchor that is a new concept makes possible the construction improving and the cost saving in the excavation site. From the field test results, it was observed that the pullout resistance of Jacket Pack Anchor was about 84% greater than that of general ground …
Case Histories Of Failure Of Deep Excavation. Examination Of Where Things Went Wrong: Nicoll Highway Collapse, Singapore, John Endicott
Case Histories Of Failure Of Deep Excavation. Examination Of Where Things Went Wrong: Nicoll Highway Collapse, Singapore, John Endicott
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
During the construction of Contract C824 of the Circle Line in Singapore, on 20th April 2004 an 80 m long section of excavation, 30 m deep, totally collapsed. The resulting crater was as deep as 15 metres and was more than 100 m in diameter. Six lanes of the adjacent Nicoll Highway subsided by as much as 13 m. Four construction workers were killed. Fortunately no vehicle was involved. A Committee of Inquiry was established and held hearings from August 2004 until March 2005. The findings of the Committee were published in May 2005. These identified the causes of the …
Case Studies Of Dewatering And Foundation Design: Retail Warehouses In Taiwan, Barry S. Chen, Roy E. Jensen
Case Studies Of Dewatering And Foundation Design: Retail Warehouses In Taiwan, Barry S. Chen, Roy E. Jensen
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The case studies in this paper describe three retail warehouse sites in Taiwan that have high groundwater tables in common, but that have drastically different soil conditions. Two of the sites are in dense, permeable gravel and cobble and the third site is in interbedded alluvial sand and clay. At the first site, shallow footings and slab-on-grade floors were placed on top of a permanent passive drainage system that required accurate seepage volume estimates in the permeable gravel and cobble. At the second site, the hydraulic conductivity of the gravel and cobble is high and is sensitive to fluctuation of …
Causes And Circumstances Of Red Mud Reservoir Dam Failure In 2010 At Mal Zrt Factory Site In Ajka, Hungary, David Turi, Jozsef Pusztai, Istvan Nyari
Causes And Circumstances Of Red Mud Reservoir Dam Failure In 2010 At Mal Zrt Factory Site In Ajka, Hungary, David Turi, Jozsef Pusztai, Istvan Nyari
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The red mud reservoir failure in Ajka, Hungary has claimed 10 lives and cost millions of dollars in damages. Immediately after emergency measures investigations started to shed light on causes and circumstances. The authors performed an extensive desktop study of about 20 thousand pages reaching back to the 1970s, when the facility has been designed. Beside this study the dam and its area have gone through series of site investigations, from drilling to CPTu testing and laboratory testing. The information so collected resulted in the following conclusion. Contributing factors to this substantial dam failure included poor siting of the facility, …
Constructive Solutions To The Conservation Of Cultural Heritage, Miroslav Todorov
Constructive Solutions To The Conservation Of Cultural Heritage, Miroslav Todorov
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Bulgaria is a country with rich historical heritage and cultural diversity. The protection and conservation of cultural and historical monuments is vital to preserving the national identity of Bulgarians, the relationship with the land and traditional culture as an essential part of his life and means of survival. It should be noted Bulgarian modest contribution to the preservation of 7 (according to UNESCO) cultural monuments and two nature reserves listed as World Heritage. In the center of the Bulgarian capital - Sofia are located over 1400 cultural and historical monuments that highlight the civilizational and cultural outlook of the capital …
Damage On A Main Gas Pipeline Due To Landslide Of Soils Derived From Volcanic Ashes In Colombia, Gilberto Ch. Rodriguez, Julián V. Rodriguez, Natalia A. Quintero, Jorge E. Villamarín
Damage On A Main Gas Pipeline Due To Landslide Of Soils Derived From Volcanic Ashes In Colombia, Gilberto Ch. Rodriguez, Julián V. Rodriguez, Natalia A. Quintero, Jorge E. Villamarín
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
In December 2011 a great proportion slope failed affecting the main gas pipeline (20” diameter) that supplies Colombia’s southwest area. The landslide involved materials formed by soils derived from volcanic ashes and residual soils, typical in Colombia’s central zone, which acquired great energy flowing in an avalanche through the natural watercourse. The avalanche generated soil erosion over the torrent banks, generating the watercourse deepening and the deterioration of adjacent slopes over which the pipeline runs. There were identified as landslides triggering aspects the atypical raining period due to “La Niña” climatic phenomenon and the soils removal at the slope base …
Evaluation Of The Failure Probability Of Slopes In Residual Soil From The Aburrá Valley, Medellín Colombia, Juan Pablo Villada Rodas, Manuel Roberto Villarraga
Evaluation Of The Failure Probability Of Slopes In Residual Soil From The Aburrá Valley, Medellín Colombia, Juan Pablo Villada Rodas, Manuel Roberto Villarraga
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
In recent years the evaluation of failure probability on slope stability analyses has become important because it has been presented as a representative method helping to complement the factor of safety. As part of this paper, it is proposed the evaluation of the failure probability in cut slopes on residual soils from the Aburrá valley. Statistical analyses were performed on the most important variables, considering continuous statistical distributions. Sensitivity analyses were performed to quantify their influence in the stability. As a result, some abacuses are developed in which the height and the slope angle are related to the failure probability …
Exploration, Deconstruction, And Repair Of A Distressed Mse Retaining Wall In Saint Paul, Minnesota, Joseph G. Bentler
Exploration, Deconstruction, And Repair Of A Distressed Mse Retaining Wall In Saint Paul, Minnesota, Joseph G. Bentler
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
A 225-ft long, 11-ft high MSE retaining wall was constructed in fall 2008 around the lowest corner of a parking lot at a community college. The wall provided grade separation between the higher parking lot and the green areas below. No geotechnical exploration was performed for the wall, although one had been performed for building additions elsewhere on campus, and density testing was performed periodically during MSE wall construction. The following spring, pavement had subsided up to a foot near two catch basins located several feet behind the retaining wall facing. Cracks in the pavement opened adjacent to the catch …
Failure Of Embankment On Soil-Cement Columns For Thi Vai Port, Vietnam, Nguyen Minh Hai, Bengt H. Fellenius
Failure Of Embankment On Soil-Cement Columns For Thi Vai Port, Vietnam, Nguyen Minh Hai, Bengt H. Fellenius
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The Thi Vai Container Port is constructed on reclaimed ground along the Thi Vai River in the Mekong delta approximately 90 km southeast of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The soil profile consists of an about 15 to 23 m thick deposit of soft, normally consolidated, highly compressible clay deposited on dense to compact sand. A soil improvement scheme was instigated aiming to reduce long-term settlement after construction of the facilities and improve the stability of the river bank. The scheme combined wick drains and, along the river bank, soil cement columns and toe revetments. The wick drains were installed …
Geotechnical Issues In Structural Stabilization Of Historical Monument — Clock Tower, Vlatko Sesov, Julijana Cvetanovska, Kemal Edip
Geotechnical Issues In Structural Stabilization Of Historical Monument — Clock Tower, Vlatko Sesov, Julijana Cvetanovska, Kemal Edip
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Being located in the central Balkan region, the territory of the Republic of Macedonia has a significant historical heritage. The clock tower in city of Prilep, central Macedonia, dates back to the 19th century. With its total height of almost 30 m, it is one of the most remarkable monuments. During its serviceability period, the clock tower has suffered some moderate inclination. The presented study has been focused on geotechnical issues as part of a structural consolidation project for this important historical structure. In the last decade, in the period between 1998 – 2009, an inclination of 39mm was observed …
Investigating The Performance Of Ground Anchor Through The Failure Slope Disaster In Taiwan, Ching-Jiang Jeng, Yen-Cheng Chen
Investigating The Performance Of Ground Anchor Through The Failure Slope Disaster In Taiwan, Ching-Jiang Jeng, Yen-Cheng Chen
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
At milestone 3.1 km of the Formosa Freeway in northern Taiwan, a landslide occurred on April 25, 2000, causing nearly 200,000 m3 of earth and rock to slump down onto the freeway below. Four people trapped in cars beneath the collapsed slope died. How such a tremendous slope failure could happen in dry weather without advanced warning is attributed to two key factors: (1) Long-term groundwater infiltration resulting in the softening of thin interlayer between sandstone and shale; (2) Ground anchor corrosion resulting in a decrease in slope stability. Together these two factors caused the slope to reach a …
Landslide Of Tunnel Face By Slip Circle Formation —Case Study, Kamal Dev Ralh, Ansh Deep Ralh
Landslide Of Tunnel Face By Slip Circle Formation —Case Study, Kamal Dev Ralh, Ansh Deep Ralh
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Konkan Railway Corporation Ltd. (KRCL) has been assigned construction of 71 km Railway Line from Katra to Dharam in Jammu & Kashmir state of India. This line when constructed up to Quazigund will link the Kashmir valley with main Indian Railways network. Indian Railway Construction Co. (IRCON) is assigned the section from Dharam to Quazigund. Railway Line in the valley beyond Quazigund is in operation. The KRCL stretch is situated in high mountains and deep gorges requiring construction of large number of tunnels and major bridges. The strata in most of the tunnels is fragile and charged with water particularly …
Lessons From Revisiting Three Cases Of Slope Failure, Konstantina Papadopoulou, George Gazetas
Lessons From Revisiting Three Cases Of Slope Failure, Konstantina Papadopoulou, George Gazetas
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Three old failures of geotechnical projects are analyzed, where some original design uncertainties were lately discovered. The first case concerns the failure during construction of a slope at the portal area of a tunnel in Greece, due to unexpected excessive water pressures. The failure was restricted to the upper weathered zone of flysh formation. Due to difficulties in performing laboratory tests with such hard soil material necessitated the estimation of shear strength parameters on the basis of the rockmass classification systems. The next case deals with an extensive failure of an open pit mine slope in Greece. The ground consists …
Lessons Learned From The Disaster At Lippe Canal Bridge, Markus Herten, Eva Dornecker
Lessons Learned From The Disaster At Lippe Canal Bridge, Markus Herten, Eva Dornecker
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
In October 2005, during construction works at the new Lippe canal bridge, massive water leakage from the Dortmund-Ems-Canal occurred below a wing wall at the northern abutment of the old, still operated canal bridge. Water passed through a leak of the claylined canal, flowing underneath a pile-supported wing wall into a minor excavation pit. This excavation pit was supposed to be protected by a surcharge filter. Since failure of the lining should be considered for all construction phases, it cannot be regarded as the cause of the disaster. Consequently, the paper focuses on the verification against hydraulic heave and erosion …
Levee Foundation Remediation Using The Deep Mix Method, Wesley Schmutzler, Filippo Maria Leoni, Kyle Sansing
Levee Foundation Remediation Using The Deep Mix Method, Wesley Schmutzler, Filippo Maria Leoni, Kyle Sansing
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Hurricane Katrina was responsible for hundreds of deaths, billions of dollars of damage, and left the levee system in New Orleans in a state of disrepair. Many levees that make up the Flood Protection system for New Orleans were overtopped and sustained considerable damage. This case history will look at one section of levee in New Orleans East designated LPV (Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity) -111 that is 5.3 miles in length. LPV-111 was overtopped and breeches occurred adjacent to structures. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) was tasked to not only repair the levee, but also to raise …
Restoration Of The Military Club Building In Sofia, By Micro Pile Injections, Chavdar Vassilev Kolev
Restoration Of The Military Club Building In Sofia, By Micro Pile Injections, Chavdar Vassilev Kolev
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The building of the Military Club is one of the most beautiful architectural monuments within the Bulgarian capital of Sofia. Construction of the club in a New Renaissance style and was initiated in 1895 according to the draft of Antonin Kolar, the famous Czech architect. It was completed in 1907 by Nikola Lazarov, a no less famous Bulgarian architect. Thereafter, a long series of cultural events, important for Bulgarian history were held on in Sofia Military Club. The building is a brick structure with three floors and a basement. Foundations are made out of massive stone blocks on the clay. …
Review Of The Seismic Retrofitting Of Sardis Dam, Randa Asmar, Abdul Qudoos Khan
Review Of The Seismic Retrofitting Of Sardis Dam, Randa Asmar, Abdul Qudoos Khan
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Most of the dams in Central United States, built in earlier part of 20th century are hydraulic fill dams. At the time of construction of these dams, earthquake engineering was still in its infancy and hence the dams lacked proper seismic design. Failure or near failure of earth dams as a consequence of earthquakes forced the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to re-evaluate the seismic performance of major earth dams in the Central United States, one of these dams was Sardis Dam. Investigations of Sardis Dam revealed a potentially liquefiable silty clay layer under the upstream shell. It …
Stabilization Of A Failed Highway Slope: A Multi-Phased Approach, Jeffrey T. Anagnostou, Anthony S. Nestor, Purushottam Deo, Heidi Flateau
Stabilization Of A Failed Highway Slope: A Multi-Phased Approach, Jeffrey T. Anagnostou, Anthony S. Nestor, Purushottam Deo, Heidi Flateau
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
A county road department in Southeastern Michigan was faced with the problem of stabilizing a slope along the Clinton River supporting a heavily trafficked roadway. The roadway and supporting slope had performed satisfactorily for over 50 years. However, a reinforced concrete seawall that had partially supported the slope deteriorated over time, contributing to progressive failure of the slope and resulting damage to the roadway. The site is situated within the glacial lake plain district of Southeastern Michigan. The site geology consists of approximately 7 feet of over-consolidated clays underlain by approximately 17 feet of normally consolidated glacial-lacustrine clays. Below the …
Susceptibility Analysis On Landslide Triggering Factors During The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, Deping Guo, Masanori Hamada
Susceptibility Analysis On Landslide Triggering Factors During The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, Deping Guo, Masanori Hamada
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake with Mw7.9 induced numerous landslides along the Longmen Mt. zone in Sichuan Province of China. The authors investigated into various influential factors on the slope stability of 119 landslides in Wenchuan County, such as horizontal peak ground acceleration, slope angle, slope height, rock materials and geological structures. The authors developed hanging wall and footwall‟s acceleration attenuation formulae from 115 seismic stations and the formulae confirmed hanging-foot wall effect had notable influence on landslide distribution density and occurrence probability. The results of multivariable analysis clarified that slope height, horizontal peak ground acceleration and geological structures …
Underpinning A Residential Structure On Uncontrolled Fill With Helical Screw-Piles, Alan J. Lutenegger
Underpinning A Residential Structure On Uncontrolled Fill With Helical Screw-Piles, Alan J. Lutenegger
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Underpinning of a private residence using square-shaft helical Screw-Piles is described. A two story wood frame single-family residence constructed in 1996 in a small subdivision started to experience differential settlement not long after construction. The settlement continued for several years, leading to excessive cracking in the basement walls and floor, severe misalignment of doors and windows and cracking of interior walls. It was discovered that the area of the housing development had previously been used as a commercial sand and gravel pit which had subsequently been used as a local dumping area for miscellaneous refuse and which had then been …
Stabilization Of Existing Sheet Pile Cell In The Ohio River, David W. Bird
Stabilization Of Existing Sheet Pile Cell In The Ohio River, David W. Bird
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
An existing 40 foot diameter sheet pile cell (cell) was used to support a dry fly ash loading platform at an electrical power generating facility on the Ohio River. The cell was designed and constructed in 1986 for support of a coal barge unloading crane but was never put into service. The cell has leaned riverward several inches in the years after construction. Stability analysis indicated a less than adequate overturning factor of safety without any additional loads. The addition of the loading platform could result in an overturning failure. A stabilizing system which provided a horizontal stabilizing force of …
Failures And Remediation Of Rock Slope Stability Problems And Remediation At Earthquakes At Part Of Werka Descent Road West Of Saudi Arabia, Bahaaeldin Sadagah
Failures And Remediation Of Rock Slope Stability Problems And Remediation At Earthquakes At Part Of Werka Descent Road West Of Saudi Arabia, Bahaaeldin Sadagah
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Werka descent road lies at western region of Saudi Arabia. It is constructed two years ago harmed due to rainstorm and absence of remedial measures. Werka mountainous road subjected to failures of man-made rock slope faces, and debris flow along both sides of 8-m width road. Intensive geotechnical study includes the RMR and GSI rock masses classifications were applied indicates that the rocks are medium to poor quality. The integrated techniques such as graphical method, modeling, and simulation were utilized to assess rock slope failures and rockfalls by using DIPS, RocFall, RocPlane and Swedge programs, and recommend the remedial measures …
Prevention Of Additional Building Settlement Due To Adjacent Construction At St. Francis Hospital And Medical Center In Hartford, Ct, Giuliana Giuliana, Sean D. Radley, William P. Konicki, Drew Floyd
Prevention Of Additional Building Settlement Due To Adjacent Construction At St. Francis Hospital And Medical Center In Hartford, Ct, Giuliana Giuliana, Sean D. Radley, William P. Konicki, Drew Floyd
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
During excavation for the foundation of the new John T. O’Connell North Tower at St. Francis Hospital and Medical Center (SFHMC), in Hartford, Connecticut in 2008, Building 3, an immediately-adjacent five-story brick masonry building suddenly settled up to 1.5 in. and moved laterally about 5/8-in., resulting in severe cracking of interior and exterior bearing walls and floor slabs. The excavation was immediately backfilled within 30 feet of Building 3 and all construction activities were stopped until the condition of Building 3, which provided critical laboratory, pharmacy, and administrative support functions to the hospital, was evaluated and the cause of movement …
Foundation Treatment Of Embankment Dams With Combination Of Consolidation And Compaction Groutings, Fardin Jafarzadeh, Amir Akbari Garakani
Foundation Treatment Of Embankment Dams With Combination Of Consolidation And Compaction Groutings, Fardin Jafarzadeh, Amir Akbari Garakani
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Treatment of soft or weak foundation in a rockfill dam is of importance due to being susceptible to the large settlements, which may cause the dam body subjected to undesirable deformations and even, catastrophic failures. In this paper the stress- strain behavior of an under construction 58 m embankment dam in North-West of Iran, namely Gerdebin dam, and its soft and weak alluvial thick foundation has been assessed numerically. The effect of combination of consolidation and compaction grouting of the basement (as a remediation method) on the dam deformations and stress levels, is investigated. For this purpose, a finite difference …
The Influence Of Freeze-Thaw Cycles On Cbr Values Of Silty Soils Stabilized With Lime And Microsilica, Reza Ziaie Moayed, Younes Daghigh, Behzad Pourhadi Lahiji
The Influence Of Freeze-Thaw Cycles On Cbr Values Of Silty Soils Stabilized With Lime And Microsilica, Reza Ziaie Moayed, Younes Daghigh, Behzad Pourhadi Lahiji
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The use of byproducts of industrial materials is one the most interesting areas in geotechnical engineering in recent years. Microsilica is one of these harmful byproducts that obtained from silicon or silicon alloy metal factories. On the other hand, silty soils are not considered as suitable soils due to their low strength characteristics. In this research, the effects of lime and microsilica on stabilization of silty bed soil of a region of Karaj railway are investigated and its efficiency as a subgrade material is evaluated. To determine the best combination of the stabilizer, various contents of lime and microsilica are …