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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Insecticide Resistance Monitoring And Sublethal Effects Of An Insect Growth Regulator On Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae), Beverly D. Catchot
Insecticide Resistance Monitoring And Sublethal Effects Of An Insect Growth Regulator On Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae), Beverly D. Catchot
Theses and Dissertations
Efforts to implement integrated pest management (IPM) strategies and improving our understanding of existing strategies are keys to achieving adequate control of tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris. Insecticide applications are a part of IPM and monitoring their efficacy is critical for producers to remain profitable. Resistance to imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and sulfoxaflor was documented, although there continues to remain variability among populations within the region. The insect growth regulator, novaluron, although only lethal to nymphs, plays an important role in management of Lygus. Sublethal impacts to adult plant bugs may be an important factor in reducing populations within the growing season. …
Effects Of Washing Units Of Canine Red Blood Cells On Storage Lesions, Ashley Coll
Effects Of Washing Units Of Canine Red Blood Cells On Storage Lesions, Ashley Coll
Theses and Dissertations
In humans, washing stored blood products prior to transfusion reduces storage lesions and the potential for transfusion reaction, but the effectiveness of washing units of canine whole blood is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine if a manual method of washing of stored whole blood units reduced storage lesions without adversely affecting erythrocytes. Units of canine whole blood were stored for 28 days and manually washed three times with sterile .9% NaCl. Following the first wash, there was a decrease in serum potassium (P<.0001), lactate (P<.0001), pH (P=.0110), pCO2 (P<.0001), TCO2 (P<.0001), arachidonic acid (P<.0001), and thromboxane B2 (P=.0417), and increases in iCa (P=.0494), iMg (P=.0024), MCV (P<.0001), MCHC (P=.0093), RDW (P=.0009), hemoglobin (P=.0011), and MCF (P=.0006). No bacterial growth was identified on the post-transfusion samples. Manual washing of stored blood significantly reduces storage lesions after a single wash and additional washing may cause in vitro hemolysis.
Connecting Belongingness With Institutional Practices And Academic Outcomes: A Mixed-Methods Approach, Xi Chen
Theses and Dissertations
Higher education institutions are facing a major challenge in retaining 1st-year college students and engaging them in meaningful activities and programs to promote their sense of belonging (Strayhorn, 2012; Astin, 1993). Though a few belonging intervention practices have been studied (Perrell, 2018; Peck, 2011), there is a lack of understanding on the dynamic mechanisms of developing belongingness through a combination of belonging enhancement practices (Yob, 2014). Moreover, there is an urgent need to examine which belonging enhancement practice has the most impact on students' academic performance (Slaten, Elison, Hughes, Youg, & Shemwell, 2015). This study used convergent, parallel mixed-methods design …
Understanding Food Insecurity In A College Student Population, Amanda G. Conrad
Understanding Food Insecurity In A College Student Population, Amanda G. Conrad
Theses and Dissertations
Food insecurity has emerged as a leading health care problem in the United States, impacting college students’ health, well-being, and academic performance. The aims of this study are: 1) to assess the prevalence of food insecurity at Mississippi State University, 2) to explore the coping mechanisms employed by students faced with food insecurity, and 3) to identify college students' perceptions about food access resources, 4) to identify ways in which a scenario that requires social distancing impacts food security in a college student population, and 5) to explore students' expressed needs from the university in improving food security status for …
Studies On Common Viral And Bacterial Pathogens Of Bovine Respiratory Disease During In Vitro Co-Infection, Caitlyn Cowick
Studies On Common Viral And Bacterial Pathogens Of Bovine Respiratory Disease During In Vitro Co-Infection, Caitlyn Cowick
Theses and Dissertations
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex is a multifactorial disease affecting cattle worldwide resulting in high mortality and morbidity rates in the cattle farming industry. This complex is caused by multiple viral and bacterial pathogens such as Bovine Herpesvirus-1, Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Pasteurella multocida; two of the main contributors to the initiation of this disease are Bovine Herpesvirus-1 and the bacteria, Mannheimia haemolytica. Together, these microbes co-infect immunocompromised cattle during times of increased stress and induce a severe pneumonic response along with other health complications. Research has been primarily focused on these microorganisms individually or their effect on …
A Study Of Adult Learners' Satisfaction And Engagement In Online Courses Using Web 2.0 Technologies And The Impact On Their Digital Literacy, Lametrius Daniels
A Study Of Adult Learners' Satisfaction And Engagement In Online Courses Using Web 2.0 Technologies And The Impact On Their Digital Literacy, Lametrius Daniels
Theses and Dissertations
This study examined the perceptions of satisfaction, engagement, comfort, and confidence level with Web 2.0 technologies as learning strategies in online courses, as well as differences based on gender, age, race, income, and a correlation among these factors and digital skills. The researcher survey design was used for this study, and was sent to all adult learners enrolled in an undergraduate degree-completion or graduate program. The population of 2,100 adult learners was asked to participate in the study, and 134 adult learners completed it. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted in order to address the research questions. The analysis …
Development Of Cell Cultures From The Tissues Of Ictalurid Catfish And Investigation Into The Pathogenesis Of Blue Catfish Alloherpesvirus, Vandana Dharan
Development Of Cell Cultures From The Tissues Of Ictalurid Catfish And Investigation Into The Pathogenesis Of Blue Catfish Alloherpesvirus, Vandana Dharan
Theses and Dissertations
Lack of host-specific cell cultures necessitated initiation of primary cell cultures from ictalurid catfish. Cell cultures from the fin tissues of hybrid catfish ( channel catfish x blue catfish) were developed, characterized, and species of origin molecularly authenticated. Blue catfish alloherpesvirus (BCAHV) is an Ictalurid herpesvirus. When BCAHV was inoculated onto various fish cell lines from different families, the cytopathic effects were restricted to cell lines from family Ictaluridae indicating the host-specificity of virus. A virus challenge using channel, blue, and hybrid catfish indicated mortality due to BCAHV was significantly higher in blue and hybrid catfish. Crowding influenced BCAHV pathogenesis …
Can Emerging Adults' Dating Psychological Aggression Be Explained By Family-Of-Origin Psychological Aggression, Emotion Dysregulation, And Drinking?, Deepali M. Dhruve
Can Emerging Adults' Dating Psychological Aggression Be Explained By Family-Of-Origin Psychological Aggression, Emotion Dysregulation, And Drinking?, Deepali M. Dhruve
Theses and Dissertations
Intimate partner violence (IPV) impacts the lives of millions of individuals. Previous studies frequently cite family-of-origin aggression as a risk factor for later experiences with IPV. The current study sought to identify factors that explain and moderate risk for dating psychological aggression (DPA) in college adults, and gender differences in those associations. Participants (464 women, 142 men) aged 18 to 37 years, who were in a current romantic relationship lasting at least 3 months, completed measures of past psychological aggression in the family-of-origin (PAF), current emotion dysregulation, and DPA perpetrated in current intimate relationships. Emotion dysregulation mediated the relationship between …
Rebel Groups Privatizing Security? Explaining Why Rebel Groups Hire Private Military Actors, Margaret Mparebea Eduonoo
Rebel Groups Privatizing Security? Explaining Why Rebel Groups Hire Private Military Actors, Margaret Mparebea Eduonoo
Theses and Dissertations
When and why do rebels hire private military actors? I argue that rebels are more likely to hire private military actors under the conditions of power asymmetry, rebel competition, the presence of lootable resources and when rebel groups have effective leadership and organizational structures. I test three hypotheses empirically using the PSED dataset which identifies that rebel hired private military actors account for nearly 10% of all PMSC/mercenary employers in Africa, Latin America, and Asia from 1990-2012. I find strong empirical support that power imbalances between rebel groups and government, and the presence of lootable resources increases the likelihood of …
Prevalence And Molecular Characteristics Of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli And Clostridium Perfringens In 'No Antibiotics Ever' Broiler Farms, Courtney Fancher
Prevalence And Molecular Characteristics Of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli And Clostridium Perfringens In 'No Antibiotics Ever' Broiler Farms, Courtney Fancher
Theses and Dissertations
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens cause economic and welfare concerns to the broiler industry. The recent shift to no antibiotics ever (NAE) production has increased disease incidence. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of season, age of flock, and sample type on E. coli prevalence and virulence and to identify C. perfringens prevalence and toxinotypes in NAE farms. Results indicated high prevalence of virulent E. coli; prevalence of virulent E. coli decreased from Spring to Summer. Virulent E. coli showed high resistance to antimicrobials. Serogroups O8 and O78 were most prevalent in virulent E. …
The Second Half, Lindsey Bronwyn Fisher
The Second Half, Lindsey Bronwyn Fisher
Theses and Dissertations
In Wordsworth's "Tintern Abbey" and Coleridge's "Frost at Midnight", internal restoration becomes achievable via the natural settings. In both poems, the narrators move through a three-step process to achieve this internal restoration: First, they begin with the act of acknowledging, like a mental note taking where the narrator lists and absorbs the various elements of the scene. Next, those elements are converted to memories where the narrator can tap into the preserved moments of pleasure while trapped in the city. Finally, the narrator shares their place of natural comfort with someone else to expand this preservation within a shared experience. …
Estimation Of Wild Pig Damage To Corn Production In The Mississippi Alluvial Valley, David H. Foster
Estimation Of Wild Pig Damage To Corn Production In The Mississippi Alluvial Valley, David H. Foster
Theses and Dissertations
Wild pigs are known to be an agricultural pest, but few studies have been done to quantify wild pig damage to corn and the landscape characteristics that are conducive to this damage. In the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, only 15 of the 125 sampled corn fields were damaged (12%). Using yield estimates, input costs and hectares of crop lost, this study concluded that wild pigs cause US$1,753 of damage per hectare. The proportion of corn that was planted within selected buffer scales consistently had a negative effect on whether a field would be damaged. The proportion of soybean planted within the …
Evaluating The Management Of Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) In Cotton, Michael Cade Francis
Evaluating The Management Of Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) In Cotton, Michael Cade Francis
Theses and Dissertations
In field experiments, thresholds, spray timings, and bollworm oviposition were conducted to evaluate the current recommended action thresholds for bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in cotton. Based on studies conducted evaluating thresholds, insecticide applications varied across Bt technologies. Bollgard 3 required less sprays when compared to Bollgard II and non-Bt. A second experiment highlighted the importance of timely insecticide applications for managing bollworm populations in Bollgard II cotton based on insect damage. The highest yields were associated with insecticide applications made during the timeframe that cotton is the most susceptible to bollworm damage. The last experiment was conducted to determine if oviposition …
The Use Of Desmopressin Acetate To Reduce Polyuria And Polydipsia Associated With Prednisolone Administration, Pamela Ann Galati
The Use Of Desmopressin Acetate To Reduce Polyuria And Polydipsia Associated With Prednisolone Administration, Pamela Ann Galati
Theses and Dissertations
Glucocorticoids are used for many purposes in veterinary medicine but often come with significant adverse effects. Polyuria and polydipsia are the most common adverse effects noted by owners. To determine whether administration of desmopressin ameliorated the polyuria and polydipsia, a prospective study with 7 healthy Walker Hounds was performed. Daily water intake and urine specific gravity were measured in dogs under 4 separate conditions: no medications, prednisolone only, prednisolone and desmopressin, and prednisolone immediately after discontinuation of desmopressin. When compared to baseline, six out of seven dogs became polydipsic after administration of prednisolone twice daily. When desmopressin was administered to …
Effects Of Chilling Duration On Usda Quality Grade Of Beef Carcasses, Caitlyn Sarah Haines
Effects Of Chilling Duration On Usda Quality Grade Of Beef Carcasses, Caitlyn Sarah Haines
Theses and Dissertations
Two hundred and nine beef carcasses (361 ± 53 kg) from crossbred, grain-finished cattle harvested in a commercial packing plant and evaluated for marbling score, core temperature (n=1), pH, shrinkage, color, and aerobic plate count (n=50) for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h under spray chilling. There were minimal changes in shrinkage among time points (-0.4 to 1.2%; P ≤ 0.002), pH (5.56 to 5.69; P ≤ 0.001), and APC (0.1 to 0.7 log; P Ë‚ 0.001). Marbling score values were converted to numeric values of 200 (Practically Devoid00) to 1100 (Abundant00). Carcasses with SM or greater marbling score at …
National Register Of Historic Places Evaluations Of Sites Wo2 And Wo5 On The Tusquitee Ranger District, Nantahala National Forest, Cherokee County, North Carolina, James Caleb Hutson
National Register Of Historic Places Evaluations Of Sites Wo2 And Wo5 On The Tusquitee Ranger District, Nantahala National Forest, Cherokee County, North Carolina, James Caleb Hutson
Theses and Dissertations
Following the unauthorized ground disturbance at two undiscovered Early/Middle Archaic sites (WO2 and WO5) within the Trail of Tears protective corridor on the Nantahala National Forest, NC, archaeological investigations undertaken have yielded data potentially important to the understanding of early inhabitants in the Appalachian Summit region. Archaeological investigations at sites WO2 and WO5 have shown that both sites have single occupations as evidenced by statistical analysis of data collected. Also, the two sites have minimal disturbance based on statistical analyses of the dip and strike data of piece-plotted artifacts at the two locales. The thesis outlines the work done at …
Modified Biochar Adsorbents For Aqueous Contaminant Remediation, Herath Mudiyanselage Nimeshika Amali Herath
Modified Biochar Adsorbents For Aqueous Contaminant Remediation, Herath Mudiyanselage Nimeshika Amali Herath
Theses and Dissertations
Continuous population growth and rapid industrial advancement and development have paved the way for ever increasing environmental pollution. At present, water pollution is a serious global issue that threatens environmental sustainability. The contamination of aquatic bodies with potentially toxic organic and inorganic substances are the result of world-wide anthropogenic activities. These pollutants can have detrimental health consequences on humans and ecosystems. Over the past decades, techniques such as chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, and electrocoagulation-flocculation have been developed and employed for the treatment of drinking and wastewater. Among the currently available techniques, pollutant removal by adsorption is most promising …
A Class Of Immersed Finite Element Methods For Stokes Interface Problems, Derrick T. Jones
A Class Of Immersed Finite Element Methods For Stokes Interface Problems, Derrick T. Jones
Theses and Dissertations
In this dissertation, we explore applications of partial differential equations with discontinuous coefficients. We consider the nonconforming immersed finite element methods (IFE) for modeling and simulating these partial differential equations. A one-dimensional second-order parabolic initial-boundary value problem with discontinuous coefficients is studied. We propose an extension of the immersed finite element method to a high-order immersed finite element method for solving one-dimensional parabolic interface problems. In addition, we introduce a nonconforming immersed finite element method to solve the two-dimensional parabolic problem with a moving interface. In the nonconforming IFE framework, the degrees of freedom are determined by the average integral …
"No Pain, Just Tricky To Manipulate": Sylvia Plath Across Genres, Juliana Jones
"No Pain, Just Tricky To Manipulate": Sylvia Plath Across Genres, Juliana Jones
Theses and Dissertations
In 1953, Sylvia Plath broke her leg while skiing. This event permeated her writing across genres, retold at least eight times, each with a unique perspective based on the genre and her intended audience. While she told the story non-fictionally in her journals, she also adapted the story for letters to her mother and friends and fictionalized the event in short stories and The Bell Jar. This thesis will examine 8 versions of the same event – critically examining how the culture and gender expectations of the 1950s and 1960s influenced her writing depending on her audience. This examination of …
Symbiosis Components Function To Inhibit Endoparasitic Nematode Infection, Rishi Khatri
Symbiosis Components Function To Inhibit Endoparasitic Nematode Infection, Rishi Khatri
Theses and Dissertations
An analysis of Glycine max homologs of the symbiosis genes DOES NOT MAKE INFECTIONS (DMI) DMI1, DMI2 and DMI3 was carried out as it relates to the defense response to Heterodera glycines parasitism. Transgenic analyses of the DMI1, DMI2 and DMI3 for overexpression showed decreased H. glycines parasitism while the analyses for RNAi showed increased H. glycines parasitism. The combination of decreased parasitism in the H. glycines-susceptible genotype G. max [Williams 82/PI 518671] and increased parasitism in the H. glycines resistant genotype G. max [Peking/PI 548402] is taken as the genes function in the defense process at some level. Prior …
Homologous And Heterologous Stress Adaptation In Listeria Monocytogenes After Sublethal Exposure To Quaternary Ammonium Compound, Divya Satish Kode
Homologous And Heterologous Stress Adaptation In Listeria Monocytogenes After Sublethal Exposure To Quaternary Ammonium Compound, Divya Satish Kode
Theses and Dissertations
Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen that can adapt to stress conditions to persist in food processing environments. Our findings show that there was a development of low-level tolerance to quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) and antibiotics ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim in L. monocytogenes after sublethal adaptation to QAC. Using eight L. monocytogenes strains, we determined the changes in MIC, growth rate, and surviving CFU for homologous and heterologous stress-response after sublethal exposure to daily cycles of fixed or gradually increasing concentration of QAC. Three main findings were observed: (1) Short-range MIC of QAC, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim increased by 1.6 to …
Compact Stress Waveguides In Solid Mechanics, Richard Young Leonard Iii
Compact Stress Waveguides In Solid Mechanics, Richard Young Leonard Iii
Theses and Dissertations
This work analyzes the design and implementation of waveguides used to measure stress waves in solid mechanics via explicit finite element analysis and experimentation. Many areas of physics use waveguides where control of timing, location, or frequency of waves is imperative to functionality of a system. Split Hopkinson pressure bars (Kolsky bars) traditionally utilize straight waveguides during testing. Prior research produced the first bent wave guide for use in such an application, the coaxially embedded serpentine bar (CESB). Explicit finite element analysis (FEA) provides a modeling approach to understand the effects of pass and joint geometry and boundary conditions on …
The Impact Of Natural Disaster Exposure On Students' Externalizing And Internalizing Behaviors, Irmarie Cruz Lopez
The Impact Of Natural Disaster Exposure On Students' Externalizing And Internalizing Behaviors, Irmarie Cruz Lopez
Theses and Dissertations
School-age children are at high risk of experiencing traumatic and stressful events that can negatively impact their academic, emotional, and behavior performance (Brock et al., 2016). Any stressful situation (i.e., natural disaster) or adverse childhood experience (ACE) can potentially become a traumatic event for a child or adolescent. The current literature indicates that 60% of children experience at least one ACE, putting them at high risk for a variety of health and social problems (Manyema et al., 2018). Natural disasters adversely impact children's life as they have the potential to destroy physical structures and injure the child or family members. …
Developing And Applying Precision Animal Farming Tools For Poultry Behavior Monitoring, Guoming Li
Developing And Applying Precision Animal Farming Tools For Poultry Behavior Monitoring, Guoming Li
Theses and Dissertations
Appropriate measurement of broiler behaviors is critical to optimize broiler production efficiency and improve precision management strategies. However, performance of different precision tools on measuring broiler behaviors of interest remains unclear. This dissertation systematically developed and evaluated radio frequency identification (RFID) system, image processing, and deep learning for automatically detecting and analyzing broiler behaviors. Then different behaviors (i.e., feeding, drinking, stretching, restricted feeding) of broilers under representative management practices were measured using the developed precision tools. The broilers were Ross 708 in weeks 4-8. The major findings show that the RFID system achieved high performance (over 90% accuracy) for continuously …
Comparison Of Two Planting Stocks And Two Species For Regenerating Oak Seedlings On Hurricane Katrina Impacted Sites, Michael Madden
Comparison Of Two Planting Stocks And Two Species For Regenerating Oak Seedlings On Hurricane Katrina Impacted Sites, Michael Madden
Theses and Dissertations
Many bottomland hardwood stands in southern Mississippi lacked management prior to Hurricane Katrina. Following removal of overstory oaks, no seed source was available to naturally regenerate these stands. Artificial regeneration became the most viable option, but information was lacking on how to successfully reestablish thousands of acres of bottomland forests quickly and successfully. Bareroot and conventional containerized seedlings of Nuttall oak (Quercus texana) and swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii) were planted on two sites in southern Mississippi. After two growing season’s Nuttall oak exhibited similar survival to (93.4%), better groundline diameter growth (13.0 mm) than, and better height growth (68.8 …
Effective Classroom Management Strategies, Professional Development Needs, And Policy Recommendations For Reducing Discipline Infractions, Jennifer Annette Maness
Effective Classroom Management Strategies, Professional Development Needs, And Policy Recommendations For Reducing Discipline Infractions, Jennifer Annette Maness
Theses and Dissertations
Students across the country experience negative effects due to losses in classroom instruction time caused by exclusionary discipline. In Mississippi, 11.8% of students received 1 or more in-school suspensions and 9.7% of students received 1 or more out-of-school suspensions during the 2013-14 school year. This study sought to determine effective classroom management strategies for addressing discipline infractions, identify professional development needs of teachers and administrators focused on effective classroom management strategies, describe the role of the principal in promoting professional management strategies and reducing discipline infractions, and determine recommendations for related school policies. Mississippi public school districts serving students in …
Evaluation Of Nitrapyrin As A Potential Nitrification Inhibitor In Mississippi Rice Production, William Jeffrey Mansour
Evaluation Of Nitrapyrin As A Potential Nitrification Inhibitor In Mississippi Rice Production, William Jeffrey Mansour
Theses and Dissertations
Urea is the predominant ammonium-forming nitrogen (N) source applied in delayed-flood rice because of its high N content (46%) and relatively low cost. Nitrogen applied prior to flooding can be lost by multiple mechanisms such as ammonia volatilization or nitrification/denitrification. In recent years, technological advancements have provided alternative enhanced efficiency fertilizer additives with potential to be incorporated in rice production to reduce N losses. Research was conducted at the Mississippi State University Delta Research and Extension Center from 2018 to 2020 to determine the effects of broadcast applications of nitrapyrin at two specific growth stages to enhance fertilizer-N recovery efficiency, …
Acoustic Analysis Of Saproxylic Arthropod Diversity In North And Central American Pine Forests, Kristy Marie Mcandrew
Acoustic Analysis Of Saproxylic Arthropod Diversity In North And Central American Pine Forests, Kristy Marie Mcandrew
Theses and Dissertations
Biodiversity of arthropods living in dead wood is often understudied despite their potential effects on ecological processes such as wood decomposition and nutrient cycling. More time-efficient and less destructive methods are needed to study these saproxylic organisms to fully understand their global diversity. Because ecoacoustic methods have never been applied to saproxylic communities before, field and analytical methods such as waveguides, and soundproofing were developed, tested, and optimized. After developed methods were implemented in the field, Pearson's correlation tests were conducted to compare ecoacoustic index performance to traditional biodiversity indices. We found five significant correlations, all of which occurred at …
Interactions Between Aedes Albopictus (Skuse 1894) And Mycobacterium Ulcerans, Jillian Masters
Interactions Between Aedes Albopictus (Skuse 1894) And Mycobacterium Ulcerans, Jillian Masters
Theses and Dissertations
Mycobacterium ulcerans is an acid-fast bacillus that is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, a necrotizing skin disease. The transmission route for M. ulcerans is unknown, but many insects have been posited as part of the web, including Belostomatids, Naucorids, and Culicids. Aedes albopictus was selected for use in a set of experiments where the first-generation larvae were inoculated with M. ulcerans, and mosquitoes were reared throughout the third generation to interrogate presence and quantity of the bacteria. Using qPCR, second and third generations displayed positivity (22% and 5.6% respectively). 16S V4 sequencing was used to obtain microbiota for all …
Impact Of Carrier Volume And Spray Droplet Size On Pesticide Application Efficacy In Mississippi, Jacob Paul Mcneal
Impact Of Carrier Volume And Spray Droplet Size On Pesticide Application Efficacy In Mississippi, Jacob Paul Mcneal
Theses and Dissertations
The application of pesticides in agriculture production systems is a complex process and involves a series of factors that dynamically interact to impact overall pesticide application efficacy. Spray droplet formation, target impaction and deposition, plant uptake, and subsequent biological response are all functions of pesticide active ingredient, nozzle selection, application pressure, and carrier volume. Smaller spray droplets with a lower kinetic energy result in greater spray droplet retention on the leaf surface relative to larger droplets. Consequently, larger spray droplets with higher kinetic energy are poorly retained on the leaf surface and yield minimal coverage of leaf surface tissue. While …