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Interactions Of Herbicide Mixtures In Imidazolinone-Resistant Rice, John Caleb Fish
Interactions Of Herbicide Mixtures In Imidazolinone-Resistant Rice, John Caleb Fish
LSU Master's Theses
Propanil has long been a staple of weed management in rice production. The introduction of IR rice allowed for the use of imidazolinone herbicides in crop for the control of red rice. Six studies were conducted in 2011 and 2012 to evaluate the weed control interactions, synergistic, antagonistic, or additive, of imazethapyr or imazamox when mixed in a single application with propanil, thiobencarb, or a pre-packaged mixture of propanil plus thiobencarb. Blouin’s modified Colby’s was used to determine if a synergistic, antagonistic, or additive response occurred. Two studies were established to evaluate imazethapyr at 0 and 70 g ha-1, or …
With Xavier, However, There Will Be This Distinction: Mapping The Educational Philosophy Of Saint Katharine Drexel In The Intellectual Tradition Of Black Higher Education In New Orleans, Louisiana, Berlisha Roketa Morton
With Xavier, However, There Will Be This Distinction: Mapping The Educational Philosophy Of Saint Katharine Drexel In The Intellectual Tradition Of Black Higher Education In New Orleans, Louisiana, Berlisha Roketa Morton
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Historical studies on higher education often utilize traditional historical methods. This practice has produced a body of literature, both historical and contemporary, which has a particular focus on (a) the histories and mythologies of institutions, (b) the individuals who function within the system at the administrative or student levels, and (c) the individuals who have been excluded from the system. In this research, I connected the foundational histories of Southern University and Xavier University in New Orleans, Louisiana by telling institutional narratives through people instead of telling the narratives of people through institutions. Therefore, using Southern Womanism as a theoretical …
Syntheses And Characterization Of Isoporphyrins And Bodipys For Pdt And Imaging, Haijun Wang
Syntheses And Characterization Of Isoporphyrins And Bodipys For Pdt And Imaging, Haijun Wang
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This Dissertation is divided into five chapters reporting various aspects of the background to my field of study and the results obtained during my research program. Chapter 1 gives a very brief introduction to photodynamic therapy including the mechanism of the treatment, the localization of photosensitizer in tumor cells, the pathways leading to tumor death and characteristics of various photosensitizers such as porphyrin-based photosensitizers and non-porphyrin based photosensitizers. Chapter 2 reports a total synthesis of zinc(II) isoporphyrins by cyclization of b-bilene salt using á-keto esters for the macrocyclization carbon. Functionalization of the resulting zinc(II) isoporphyrins was attempted using different strategies …
Revealing The Jewishness Of Hannah Arendt, Jennifer Richard
Revealing The Jewishness Of Hannah Arendt, Jennifer Richard
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Hannah Arendt, one of the most important political thinkers of the twentieth century, passed away before finishing her final statement on politics. Because her political theory is incomplete, scholars have adopted many means for interpreting her work. In this dissertation, I adopt a phenomenological approach to understanding Arendt by engaging with the phenomenological method Arendt, herself, used—narrative. I specifically employ the Passover narrative as a metaphorical framework alongside which Arendt’s political theory is traced. In this approach, four elements of Arendt’s theory emerge to distinguish her thought from the Western political tradition: the role of the mental activities, the definition …
Space-Efficient Data Structures For String Searching And Retrieval, Sharma Valliyil Thankachan
Space-Efficient Data Structures For String Searching And Retrieval, Sharma Valliyil Thankachan
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Let D = {d_1, d_2, ...} be a collection of string documents of n characters in total, which are drawn from an alphabet set Sigma =[sigma] ={1,2,3,...sigma}. The top-k document retrieval problem is to maintain D as a data structure, such that when ever a query Q=(P, k) comes, we can report (the identifiers of) those k documents that are most relevant to the pattern P (of p characters). The relevance of a document d_r with respect to a pattern P is captured by score(P, d_r), which can be any function of the set of locations where P occurs in …
A Comparative Study Of Human Decomposition Research Facilities In The United States: The Role Of "Body Farms" In Forensic Applications, Nicole Suzanne Klein
A Comparative Study Of Human Decomposition Research Facilities In The United States: The Role Of "Body Farms" In Forensic Applications, Nicole Suzanne Klein
LSU Master's Theses
The first human decomposition facility, the University of Tennessee’s Anthropological Research Facility, or the “Body Farm,” as it is more commonly known, was established in 1980. Not until the year 2006 did another of its kind open. In the past six years, the number of such facilities has tripled. Human decomposition facilities, and their amenities, are being used for research purposes more frequently each year, although there is little in the literature that describes the facilities themselves. Interviews with facility representatives were used to gather data in order to better understand how these facilities are initiated, the difficulties and successes …
The Qualities That Black Men And Women Most Appreciate About One Another: A Qualitative Examination, Lakeshia Marie Carhee
The Qualities That Black Men And Women Most Appreciate About One Another: A Qualitative Examination, Lakeshia Marie Carhee
LSU Master's Theses
Given increased media interest in the relationships that exist between African American men and women, few studies to date have examined the characteristics that Black men and women most appreciate in one another. Since emerging adulthood is the time in life when many individuals are contemplating marriage and date with the goal of finding a suitable marriage partner, this study will examine the qualities that Black men and women highly value in one another, which may lead them to eventually marry. Through the use of Value Theory, this study will examine the qualitative responses of 24 (17 females; 7 males) …
The Twin Taboos Of Discussing Religion And Politics : A Study Of Six "Basic" Emotions And Interpersonal Relationships In Response To Rick Perry's "Strong", Michael Francis Rold
The Twin Taboos Of Discussing Religion And Politics : A Study Of Six "Basic" Emotions And Interpersonal Relationships In Response To Rick Perry's "Strong", Michael Francis Rold
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
A fear appeal has become a common way to describe a message created by individuals, groups, or entities to achieve an array of social and political goals. For instance, law firms may use fear-based advertisements on television by listing several debilitating diseases to educate potential clients about the side effects of certain drugs. In the realm of politics, candidates may use fear-based appeals in their messages as well: certain Republican candidates use the fear of attacks similar to the ones of September 11, 2001, to “scare” the American people into voting for the candidate who would best protect the country …
Effects Of Iron On Cercospora Leaf Blight Of Soybean, Eduardo Chagas Ferreira Da Silva
Effects Of Iron On Cercospora Leaf Blight Of Soybean, Eduardo Chagas Ferreira Da Silva
LSU Master's Theses
Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) of soybean caused by Cercospora kikuchii is an important disease in Lousiana. Preliminary screening of foliar applications of the micronutrients Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Mo and Al, showed that Fe decreased CLB severity consistently. The objective of this work was to test the effects of commercial formulations of Fe, Manny Plex Fe and Fe EDTA (Brandt Consolidated, Springfield, IL) on leaf colonization by C. kikuchii, symptom development (blight and purple leaves), and yield. Four rates of Manny Plex Fe and four rates of Fe EDTA were applied to field plots at R5 growth stage. Leaf …
Tonal And Topical Coherence In Brahms's Op.10 Ballades, Jacob Joel Gran
Tonal And Topical Coherence In Brahms's Op.10 Ballades, Jacob Joel Gran
LSU Master's Theses
Johannes Brahms composed the op. 10 ballades in the summer of 1854 while living at the Schumann household in Düsseldorf. These pieces are unique within the instrumental ballade repertoire in that they form a collection of ballades published as a single opus. How did Brahms intend the four ballades to cohere as a group, as opposed to a collection of independent pieces? The problem in identifying coherence lies as much within the genre of the instrumental ballade as it does within the musical features of op. 10. These pieces demonstrate a wide range of musical topics, some of which appear …
A Sustainable Remediation Approach For Complete Destruction Of Chloroethanes In Groundwater, Michael Joseph Cheatham
A Sustainable Remediation Approach For Complete Destruction Of Chloroethanes In Groundwater, Michael Joseph Cheatham
LSU Master's Theses
An up-flow column study was operated in a greenhouse composed of a sand/peat mixed media to investigate the effectiveness of an aerobic zone on the disappearances of chloroethane. The oxygen was supplied by mean of porous Silastic tubing under pressure with a breathing air gas cylinder. Chloroethane was generated via reductive dechlorination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) and 1,1-dichloroethane (DCA) in anaerobic bioreactors (ABRs). The columns study was conducted with two duplicate reactors (operated in parallel) that underwent separate perturbations of breathing air introduction. Aqueous samples were collected in 160 mL microcosm bottles and analyzed on a GC equipped with a Flame …
North American Lyme Borreliae: New Distributions And An Insight Into Borrelia Bissettii Infection, Immune Response And Transmission In A Murine Model, Brian Francis Leydet Jr
North American Lyme Borreliae: New Distributions And An Insight Into Borrelia Bissettii Infection, Immune Response And Transmission In A Murine Model, Brian Francis Leydet Jr
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Lyme borreliosis is an emergent threat to human health. It is estimated that 300,000 cases of Lyme disease are diagnosed annually in the United States. In recent years, non-traditional areas are starting to report more and more cases. While much research has gone into the tick and bacteria responsible for the disease, frequently new Borrelia species are being described and implicated in human illness. These species often go unstudied, and their threat to human health is not known. In the hopes of closing knowledge gaps on Lyme borreliosis in the US, we surveyed a non-endemic state, Louisiana, for Lyme Borrelia …
The Louisiana Sciences Education Act's Impact On High School Science, Gareth Mitchell
The Louisiana Sciences Education Act's Impact On High School Science, Gareth Mitchell
LSU Master's Theses
Over the last two decades, extensive research has been conducted concerning the legality and effectiveness of teaching opposing viewpoints on controversial topics in science education. However, one of the most important aspects of this dilemma has been disregarded: the effect it has on individual teachers in their unique environments. The purpose of this research was to analyze teacher’s comprehension of recent state legislation as well as how it impacts their instruction. This quantitative approach took place through an online survey of secondary science teachers in biology, which focuses on their teaching experience, understanding of the Louisiana Science Education Act of …
Utilization Of Carbon Nanofibers Grown On Glass Microballoons (Nmbs) In Point-Of-Care Diagnostic Devices, Emmanuel Gikunoo
Utilization Of Carbon Nanofibers Grown On Glass Microballoons (Nmbs) In Point-Of-Care Diagnostic Devices, Emmanuel Gikunoo
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The use of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic systems holds great promise for the early detection of various diseases. However, detection limits for commercially available POC systems have not been able to meet the lower cutoffs offered by the specialized laboratory testing methods. Research into the use of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) grown on glass microballoons in POC devices was studied. The growth of several millions of the CNFs on each microballoon (NMBs) presented a large surface area with high probability of capturing minute concentrations of biospecies. Functionalization of the NMBs with the carboxyl group needed for biospecies conjugation was achieved by air …
Effect Of Cultivar, Storage, Cooking Method And Tissue Type On The Ascorbic Acid, Thiamin, Riboflavin And Vitamin B6 Content Of Sweetpotato [Ipomoea Batatas (L.)] Lam, Wilmer Anibal Barrera
Effect Of Cultivar, Storage, Cooking Method And Tissue Type On The Ascorbic Acid, Thiamin, Riboflavin And Vitamin B6 Content Of Sweetpotato [Ipomoea Batatas (L.)] Lam, Wilmer Anibal Barrera
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The effect of cultivar, curing, storage, tissue type, and cooking method on the ascorbic acid (AA), thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin B6 content of sweetpotato was determined. A simplified and sensitive reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methodology was developed for the simultaneous determination of thiamin and riboflavin in sweetpotato. Curing of sweetpotatoes did not significantly change the content of AA, thiamin, and vitamin B6, but resulted in a decrease in riboflavin content. Thiamin and riboflavin contents were mostly stable after curing. However, compared to at harvest, storage for 6 months resulted in a decrease in AA content in cultivars 07-146, …
"Post Your Version Here!": Performances In/Of Online, Noncommercial, Video-To-Video Adaptations, Lyndsay Michalik
"Post Your Version Here!": Performances In/Of Online, Noncommercial, Video-To-Video Adaptations, Lyndsay Michalik
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Processes of creative adaptation no longer fit traditional, culturally sanctioned forms, like commercial book-to-film adaptation, or vice versa. Meanwhile, internet users are demonstrating how noncommercial, creative text adaptation using video technology has become an everyday art form, a skill set, a form of communication, and a means of cultural commentary. Internet video adapters physically perform in their own videos and they create videos that work performatively online. Negotiating the slippery spaces between copyright, creativity, and cultural commentary, these creators adapt videos in myriad ways, and find spaces to share their adaptations online, despite (for most) a lack of financial return …
A Study On Fairness And Latency Issues Over High Speed Networks And Data Center Networks, Lin Xue
A Study On Fairness And Latency Issues Over High Speed Networks And Data Center Networks, Lin Xue
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Newly emerging computer networks, such as high speed networks and data center networks, have characteristics of high bandwidth and high burstiness which make it difficult to address issues such as fairness, queuing latency and link utilization. In this study, we first conduct extensive experimental evaluation of the performance of 10Gbps high speed networks. We found inter-protocol unfairness and larger queuing latency are two outstanding issues in high speed networks and data center networks. There have been several proposals to address fairness and latency issues at switch level via queuing schemes. These queuing schemes have been fairly successful in addressing either …
Numerical Experiments Of Hurricane Impact On Vertical Mixing And De-Stratification Of The Louisiana Shelf Waters, Mohammadnabi Allahdadi
Numerical Experiments Of Hurricane Impact On Vertical Mixing And De-Stratification Of The Louisiana Shelf Waters, Mohammadnabi Allahdadi
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The numerical model FVCOM (Finite Volume Community Ocean Model) was applied to study the effects of Hurricane Katrina on the vertical mixing over the Louisiana shelf and the process of post-storm re-stratification. Wind field from Hurricane Katrina was generated using a single vortex analytical model and was evaluated using available wind measurements over the shelf. Simulations of shelf circulation under Hurricane Katrina were done through several numerical tests to find the best approach for treating vertical eddy viscosity. Model results for the shelf during Katrina demonstrated opposite currents between surface and bottom for most of the shelf area. Results also …
Design, Synthesis, And Evaluation Of Small Molecule-Based, Profluorogenic Activatable Substrate Probes For Detection And Visualization Of Human Cancer Enzyme Nad(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase-1, Suraj Uditha Hettiarachchi
Design, Synthesis, And Evaluation Of Small Molecule-Based, Profluorogenic Activatable Substrate Probes For Detection And Visualization Of Human Cancer Enzyme Nad(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase-1, Suraj Uditha Hettiarachchi
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Cancer comprises many specific diseases, and it is currently responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. This broad disease profile is a great challenge for personalized oncology. Critical for the success of cancer therapy is the exploration of improved methodologies for the early detection of localized and disseminated tumor cells in patients, where bio-molecular imaging has become an indispensable tool. Being one of many different imaging techniques, optical fluorescence imaging has been translated over the years from the bench to clinical research, and it is now on the verge of being able to address some of the pressing challenges in molecular …
The Role Of Histone Methyltransferases In Determining Developmental Potential Of Bovine Oocytes, Jairo Alberto Sarmiento
The Role Of Histone Methyltransferases In Determining Developmental Potential Of Bovine Oocytes, Jairo Alberto Sarmiento
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Histone proteins are proteins found in eukaryotic cells that associate with DNA to form the most basic structural unit of chromatin, called nucleosomes. The post-translational modifications of histones regulate developmental competence in bovine oocytes and early embryos. The difference in developmental competence between in vitro matured oocytes and in vivo matured oocytes was used to investigate the accumulation of transcripts for histone methyltransferases (HMTs) during oocyte maturation. Methyltransferases ASH1L, EHMT2, SUV39H1 and KDM6B were selected as genes of interest. Transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration (TUGA) was used to collect immature and in vivo matured bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). Immature COCs collected via …
The Influence Of Personal And Educational Demographic Factors On The Productivity Of Farmers In Selected Geographic Regions Of The Ukraine, Viacheslav L. Sereda
The Influence Of Personal And Educational Demographic Factors On The Productivity Of Farmers In Selected Geographic Regions Of The Ukraine, Viacheslav L. Sereda
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The primary purpose of this study was to determine Ukrainian farmers characteristics based on demographic information, describe their agricultural production, land ownership, best farming practices and determine factors that could influence farmers’ gross income. Of the tree Oblasts selected, a total of 250 farmers were randomly selected in two of the oblasts and 150 in the other (due to the size of the population in the smaller sample) for personal interviews by the raion specialists. Random samples were drawn from these lists using a computerized random numbers table. Survey was designed to collect necessary information. Raion specialists received one-day training …
Factors Influencing Adoption Of Vsh Queens In The Honey Breeding Industry, Julie Leiby
Factors Influencing Adoption Of Vsh Queens In The Honey Breeding Industry, Julie Leiby
LSU Master's Theses
There are many threats that contribute to the decline in honey bee colonies around the United States; among them is the Varroa mite, Varroa destructor. The Varroa mite is a significant threat to honey bees and, by extension, beekeepers across the United States. It is suspected to be one of the main contributors to the increase in colony collapse and the decline in bee numbers and the beekeeping industry (Danka, May 2013). Fifty-five percent of beekeepers exited beekeeping between 1987 and 2002 (USDA). Although honey production continued to decrease through 2007, the number of beekeepers entering beekeeping had increased (USDA). …
Evaluation Of Different Harvesting And Storage Practices: Sweet Sorghum And Energycane, Ana Lucia Amaya Arroyave
Evaluation Of Different Harvesting And Storage Practices: Sweet Sorghum And Energycane, Ana Lucia Amaya Arroyave
LSU Master's Theses
Two attractive potential feed stocks for biofuel production are energycane and sweet sorghum due to the environmental adaptability, sugars concentration and yield. Evaluation and development of harvesting, transportation and storage practices is critical for bringing the production of these crops to industrial levels. This research aims to analyze the supply system of energy crops and evaluate the effect of different harvesting and storage in the yields of the feedstock and the efficiencies of the processes. Harvesting trials were conducted at St. Gabriel, LA for evaluating the feasibility of using energy crops as inputs for ethanol production. The parameters that were …
Gumbos- And Ionic Liquid-Coated Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors For Detection And Molecular Weight Determination Of Organic Vapors, Bishnu Prasad Regmi
Gumbos- And Ionic Liquid-Coated Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors For Detection And Molecular Weight Determination Of Organic Vapors, Bishnu Prasad Regmi
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
There has been an ever-increasing demand for the development of high-performance sensing devices for detection and discrimination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in different environments. Among a number of sensing devices currently available, sorption-based sensors are particularly attractive because they are simple and inexpensive, require low power, and are appropriate for fabrication of multisensor arrays. A sorption-based sensor is comprised of a chemically active coating immobilized on the surface of a physical transducer. The chemically active film interacts with analytes, and the transducer converts the binding event into an electrical signal. This dissertation is focused on a sorption-based sensor …
Expression Of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modified Proteins And Production And Characterization Of Chlamydia Trachomatis Ct663, Octavia Y. Goodwin
Expression Of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modified Proteins And Production And Characterization Of Chlamydia Trachomatis Ct663, Octavia Y. Goodwin
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
O-linked â-N-acetylglucosamine is a regulatory post translational modification. This modification occurs on nearly all functional classes of proteins, in the nucleus and cytoplasm. O-GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine by O-GlcNAc transferase and removed by O-GlcNAcase. Previous attempts to study O-GlcNAc-modified proteins have resulted in low yields, making 3-dimensional structure determination impossible. In this dissertation O-GlcNAc transferase will be co-expressed with domains of human cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB1) and Abelson tyrosine-kinase 2 (ABL2) in E. coli, to produce O-GlcNAc-modified protein. The O-GlcNAc-modified protein was expressed in a variety of E. coli cell lines at a variety of conditions, …
Effects Of Latitude On The Competitive Ability Of Native And Invasive Genotypes Of Phragmites Australis, Anthony K. Chow
Effects Of Latitude On The Competitive Ability Of Native And Invasive Genotypes Of Phragmites Australis, Anthony K. Chow
LSU Master's Theses
One commonly cited mechanism for the success of invasive species is their superior competitive ability relative to that of native species. Although 88% (22 of 25) of the empirical studies support the prediction that the strength of competition for native species increases with latitude, no studies to date have compared the competitive ability of native and co-occurring invasive species across a broad latitudinal range. In a greenhouse, I investigated whether the competitive ability of North American native and European invasive haplotypes of Phragmites australis vary with latitude. Another widespread, non-indigenous haplotype, the Gulf Coast haplotype, was also included for assessment …
In Utero Exposure To Second-Hand Smoke Aggravates Adult Responses To Inhaled Irritants, Rui Xiao
In Utero Exposure To Second-Hand Smoke Aggravates Adult Responses To Inhaled Irritants, Rui Xiao
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
In utero exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) has modulatory effects on adult lung responses to various irritants. To further elucidate diverse responses with different inhaled irritants and to understand how long the effects persist, we have focused on two environmentally-relevant and asthma-associated irritants--SHS and ovalbumin (OVA)--for adult mice that had been exposed in utero to SHS. We hypothesized that in utero SHS exposure aggravates lung responses to various inhaled irritants, including SHS and OVA, in adult mice beyond the age of 15 weeks; and that the responses will likely exhibit a sex bias. Pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed (days 6-19 …
Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Induce Lipocalin-2 Expression In Vivo And In Vitro, Peng Zhao
Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Induce Lipocalin-2 Expression In Vivo And In Vitro, Peng Zhao
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Chronic inflammation in adipose tissue has been demonstrated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. The infiltration of immune cells results in a significant increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue that substantially affects adipocyte function. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is an adipocyte-secreted cytokine whose expression and secretion has been shown to be induced in obesity and insulin resistance in mouse and man. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been explored. Our studies indicate that interferon-gamma (IFNã) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFá), two primary pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted from immune cells, can induce LCN2 expression and secretion from adipocytes …
The Effect Of Hydrocarbon Contamination And Substrate Material On Oyster Reef Commensal Communities, Jenessa Lea Kay
The Effect Of Hydrocarbon Contamination And Substrate Material On Oyster Reef Commensal Communities, Jenessa Lea Kay
LSU Master's Theses
Oyster reefs in the Gulf of Mexico provide water quality enhancement, shoreline stabilization, carbon sequestration, and facilitate spat recruitment. They are also essential refuges for numerous resident fish and invertebrates, in turn supporting commercial fisheries. Oyster reefs are however in danger worldwide as oyster fisheries increase and pollution from oil spills, such as the Deepwater Horizon spill further degrade reefs. The development of artificial reefs has therefore become a necessity. This study assesses both the long-term and acute response of oyster reef commensal communities to hydrocarbon contamination, as well as comparing the efficacy of artificial reef substrates for restoring these …
Cation Regulation And Proteomic Analysis Of Phase Variation And Biofilm Formation In The Human Pathogen Vibrio Vulnificus, Zelam Mukund Kaluskar
Cation Regulation And Proteomic Analysis Of Phase Variation And Biofilm Formation In The Human Pathogen Vibrio Vulnificus, Zelam Mukund Kaluskar
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Vibrio vulnificus, a Gram-negative halophile which is ubiquitously present in the marine environments, can cause diseases like gastroenteritis, septicemia and wound infections in susceptible human beings. Production of capsular polysaccharide results in an opaque phenotype, which is pathogenic to humans. Loss or reduction of capsule results in translucent colonies composed of cells that are nonpathogenic or have diminished virulence, respectively. The opaque and the translucent phenotypes, upon production of an exopolysaccharide, give rise to a dry, wrinkled rugose form that can form copious biofilms. These three phenotypes can spontaneously switch from one form to another in a process known as …