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Btk/Itk Dual Inhibitors: Modulating Immunopathology And Lymphopenia For Covid-19 Therapy, M C. Mcgee, A August, W S. Huang Jan 2021

Btk/Itk Dual Inhibitors: Modulating Immunopathology And Lymphopenia For Covid-19 Therapy, M C. Mcgee, A August, W S. Huang

Faculty Publications

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) signaling is involved in innate immune responses and regulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines that can contribute to COVID-19 immunopathology. Clinical trials with BTK inhibitors in COVID-19 treatment have been proposed, and previous studies have attempted to investigate the therapeutic effects of ibrutinib and underlying mechanisms in treating viral pneumonia. These attempts, however, did not consider potential off target effect of BTK inhibitors on T cell differentiation, function, and survival, which may be beneficial in treatment for COVID-19. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of BTK/IL-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) signaling in immunopathology and lymphopenia and discuss …

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Everything You Wanted To Know About Space Radiation But Were Afraid To Ask, Jeffery Chancellor, Craig Nowadly, Jacqueline Williams, Serena Aunon-Chancellor, Megan Chesal, Jayme Looper, Wayne Newhauser Jan 2021

Everything You Wanted To Know About Space Radiation But Were Afraid To Ask, Jeffery Chancellor, Craig Nowadly, Jacqueline Williams, Serena Aunon-Chancellor, Megan Chesal, Jayme Looper, Wayne Newhauser

Faculty Publications

The space radiation environment is a complex combination of fast-moving ions derived from all atomic species found in the periodic table. The energy spectrum of each ion species varies widely but is prominently in the range of 400–600 MeV/n. The large dynamic range in ion energy is difficult to simulate in ground-based radiobiology experiments. Most ground-based irradiations with mono-energetic beams of a single one ion species are delivered at comparatively high dose rates. In some cases, sequences of such beams are delivered with various ion species and energies to crudely approximate the complex space radiation environment. This approximation may cause …

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An Environmental History Of The Civil War, Matthew Stith Jan 2021

An Environmental History Of The Civil War, Matthew Stith

Civil War Book Review

In this"effort to rediscover and recast the war in the same natural prism through which the war’s original actors viewed and experienced it 160 years ago" Browning and Silver "give a level of agency to the natural environment as it pertained to humans and their actions" in the great conflagration.

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Documenting The Establishment, Spread, And Severity Of Phyllachora Maydis On Corn, In The United States, Nathan M. Kleczewski, Diane E. Plewa, Kaitlyn M. Bissonnette, Norman D. Bowman, Jan M. Byrne, Joseph Laforest, Felipe Dalla-Lana, Dean K. Malvick, Daren S. Mueller, Martin I. Chilvers, Pierce A. Paul, Richard N. Raid, Alison E. Robertson, Gail E. Ruhl, Damon L. Smith, Darcy E.P. Telenko Jan 2021

Documenting The Establishment, Spread, And Severity Of Phyllachora Maydis On Corn, In The United States, Nathan M. Kleczewski, Diane E. Plewa, Kaitlyn M. Bissonnette, Norman D. Bowman, Jan M. Byrne, Joseph Laforest, Felipe Dalla-Lana, Dean K. Malvick, Daren S. Mueller, Martin I. Chilvers, Pierce A. Paul, Richard N. Raid, Alison E. Robertson, Gail E. Ruhl, Damon L. Smith, Darcy E.P. Telenko

Faculty Publications

Tar spot on corn, caused by the fungus (Phyllachora maydis Maubl. [Phyllachorales: Phyllachoraceae]), is an emerging disease in the United States. In 2018 and 2019, significant but localized epidemics of tar spot occurred across the major corn producing region of the Midwest. After being first detected in 2015, tar spot was detected in 135 and 139 counties where the disease was not previously detected in 2018 and 2019, respectively, and is now established across 310 counties across the United Sates. Foliage with signs (stromata) of P. maydis and symptoms of tar spot were collected from 128 fields in 2018 and …

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Biology And Management Of The Rice Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) In Rice, Oryza Sativa (Poales: Poaceae), Santhi Bhavanam, Blake Wilson, Bryce Blackman, Michael Stout Jan 2021

Biology And Management Of The Rice Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) In Rice, Oryza Sativa (Poales: Poaceae), Santhi Bhavanam, Blake Wilson, Bryce Blackman, Michael Stout

Faculty Publications

The rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax (Fabricius), is the most important late-season insect pest of rice in the southern United States. Nymphs and adults feed on rice grains, resulting in losses in yield and grain quality. Aspects of the biology, ecology, life history, and chemical ecology have been investigated in southern rice producing states but several outstanding questions remain. Standard economic threshold levels (ETLs) based on sweep net sampling for rice stink bug have been established depending on grain development stage and geographic location. However, recent studies on the relationship between rice stink bug densities, feeding damage, and its economic …

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Pest Management Needs And Limitations For Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), An Emergent Key Pest Of Hemp In The United States, Kadie E. Britt, Thomas P. Kuhar, Whitney Cranshaw, Christopher T. Mccullough, Sally V. Taylor, Benjamin R. Arends, Hannah Burrack, Melissa Pulkoski, David Owens, Tigist A. Tolosa, Simon Zebelo, Katelyn A. Kesheimer, Olufemi S. Ajayi, Michelle Samuel-Foo, Jeffrey A. Davis, Nathan Arey, Hélène Doughty, Joanne Jones, Marguerite Bolt, Bradley J. Fritz, Jerome F. Grant, Julian Cosner, Melissa Schreiner Jan 2021

Pest Management Needs And Limitations For Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), An Emergent Key Pest Of Hemp In The United States, Kadie E. Britt, Thomas P. Kuhar, Whitney Cranshaw, Christopher T. Mccullough, Sally V. Taylor, Benjamin R. Arends, Hannah Burrack, Melissa Pulkoski, David Owens, Tigist A. Tolosa, Simon Zebelo, Katelyn A. Kesheimer, Olufemi S. Ajayi, Michelle Samuel-Foo, Jeffrey A. Davis, Nathan Arey, Hélène Doughty, Joanne Jones, Marguerite Bolt, Bradley J. Fritz, Jerome F. Grant, Julian Cosner, Melissa Schreiner

Faculty Publications

Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has emerged as an injurious insect pest to hemp, Cannabis sativa L., a crop newly reintroduced to the United States. Growing hemp presents a potential alternative economic opportunity for farmers but can be challenging with a market that is unstable and just developing. One of the most notable production challenges is managing corn earworm, an insect pest that is particularly damaging when it feeds on flower buds produced in cannabinoid varieties, creating extensive bud tunneling and wounds that allow entry of pathogens that can aid development and presence of bud rot. Damage to …

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Identification And Biology Of Common Caterpillars In U.S. Soybean, Erin W. Hodgson, Robert L. Koch, Jeffrey A. Davis, Dominic Reisig, Silvana V. Paula-Moraes Jan 2021

Identification And Biology Of Common Caterpillars In U.S. Soybean, Erin W. Hodgson, Robert L. Koch, Jeffrey A. Davis, Dominic Reisig, Silvana V. Paula-Moraes

Faculty Publications

Soybean is an established crop with a high production value in the United States. The insects that utilize soybean as a food source have changed drastically over the last 20 yr. Much of the extension literature summarizing pest species distribution and abundance is out of date. This article provides profiles for five common soybean caterpillars, including description, life cycle, and injury to plants.

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Current Distribution And Population Persistence Of Five Lepidopteran Pests In U.S. Soybean, Anders S. Huseth, Robert L. Koch, Dominic Reisig, Jeffrey A. Davis, Silvana V. Paula-Moraes, Erin W. Hodgson Jan 2021

Current Distribution And Population Persistence Of Five Lepidopteran Pests In U.S. Soybean, Anders S. Huseth, Robert L. Koch, Dominic Reisig, Jeffrey A. Davis, Silvana V. Paula-Moraes, Erin W. Hodgson

Faculty Publications

The distribution of lepidopteran pests in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a current knowledge gap limiting accurate prioritization of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) research. Regional characterizations of lepidopteran distribution in soybean are now more than 25 yr old. The goal of this study was to generate a contemporary assessment of the distribution and population persistence of lepidopteran soybean pests. To understand which species are currently infesting soybean and their persistence, we conducted a survey of soybean entomologists with responsibility for approximately 33.6 million hectares of production in 31 U.S. states. Soybean entomologists were asked questions about presence of lepidopteran …

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Climate Mismatch Between Introduced Biological Control Agents And Their Invasive Host Plants: Improving Biological Control Of Tropical Weeds In Temperate Regions, Nathan E. Harms, Ian A. Knight, Paul D. Pratt, Angelica M. Reddy, Abhishek Mukherjee, Ping Gong, Julie Coetzee, S. Raghu, Rodrigo Diaz Jan 2021

Climate Mismatch Between Introduced Biological Control Agents And Their Invasive Host Plants: Improving Biological Control Of Tropical Weeds In Temperate Regions, Nathan E. Harms, Ian A. Knight, Paul D. Pratt, Angelica M. Reddy, Abhishek Mukherjee, Ping Gong, Julie Coetzee, S. Raghu, Rodrigo Diaz

Faculty Publications

Many weed biological control programs suffer from large-scale spatial variation in success due to restricted distributions or abundances of agents in temperate climates. For some of the world’s worst aquatic weeds, agents are established but overwintering conditions limit their survival in higher latitudes or elevations. The resulting need is for new or improved site-or region-specific biological control tools. Here, we review this challenge with a focus on low-temperature limitations of agents and propose a roadmap for improving success. Investigations across spatial scales, from global (e.g., foreign exploration), to local (selective breeding), to individual organisms (molecular modification), are discussed. A combination …

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Revision Of The Genus Schoenlandella (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Cardiochilinae) In The New World, With A Potential Biological Control Agent For A Lepidopteran Pest Of Bitter Gourd (Momordica Charantia L.), Ilgoo Kang, Michael J. Sharkey, Rodrigo Diaz Jan 2021

Revision Of The Genus Schoenlandella (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Cardiochilinae) In The New World, With A Potential Biological Control Agent For A Lepidopteran Pest Of Bitter Gourd (Momordica Charantia L.), Ilgoo Kang, Michael J. Sharkey, Rodrigo Diaz

Faculty Publications

Schoenlandella Cameron, 1905 is the second largest genus of Cardiochilinae. Most members are recorded from the Old World, with a small number of species in the New World. Herein, the New World species of Schoenlandella are revised based on morphological data. This work entails a description of a new species: S. montserratensis Kang, sp. nov. and potential lepidopteran host information of the new species associated with bitter gourds on the Caribbean Island of Montserrat. Schoenlandella diaphaniae (Marsh, 1986) and S. gloriosa Mercado & Wharton, 2003 are re-described, and a key to species of New World Schoenlandella is provided. The taxonomic …

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Host Genotype And Tissue Type Determine Dwv Infection Intensity, Hannah J. Penn, Michael Simone-Finstrom, Sarah Lang, Judy Chen, Kristen Healy Jan 2021

Host Genotype And Tissue Type Determine Dwv Infection Intensity, Hannah J. Penn, Michael Simone-Finstrom, Sarah Lang, Judy Chen, Kristen Healy

Faculty Publications

Varroa mite-vectored viruses such as Deformed wing virus (DWV) are of great concern for honey bee health as they can cause disease in individuals and increase colony mortality. Two genotypes of DWV (A and B) are prevalent in the United States and may have differential virulence and pathogenicity. Honey bee genetic stocks bred to resist Varroa mites also exhibit differential infection responses to the Varroa mite-vectored viruses. The goal of this project was to determine if interactions between host genotype could influence the overall infection levels and dissemination of DWV within honey bees. To do this, we injected DWV isolated …

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The Functional Role Of Eye Movements During The Formation Of Relational And Item Memories, Kara Hobbs Jan 2021

The Functional Role Of Eye Movements During The Formation Of Relational And Item Memories, Kara Hobbs

Honors Capstones

No abstract provided.

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Kentucky Soybean Farmers' Supportiveness Of Two Integrated Pest And Pollinator Management Tactics, Hannah J. Penn, Jerrod Penn, Michael Cunningham-Minnick, Wuyang Hu Jan 2021

Kentucky Soybean Farmers' Supportiveness Of Two Integrated Pest And Pollinator Management Tactics, Hannah J. Penn, Jerrod Penn, Michael Cunningham-Minnick, Wuyang Hu

Faculty Publications

Beneficial insect conservation in agriculture is often studied in the context of integrated pest management (IPM). For instance, vegetative field edges provide habitat and changing the timing of insecticidal sprays decreases risk for pollinators and natural enemies of insect pests. However, the attitudes and confidence of U.S. growers towards IPM implementation in traditional row crops remain understudied. We developed an online survey using a convenience sample and surveyed Kentucky soybean growers to understand their current pest and general management practices, beliefs about sources of insect pests/weeds, and attitudes towards pollinators. We also asked about their willingness to implement two management …

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Dominance And Fitness Costs Of Insect Resistance To Genetically Modified Bacillus Thuringiensis Crops, Fangneng Huang Jan 2021

Dominance And Fitness Costs Of Insect Resistance To Genetically Modified Bacillus Thuringiensis Crops, Fangneng Huang

Faculty Publications

Evolution of resistance to genetically modified Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops in pest populations is a major threat to the sustainability of the technology. Incidents of field resistance that have led to control problems of Bt crops or significantly reduced susceptibility of individual Bt proteins in pyramided plants have increased dramatically across the world, especially in recent years. Analysis of globally published data showed that 61.5% and 60.0% of the cases of resistance with major alleles that allowed homozygous resistant genotypes to survival on Bt crops were functionally non-recessive and did not involve fitness costs, respectively. Dominance levels (DFLs) measured on …

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Biology, Ecology, And Management Of Key Sorghum Insect Pests, Olabimpe O. Okosun, Kerry C. Allen, James P. Glover, Gadi V.P. Reddy Jan 2021

Biology, Ecology, And Management Of Key Sorghum Insect Pests, Olabimpe O. Okosun, Kerry C. Allen, James P. Glover, Gadi V.P. Reddy

Faculty Publications

Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor L. Moench (Poaceae), is a highly valued crop cultivated worldwide, with the grain and stover being of equal importance in some developing countries. Sorghum can produce high yields even under adverse environmental conditions, however, damage from insect pests at various stages of the plant's development can reduce its productivity, impacting low-income farmers in developing countries. Important sorghum insect pests include leaf-sucking species, leaf-feeding species, stalk or stem borers, pests of the panicle and of the stored grain. Modern control strategies include cultural controls, biological control, pesticides (chemical, botanicals, or microbial), and host plant resistance. An integrated approach …

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First Record Of Native Entomopathogenic Nematodes From Montana Agroecosystems, Ramandeep K. Sandhi, Ratnasri Pothula, Satyendra K. Pothula, Byron J. Adams, Gadi V.P. Reddy Jan 2021

First Record Of Native Entomopathogenic Nematodes From Montana Agroecosystems, Ramandeep K. Sandhi, Ratnasri Pothula, Satyendra K. Pothula, Byron J. Adams, Gadi V.P. Reddy

Faculty Publications

A total of 30 different agricultural fields in the Golden Triangle Region of Montana, USA were surveyed, and 150 soil samples were evaluated for the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). The authors isolated EPNs from 10% of the collected samples. The recovered isolates were identified as Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora by using morphological and molecular analysis. Steinernema feltiae was found from two fields, Kalispell (S. feltiae 1) and Choteau (S. feltiae 2). Steinernema feltiae (1 and 2) differed significantly from each other in terms of morphological characters for infective juveniles (distance from anterior end to excretory pore and nerve …

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Biology, Ecology, And Management Strategies For Pea Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) In Pulse Crops, Ramandeep Kaur Sandhi, Gadi V.P. Reddy Jan 2021

Biology, Ecology, And Management Strategies For Pea Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) In Pulse Crops, Ramandeep Kaur Sandhi, Gadi V.P. Reddy

Faculty Publications

Pea aphid, Acyrthospihon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the key pests of pulse crops worldwide. The aphid has a broad host range, infesting crops such as faba bean, lupin, alfalfa, lentil, chickpea, grass pea, and pea. This broad host range with a complex life cycle and ability to quickly adapt to new environmental conditions make it difficult to control this pest. Different studies focusing on the biology, ecology, and management practices of A. pisum, along with case studies conducted on different integrated pest management strategies such as host plant resistance, cultural, genetic, biological, and chemical control are reviewed …

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On-Farm Evaluation Of Regenerative Land-Use Practices In A Semi-Arid Pasture Agroecosystem In West Texas, Usa, Lindsey Slaughter, Sanjit Deb, Somsubhra Chakraborty, Bin Li, Noura Bakr, Bryanna Edwards, David Weindorf Jan 2021

On-Farm Evaluation Of Regenerative Land-Use Practices In A Semi-Arid Pasture Agroecosystem In West Texas, Usa, Lindsey Slaughter, Sanjit Deb, Somsubhra Chakraborty, Bin Li, Noura Bakr, Bryanna Edwards, David Weindorf

Faculty Publications

Continually rising scarcity in water and nutrient resources, especially in semi-arid agricultural systems, combined with increased frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, contribute to a growing need for resilient and regenerative agricultural ecosystems. However, evaluating a myriad of combinations of producer-led sustainable management practices in on-farm research remains challenging. Few studies have elucidated spatial variability in measured soil properties across the study area due to logistical and economic constraints. As such, this study aimed to: 1) establish soil health assessment and landscape variability data immediately after land-use change to a sustainable pasture management system, and 2) delineate relationships …

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Stability Analysis For Time-Varying Systems With Asynchronous Sampling Using Contractivity Approach, Frederic Mazenc, Michael Malisoff, Miroslav Krstic Jan 2021

Stability Analysis For Time-Varying Systems With Asynchronous Sampling Using Contractivity Approach, Frederic Mazenc, Michael Malisoff, Miroslav Krstic

Faculty Publications

We provide new sufficient conditions for a generalized exponential input-to-state stability condition to hold. Our proofs use innovative trajectory based contractivity and cooperative systems arguments. Another key ingredient is a new variant of Halanay's inequality, which differs from prior Halanay inequalities because of its use of sampling. Our sufficient conditions allow arbitrarily long intervals between some consecutive sampling times, provided the intervals between consecutive sampling times are frequently small enough. This removes a significant limitation of prior results that relied on versions of Halanay's inequality that did not contain sampling. Unlike standard stability conditions, the upper bounds for the norm …

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Potential Ecological Impacts Of Climate Intervention By Reflecting Sunlight To Cool Earth, P.L. Zarnetske, J. Gurevitch, J. Franklin, P.M. Groffman, C.S. Harrison, J.J. Hellmann, F.M. Hoffman, S. Kothari, A. Robock, S. Tilmes, D. Visioni, J. Wu, L. Xia, C.-E. Yang Jan 2021

Potential Ecological Impacts Of Climate Intervention By Reflecting Sunlight To Cool Earth, P.L. Zarnetske, J. Gurevitch, J. Franklin, P.M. Groffman, C.S. Harrison, J.J. Hellmann, F.M. Hoffman, S. Kothari, A. Robock, S. Tilmes, D. Visioni, J. Wu, L. Xia, C.-E. Yang

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Identifying Global Favourable Habitat For Early Juvenile Loggerhead Sea Turtles, C.S. Harrison, J.Y. Luo, N.F. Putman, Q. Li, P. Sheevam, K. Krumhardt, J. Stevens, M.C. Long Jan 2021

Identifying Global Favourable Habitat For Early Juvenile Loggerhead Sea Turtles, C.S. Harrison, J.Y. Luo, N.F. Putman, Q. Li, P. Sheevam, K. Krumhardt, J. Stevens, M.C. Long

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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High-Performance Biocomposite Polyvinyl Alcohol (Pva) Films Modified With Cellulose Nanocrystals (Cncs), Tannic Acid (Ta), And Chitosan (Cs) For Food Packaging, Ruowen Tan, Feng Li, You Zhang, Zihui Yuan, Xuefei Feng, Wansong Zhang, Ting Liang, Jiwen Cao, Cornelis F. De Hoop, Xiaopeng Peng, Xingyan Huang Jan 2021

High-Performance Biocomposite Polyvinyl Alcohol (Pva) Films Modified With Cellulose Nanocrystals (Cncs), Tannic Acid (Ta), And Chitosan (Cs) For Food Packaging, Ruowen Tan, Feng Li, You Zhang, Zihui Yuan, Xuefei Feng, Wansong Zhang, Ting Liang, Jiwen Cao, Cornelis F. De Hoop, Xiaopeng Peng, Xingyan Huang

Faculty Publications

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been widely applied in industries for its low cost, nontoxicity, biodegradability, and renewable advantages. However, its unstable structure may not meet some strong physical and mechanical needs. In order to enhance the performances of the PVA film, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), tannic acid (TA), and chitosan (CS), working as a reinforcer, a crosslinker, and an antimicrobial agent, respectively, were introduced into the PVA matrix. The results indicated that CNCs, TA, and CS were evenly distributed and cohesively incorporated within the PVA matrix, which contributed to the good mechanical properties and thermal stabilities of biocomposite PVA films. Besides, …

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Siah2 Is Expressed In Adipocyte Precursor Cells And Interacts With Ebf1 And Zfp521 To Promote Adipogenesis, Thanh N. Dang, Jessica L. Taylor, Gail Kilroy, Yongmei Yu, David H. Burk, Z. Elizabeth Floyd Jan 2021

Siah2 Is Expressed In Adipocyte Precursor Cells And Interacts With Ebf1 And Zfp521 To Promote Adipogenesis, Thanh N. Dang, Jessica L. Taylor, Gail Kilroy, Yongmei Yu, David H. Burk, Z. Elizabeth Floyd

Division of Basic Science Faculty Publications

Objective: Expression of zinc finger protein 423 (ZFP423), a key proadipogenic transcription factor in adipocyte precursor cells, is regulated by interaction of the proadipogenic early B-cell factor 1 (EBF1) and antiadipogenic ZFP521. The ubiquitin ligase seven-in-absentia homolog 2 (SIAH2) targets ZFP521 for degradation. This study asked whether SIAH2 is expressed in adipocyte precursor cells and whether SIAH2 interacts with ZFP521 and EBF1 to regulate ZFP521 protein levels during adipogenesis. Methods: SIAH2 expression in precursor cells was assessed in primary cells and tissues from wild-type and SIAH2 null mice fed a control or high-fat diet. Primary cells, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and HEK293T …

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Special Issue: Islet Inflammation And Metabolic Homeostasis, Susan J. Burke, J. Jason Collier Jan 2021

Special Issue: Islet Inflammation And Metabolic Homeostasis, Susan J. Burke, J. Jason Collier

Division of Basic Science Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Effects Of Caloric Restriction On Human Physiological, Psychological, And Behavioral Outcomes: Highlights From Calerie Phase 2, James L. Dorling, Stephan Van Vliet, Kim M. Huffman, William E. Kraus, Manjushri Bhapkar, Carl F. Pieper, Tiffany Stewart, Sai Krupa Das, Susan B. Racette, Susan B. Roberts, Eric Ravussin, Leanne M. Redman, Corby K. Martin Jan 2021

Effects Of Caloric Restriction On Human Physiological, Psychological, And Behavioral Outcomes: Highlights From Calerie Phase 2, James L. Dorling, Stephan Van Vliet, Kim M. Huffman, William E. Kraus, Manjushri Bhapkar, Carl F. Pieper, Tiffany Stewart, Sai Krupa Das, Susan B. Racette, Susan B. Roberts, Eric Ravussin, Leanne M. Redman, Corby K. Martin

Clinical Research Faculty Publications

Caloric restriction (CR) is a strategy that attenuates aging in multiple nonhuman species. The Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) trials are part of a research program aiming to test the effects of CR on aging and longevity biomarkers in humans. Building on CALERIE phase 1, CALERIE phase 2 (CALERIE 2) was the largest study to date to assess sustained CR in healthy humans without obesity. In a 24-month randomized controlled trial comprising 218 participants at baseline, CALERIE 2 showed that moderate CR, 11.9% on average, induced improvements in aging-related biomarkers without adversely affecting psychological …

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Adipose Depot-Specific Effects Of 16 Weeks Of Pioglitazone On In Vivo Adipogenesis In Women With Obesity: A Randomised Controlled Trial, Ursula White, Mark D. Fitch, Robbie A. Beyl, Marc K. Hellerstein, Eric Ravussin Jan 2021

Adipose Depot-Specific Effects Of 16 Weeks Of Pioglitazone On In Vivo Adipogenesis In Women With Obesity: A Randomised Controlled Trial, Ursula White, Mark D. Fitch, Robbie A. Beyl, Marc K. Hellerstein, Eric Ravussin

Clinical Research Faculty Publications

Aims/hypothesis: In vitro and rodent studies suggest that pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, can promote adipogenesis in adipose tissue (AT); however, there is a lack of in vivo studies in humans to support these findings. The objectives of this randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm trial were to test if pioglitazone stimulates in vivo adipogenesis in the subcutaneous adipose tissue depots and if these measures were related to metabolic health outcomes in women with obesity. Methods: Forty-one healthy women with obesity (20 black; 21 white; 29 ± 6 years; BMI 32.0 ± 1.7 kg/m2; 44.0 ± 3.6% body fat) were randomised to consume 30 mg/day …

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Effect Of An Office-Based Intervention On Visceral Adipose Tissue: The Workactive-P Randomized Controlled Trial, James L. Dorling, Christoph Höchsmann, Catrine Tudor-Locke, Robbie Beyl, Corby K. Martin Jan 2021

Effect Of An Office-Based Intervention On Visceral Adipose Tissue: The Workactive-P Randomized Controlled Trial, James L. Dorling, Christoph Höchsmann, Catrine Tudor-Locke, Robbie Beyl, Corby K. Martin

Clinical Research Faculty Publications

Office-based activity reduces sedentariness, yet no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have assessed how such activity influences visceral adipose tissue (VAT). This study examined the effect of an office-based, multicomponent activity intervention on VAT. The WorkACTIVE-P RCT enrolled sedentary office workers (body mass index: 31.4 (standard deviation (SD) 4.4) kg/m2 ) to an intervention (n = 20) or control (n = 20) group. For 3 months, the intervention group received an office-based pedal desk, further to an intervention promoting its use and increased walking. The control group maintained habitual activity. At baseline and follow-up, VAT, cardiometabolic disease risk markers, physical activity, …

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Leucine And Sildenafil Combination Therapy Reduces Body Weight And Metformin Enhances The Effect At Low Dose: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Candida J. Rebello, Michael B. Zemel, Orville Kolterman, Gilbert Alexander Fleming, Frank L. Greenway Jan 2021

Leucine And Sildenafil Combination Therapy Reduces Body Weight And Metformin Enhances The Effect At Low Dose: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Candida J. Rebello, Michael B. Zemel, Orville Kolterman, Gilbert Alexander Fleming, Frank L. Greenway

Clinical Research Faculty Publications

Background:This study evaluated the potential of activating the fuel-sensing enzymes Adenine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase and the deacetylase sirtuin1, to promote weight loss. We tested the efficacy of a fixed dose combination of the amino acid leucine and 2 well-characterized agents with established safety profiles to modulate energy metabolism and facilitate weight loss.Study Question:Will a combination of l-leucine with low-dose metformin and sildenafil produce a novel synergistic interaction that reduces body weight?Study Design:We conducted a 24-week randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect on weight loss of leucine 1.1 g and sildenafil 1.0 mg or 4.0 mg, with and without metformin …

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Agronomic And Environmental Performance Of Biochar Amendment In Alluvial Soils Under Subtropical Sugarcane Production, Negar Tafti, Jim Wang, Lewis Gaston, Jong Hwan Park, Meng Wang, Scott Pensky Jan 2021

Agronomic And Environmental Performance Of Biochar Amendment In Alluvial Soils Under Subtropical Sugarcane Production, Negar Tafti, Jim Wang, Lewis Gaston, Jong Hwan Park, Meng Wang, Scott Pensky

Faculty Publications

This study investigated the amendment of sugarcane bagasse biochar (SCBB) on soil fertility, crop yield, and nutrient loss in two different-textured soils under sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) production. Eleven megagrams per hectare of freshly incorporated biochar increased yield of plant cane by 22% in light-texture soil (LS) and 12% in heavy-textured soil (HS). Although the overall yield of the ratoon crop was lower, the biochar treatment produced 20 and 14% higher yields than the control at the LS and HS sites, respectively. Biochar increased soil carbon (Csoil) across LS and HS sites by 15% and decreased the soil C/N ratio by …

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Global Health Risk Factors: Physical Inactivity, Fiona Bull, Regina Guthold, Daniel J. Friedman, Peter Katzmarzyk Jan 2021

Global Health Risk Factors: Physical Inactivity, Fiona Bull, Regina Guthold, Daniel J. Friedman, Peter Katzmarzyk

Population and Public Health Science Faculty Publications

Regular physical activity improves physical and mental health across all ages, and provides many social, environmental, and economic co-benefits. Physical activity includes all forms of active recreation, sports participation, cycling and walking for transportation, as well as activity undertaken at home or for work. Despite well-established benefits, one quarter of adults and three quarters of adolescents are not sufficiently active. The policy and practice of promoting physical activity integrates multidisciplinary knowledge from across clinical and social medicine, exercise science, health psychology, public health, transport, and environmental studies, to improve global health. With increasing recognition of its role in promoting better …

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