Digital Commons Network^™

Autobiographical Memory And Culture, Qi Wang

Online Readings in Psychology and Culture

Autobiographical memory encompasses memory for significant personal experiences and knowledge of the self and, consequently, is critical for personal identity and psychological wellbeing (Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000; Pillemer, 1998). Although autobiographical memory, like many other cognitive faculties, has been traditionally viewed as an individual matter and a product of the mind or brain, research in the past two decades has revealed the central role of culture in human cognition and remembering. Recent theories of autobiographical memory have increasingly emphasized the constructive nature of memory in the cultural context, and empirical findings have further accentuated the influence of culture on autobiographical …

Language And Culture, Chi-Yue Chiu

Online Readings in Psychology and Culture

Language pervades social life. It is a primary means by which we gain access to the contents of others' minds and establish shared understanding of the reality. Meanwhile, there is an enormous amount of linguistic diversity among human populations. Depending on what counts as a language, there are 3,000 to 10,000 living languages in the world, although a quarter of the world’s languages have fewer than 1,000 speakers and half have fewer than 10,000 (Crystal, 1997). Not surprisingly, a key question in culture and psychology research concerns the role of language in cultural processes. The present chapter focuses on two …

Understanding Generational Diversity In The Workplace: What Resorts Can And Are Doing, A. Scott Rood

Journal of Tourism Insights

The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine generational diversity issues within the resort industry in order to develop management strategies that can be employed to increase intergenerational understanding, morale and improve productivity. Data for this study were collected through a self administered questionnaire completed by resort managers. Findings suggest generational differences do exist and that managers can improve morale and productivity by understanding and incorporating these differences.

The Veil Of Esteem: On Seeing Oneself Being Seen (Part Two: Riddle And Accident), Melba Vélez Ortiz

Peer Reviewed Articles

This article is the second of a three-part series entitled: The Veil of Esteem: On Seeing Oneself Being Seen. Inspired by Walter Benjamin’s “reflection through vignette” method, the author inquires into the notions and interconnections between memory and esteem. Esteem is the truth of oneself through the eyes of the other, and any truth of esteem must be told from the perspective of that other, through the spectating other. Thus, the author finds that any story of esteem is veiled. This second part, Riddle and Accident, explores unconditional love as maintained without the merit-worthy, yet it is its esteem that …

Bias In Terms Of Culture: Work Values Country-Clustering For 33 European Countries And Person-Job Fit Factor Equivalence Testing For Four European Countries, Kostas Mylonas, Aikaterini Gari, Penny Panagiotopoulou, Elli Georgiadi, Velichko Valchev, Sofia Papazoglou, Mariana Brkich

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

Bias in terms of culture has been posing threat to cross-cultural research since the very beginning of crosscultural endeavor. Metric and statistical methods have been discussed in literature in order to deal with this type of bias; however, some of these methods show side-effects on the level of scale validity and some others with so stringent effects on the available information and allow for very limited variance to be interpreted. The present twofold study describes yet another method, this time based on country clusters, following the idea introduced by Georgas & Berry (1995) of employing country sets based on their …

The Functions Of Music-Listening Across Cultures: The Development Of A Scale Measuring Personal, Social And Cultural Functions Of Music, Diana Boer, Ronald Fischer, Jimena De Garay Hernández, Ma. Luisa González Atilano, Luz Moreno, Marcus Roth, Markus Zenger

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

We examined the functions of music-listening from a cross-cultural perspective. Two studies were conducted to capture personal, social and cultural experiences with music. Young people were sampled; mainly online surveys were used. Study 1 is a qualitative multicultural study that identified seven main functions of music: background, memories, diversion, emotion, self-regulation, reflection of self, and social bonding. In study 2, based on the qualitative data, we developed and validated a scale measuring Ratings of Experienced Social, PErsonal and Cultural Themes of MUSIC functions (RESPECT-MUSIC) in three cultural samples (Latin-American, Anglo- Saxon, and Germanic). A ten-factorial solution was found to be …

Rendering Borders Obsolete: Cross-Cultural And Cultural Psychology As An Interdisciplinary, Multi-Method Endeavor, Franziska Deutsch, Mandy Boehnke, Ulrich KüHnen, Klaus Boehnke

IACCP Proceedings of the Biennial International Conferences

A peer-reviewed book based on presentations at the XIX Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2008, Bremen, Germany.

(c) 2011, International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology

Culture And Passionate Love, Elaine Hatfield, Richard L. Rapson

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

For more than 4,000 years, poets and storytellers have sung of the delights and sufferings of love and lust. This chapter reviews what scholars from various disciplines have discovered about the nature of passionate love and sexual desire. Anthropologists and evolutionary psychologists have assumed that passionate love is a cultural universal. Cultural researchers, historians, and social psychologists have emphasized the stunning diversity in the way passionate love and sexual desire have been viewed and experienced. Culture, ethnicity and the rules passed down by political and religious authorities have a profound impact on the way people think about and act out …

Meaning Correlates Of Value Orientations, Shulamith Kreitler

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

The purpose was to explore the relations between value orientations and meaning assignment tendencies. The hypotheses were that values would be related to a certain number of meaning variables that would be similar in three cultural groups. The participants were 150 individuals of both genders living in Israel. They are from three cultural communities (50 participants each): Israeli, French, and Russian. They were administered the values inventory PQ IV by Schwartz (1992) and the Meaning Test by Kreitler and Kreitler (1990a). The relations between the values of hedonism, power, and benevolence and the meaning variables were analyzed by correlations. The …

Grand Valley Magazine, Vol. 10, No. 3 Winter 2011, Grand Valley State University

Grand Valley Magazine

Grand Valley Magazine is a quarterly publication about Grand Valley State University produced by University Communications since 2001.

A Comparative Analysis Of The Attitudes Toward Women Managers In China, Chile, And The United States, Carol M. Sanchez, Robert Scherer, Rajshekhar G. Javalgi, Lorena Pradenas Rojas, Victor Parada Daza, Chi-En Hwang, Wu Yan

Peer Reviewed Articles

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine if stereotypical perceptions of women as managers existed among men and women in three cultural settings: the U.S., China and Chile. Based on the extant literature, hypotheses were developed and tested.

Design/Methodology Approach : Participants in our study were students enrolled in degree programs. The data was collected from the U.S., China and Chile. Using the women as mangers scale (WAMS), the study explores attitudinal dimensions. Further, gender and country effects were identified at both multivariate and univariate levels.

Findings: The findings show that stereotypical perceptions of women as mangers exist …

Lanthorn, Vol. 44, No. 48, March 15, 2010, Grand Valley State University

Volume 44, July 8, 2009 - June 10, 2010

Lanthorn is Grand Valley State's student newspaper, published from 1968 to the present.

Do Values Or Goals Better Explain Intent? A Cross-National Comparison, Marianela Fornerino, Alain Jolibert, Carol M. Sanchez, Mengxia Zhang

Peer Reviewed Articles

Among six major lines of inquiry on motivations, two theories are especially pertinent to consumer behavior studies: values and goals. Several studies show that consumer behavior can be predicted on the basis of values or goals; this study examines which are the stronger predictors by presenting a cross-cultural comparison of the values and goals that may influence the behavioral intentions of U.S., Chinese, and French students to study abroad. As a service, study abroad has financial implications, represents a choice, and competes with other educational products. Therefore, goals appear to explain behavioral intentions better than do values, except among U.S. …

Culture Care Meanings, Beliefs, And Practices In Rural Dominican Republic, Gretchen Schumacher

Peer Reviewed Articles

Purpose: This ethnonursing study explored the meanings, beliefs, and practices of care for rural Dominicans in the Dominican Republic. Design: Leininger’s culture care diversity and universality theory, ethnonursing, and four-phase analysis method guided the study. Interviews were conducted with 19 general and 10 key informants. Findings: Analysis of interviews revealed three main themes: (a) family presence is essential for meaningful care experiences and care practices, (b) respect and attention are central to the meaning of care and care practices, and (c) rural Dominicans value and use both generic (folk) and professional care practices. Discussion and Conclusion: Implications and recommendations for …

Catalogue Of Acculturation Constructs: Descriptions Of 126 Taxonomies, 1918-2003, Floyd W. Rudmin

Online Readings in Psychology and Culture

Acculturation refers to the processes by which individuals, families, communities, and societies react to inter-cultural contact. Advances in communication and transportation technologies, and increasing migration pressures due to demographic, economic, environmental, human rights, and security disparities, make acculturation one of the most important topics for applied research in cross-cultural psychology. However, progress in acculturation research has been frustrated by our inabilities to pit theories against each other in meaningful ways, to summarize results by meta-analytic methods, or to improve constructs and scales all because we have been unaware of the interdisciplinary breadth of acculturation research and its historical depth. This …

Creating The Tradition Of Honoring The Older Population, Catherine Weisbeck

Masters Theses

This qualitative research study explored what it would take to create the tradition of honoring the older population in American culture. In this exploratory study, 15 participants were interviewed in person using a series of ten open ended questions. The participants were selected according to the criteria of being an older adult, working with or volunteering for older adults, or having been involved in a project which considered the older population as a subgroup within the total population. The participants were personally invited by the researcher to be interviewed and the interview took approximately 40 minutes. Results indicated that creating …

Types Of Comparative Studies In Cross-Cultural Psychology, Fons J. R. Van De Vijver

Online Readings in Psychology and Culture

From a methodological perspective cross-cultural studies in psychology differ in three dimensions. First, cross-cultural psychological studies can be exploratory or test specific hypotheses. Second, some cross-cultural studies compare countries or ethnic groups while other cross-cultural studies relate specific characteristics of a country or ethnicity (e.g., socialization patterns or religiosity) to psychological variables. Third, studies can compare either constructs (e.g., do Chinese and Kenyans mean the same when they say that a person is intelligent?) or score levels (e.g., are Americans more extravert than Italians?). A classification of cross-cultural psychological studies, based on the three dimensions, is presented and examples are …

Acquiescence And Extremity In Cross-National Surveys: Domain Dependence And Country-Level Correlates, Tobias K. Van Dijk, Femke Datema, Stephanie C. M. Welten, Fons J. R. Van De Vijver

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

Likert-type rating scales are susceptible to response styles, such as acquiescence and extremity scoring. Although it is widely acknowledged that response styles can seriously invalidate findings of cross-cultural research, their theoretical underpinnings are hardly explored. The current study analyzed domain-dependency and country differences in acquiescence and extremity scoring in a large dataset of the International Social Survey Program. The hypothesis that response styles are more likely in domains with a high personal relevance compared to domains with a low personal relevance was tentatively confirmed. Correlations with various cultural, psychological, and economic variables were investigated. We found that acquiescence was negatively …

Cultures Of Infancy. The Foundation Of Developmental Pathways, Heidi Keller

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

Development can be understood as a series of universal developmental tasks that pattern the human life span. These developmental tasks evolved during the history of humankind, mainly to solve recurring adaptive problems. They are functionally related to each other in the sense that the solution of earlier tasks influences the solution of later developmental tasks. Thus developmental and biographical continuity emerge. The resulting developmental pathways, however, are not conceived of as being absolutely determined by the earlier influences. Developmental pathways are informed by earlier as well as concurrent influences. Plasticity, yet not unlimited, characterizes developmental pathways as well as continuity.

Dimensions Of Social Axioms And Alternative Country-Clustering Methods, Aikaterini Gari, Kostas Mylonas, Penny Panagiotopoulou

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

Social Axioms are defined as general beliefs that represent one’s view about how the world functions and how two entities are related “in the universe”. The Social Axiom dimensions as proposed by Leung & Bond are Social Cynicism, Social Complexity, Reward for Application, Fate Control, and Religiosity. The first aim of this study was to investigate how the Social Axiom dimensions are identified in Greece and in five more countries (N=1,375) that differ broadly in their ecological and religion characteristics (Hong-Kong, USA, UK, Spain, and India). The second aim was to enhance factor equivalence levels by forming homogeneous subsets of …

Dimensions Of Well-Being: A Cross-Cultural Study In European Neighborhoods, Penny Panagiotopoulou, Aikaterini Gari, Sophia Christakopoulou

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

People build their sense of well-being by responding to their objectively defined environment. The community environment and more specifically the neighborhood affects the subjective and psychological well being of the individuals. Neighboring refers to the residents’ social interaction and mutual material and non material support. This chapter attempts to examine how the social, political, and economic aspect of community life is related to community well-being focusing on community satisfaction, informal social interaction, feeling safe, the residents’ involvement in the community decision making process, the economic life, and the job opportunities and training of 705 participants in six European cultural settings: …

Strategies Of Friendship Maintenance In Mexico: Gender Differences, Claudia López Becerra, Isabel Reyes Lagunes, Sofia Rivera Aragón

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

Friendship development refers to the course that people follow since they know each other until they may stop being close friends any more. In this process, the actions making the progress of the relationship possible should be considered, as well as what attracts one person to another and the actions that maintain and deepen the relationship. Blieszner & Adams (1992) agree that friendship develops from knowing each other to obtaining emotional closeness; they define phases that describe changes in friendship. They also agree that those phases do not follow a predetermined sequence, for some friendships become quite close and some …

Uncertainty Orientation: A Theory Of Self-Regulation Within And Across Cultures As Related To Cognition, Andrew C. H. Szeto, Richard M. Sorrentino, Satoru Yasunaga, John Nezlek

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

Erich Fromm once said “the quest for certainty blocks the search for meaning. Uncertainty is the very condition to impel man to unfold his powers.” For some, this quote is unmistakably true, impelling them to great discoveries of nature and the mind. For others, uncertainty is the very essence of confusion and ambiguity, offering nothing more than reason to retreat to more predictable and certain times. In this chapter, we explore the theory of uncertainty orientation as related to cognition and cognitive processes, including research that was conducted in Canada, Japan, and China. First, we discuss the characteristic uncertainty selfregulation …

Temporal Orientation And Its Relationships With Organizationally Valued Outcomes: Results From A 14 Country Investigation, Tejinder K. Billing, Billing S. Bhagat, Annamária Lammel, Karen Moustafa Leonard, David L. Ford Jr., Fran Brew, Jose Rojas-Mendez, Vilma Coutino-Hill, Ujvala Rajadhyaksha, B.N. Srivastava, Bernadette Setiadi, Darwish Yousef, Olga Soler, Mannsoo Shin, Ichal Nowak, Shuming Zhao, Stefan Schmid, Murat Gumus, Tim Keeley, Catherine Kwantes, Ben Kuo

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

In this investigation we were concerned with the cultural covariates of temporal orientation in 14 different national contexts. Data were collected from United States of America (US), Australia, Germany, Poland, Chile, Venezuela, Turkey, United Arab Emirates (UAE), India, Indonesia, Malaysia Japan, South Korea and China. Analyses show that collectivistic cultural orientation tends to be relatively important in the prediction of three facets of temporal orientation (i.e. emphasis on planning and scheduling; sense of time and attitude towards time).

Enhancing Psychological Assessment In Sub-Saharan Africa Through Participant Consultation, Amina Abubakar, Fons J. R. Van De Vijver, Anneloes Van Baar, Patricia Kitsao-Wekulo, Penny Holding

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

There are few psychological tools developed and standardized for use in sub-Saharan Africa. Consulting with target populations provides a potentially powerful procedure to develop and adapt measures for this population. This review identifies and describes methods used to consult target populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Relevant studies were identified using PsycINFO and PubMed, supplemented by a review of relevant books. We further illustrate the role of participant consultation in psychological assessment with examples of our work in Kilifi (Kenya). Three major approaches are described: focus groups, individual interviews, and participant observation. Participants have been consulted to generate items, identify appropriate assessment …

Reducing Bias In Cross-Cultural Factor Analysis Through A Statistical Technique For Metric Adjustment: Factor Solutions For Quintets And Quartets Of Countries, Kostas Mylonas

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

Differential item functioning or item bias is a usual threat in psychological research and many experts in the field such as Kline (1993), Nunnally and Bernstein (1994), and others have suggested various methods for its detection and removal. Item bias in terms of culture has been addressed by Poortinga, Van de Vijver, Leung, Muthén, and others, with most of the proposed methods attempting to minimize variance explained by culture itself by detecting and deleting culturally-biased items from the analysis. This is done through the detection of inequivalent –in terms of factor structure– items and their elimination before comparing for factor …

Rogelio Díaz-Guerrero: A Legacy Of Psychological Creation And Research, Rolando Diaz-Loving, Ignacio Lozano

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

Rogelio Díaz-Guerrero’s journey began in 1918, born into a large (13 brothers and sisters) and very typical and traditional Mexican family in his homeland, Guadalajara. In search of the keys to understand human behavior, he moved to Mexico City immediately after finishing high school, where he studied medicine whilst taking psychology and chemistry classes at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). During this stage of his life, he was a student to a series of distinguished and prominent Mexican professors and thinkers: Enrique Aragon, Ezequiel Chavez, Guillermo Davila, Oswaldo Robles, Antonio Caso, Samuel Ramos and Jose Gaos. Finishing his …

Culture, Self-Construal And Social Cognition: Evidence From Cross-Cultural And Priming Studies, Ulrich Kühnen

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

Members of different cultures vary in basic social psychological processes, such as value orientation, attitudes, attitude-behavior relations, person perception and attribution of observed behavior. Previous researchers have traced back these differences to the respective culture members’ self-construal: Westerners define their self primarily in independent terms, whereas Asians are more likely to define their selves in interdependent ways. This difference in construing the self in turn affects the above mentioned judgmental processes. However, when relying on cross-cultural studies alone, the critical role of the self cannot directly be tested. In this chapter I argue that the accessibility of either independent or …

Quod Erat Demonstrandum: From Herodotus’ Ethnographic Journeys To Cross-Cultural Research, Aikaterini Gari, Kostas Mylonas

IACCP Proceedings of the Biennial International Conferences

A peer-reviewed book based on presentations at the XVIII Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2006, Isle of Spetses, Greece.

(c) 2009, International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology

Intergenerational Transmission Of Values In Different Cultural Contexts: A Study In Germany And Indonesia, Isabelle Albert, Gisela Trommsdorff, Lieke Wisnubrata

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

The aim of this study1 is to investigate cultural similarities and differences in the transmission of general and domain-specific value orientations (individualism/collectivism, and value of children) within German and Indonesian families. Supposing that both cultures differ with respect to developmental pathways of independence and interdependence, we asked if the extent of intergenerational transmission of values within families differs between Germany and Indonesia, and we studied possible cultural differences in intergenerational transmission with respect to different value contents. More precisely, we asked if there is a difference in transmission of values that are highly versus not highly endorsed by the members …