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Halo Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry: Design, Instrumentation, And Performance, Miao Wang Nov 2010

Halo Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry: Design, Instrumentation, And Performance, Miao Wang

Theses and Dissertations

New ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) instrumentation, the toroidal IT and halo IT, were developed to meet the significant growth in on-site analysis applications. The miniature toroidal IT mass analyzer was operated with radio frequency (RF) trapping voltages of 3 kVp-p or less. Despite its reduced dimensions, it has roughly the same ion trapping capacity as conventional 3D quadrupole ITs. Unit-mass resolved spectra for n-butylbenzene, xenon, and naphthalene were obtained. The desired linear mass scale was obtained using conventional mass-selective instability scan combined with resonance ejection. The halo IT was also based on toroidal trapping geometry and microfabrication technology, consisting …

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Cognitive Impact Of Genetic Variation Of The Serotonin Transporter In Primates Is Associated With Differences In Brain Morphology Rather Than Serotonin Neurotransmission, Hank P. Jedema, Peter J. Gianaros, Phillip J. Greer, Dustin D. Kerr, Shijing Liu, James Dee Higley, Stephen J. Suomi, Adam S. Olsen, Jessica N. Porter, Brian J. Lopresti, Ahmad R. Hariri, Charles W. Bradberry Nov 2010

Cognitive Impact Of Genetic Variation Of The Serotonin Transporter In Primates Is Associated With Differences In Brain Morphology Rather Than Serotonin Neurotransmission, Hank P. Jedema, Peter J. Gianaros, Phillip J. Greer, Dustin D. Kerr, Shijing Liu, James Dee Higley, Stephen J. Suomi, Adam S. Olsen, Jessica N. Porter, Brian J. Lopresti, Ahmad R. Hariri, Charles W. Bradberry

Faculty Publications

A powerful convergence of genetics, neuroimaging and epidemiological research has identified biological pathways mediating individual differences in complex behavioral processes and related risk for disease. Orthologous genetic variation in non-human primates represents a unique opportunity to characterize the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms which bias behaviorally- and clinically-relevant brain function. We report that a rhesus macaque orthologue of a common polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (rh5-HTTLPR) has strikingly similar effects on behavior and brain morphology to those in humans. Specifically, the rh5- HTTLPR Short allele broadly impacts cognitive choice behavior and brain morphology without observably affecting 5-HT transporter or …

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Packing Virtual Machines Onto Servers, David Luke Wilcox Oct 2010

Packing Virtual Machines Onto Servers, David Luke Wilcox

Theses and Dissertations

Data centers consume a significant amount of energy. This problem is aggravated by the fact that most servers and desktops are underutilized when powered on, and still consume a majority of the energy of a fully utilized computer even when idle This problem would be much worse were it not for the growing use of virtual machines. Virtual machines allow system administrators to more fully utilize hardware capabilities by putting more than one virtual system on the same physical server. Many times, virtual machines are placed onto physical servers inefficiently. To address this inefficiency, I developed a new family of …

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Assessment Of Acgh Clustering Methodologies, Serena F. Baker Oct 2010

Assessment Of Acgh Clustering Methodologies, Serena F. Baker

Theses and Dissertations

Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is a technique for identifying duplications and deletions of DNA at specific locations across a genome. Potential objectives of aCGH analysis are the identification of (1) altered regions for a given subject, (2) altered regions across a set of individuals, and (3) clinically relevant clusters of hybridizations. aCGH analysis can be particularly useful when it identifies previously unknown clusters with clinical relevance. This project focuses on the assessment of existing aCGH clustering methodologies. Three methodologies are considered: hierarchical clustering, weighted clustering of called aCGH data, and clustering based on probabilistic recurrent regions of alteration within …

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Functionalization Of Diamond And Its Application In High Performance Liquid Chromatography And Solid Phase Extraction, Gaurav Saini Oct 2010

Functionalization Of Diamond And Its Application In High Performance Liquid Chromatography And Solid Phase Extraction, Gaurav Saini

Theses and Dissertations

The primary focus of my work was to chemically functionalize diamond as normal and reversed phases for solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Diamond was functionalized with -NH2 groups via self-limiting adsorption of an amine-containing polymer, polyallylamine (PAAm), onto oxidized diamond particles. The chemical stability of these particles was improved by thermal curing or chemical crosslinking with 1,2,5,6-diepoxycyclooctane. The reversed phase material for SPE was synthesized by reacting amine-functionalized diamond particles with long chain alkyl and a perfluorinated isocyanate. Unlike commercially available silica, functionalized diamond particles were stable under extreme pH conditions (pH 0-14). Functionalized diamond …

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Redescription Of The Tyee Sucker, Catostomus Tsiltcoosensis (Catostomidae), Jes Kettratad, Douglas F. Markle Oct 2010

Redescription Of The Tyee Sucker, Catostomus Tsiltcoosensis (Catostomidae), Jes Kettratad, Douglas F. Markle

Western North American Naturalist

We resurrect Catostomus tsiltcoosensis, the Tyee sucker of Oregon coastal rivers, from the synonymy of Catostomus macrocheilus and compare it with its congeners. Catostomus tsiltcoosensis is superficially similar to disjunctly distributed Catostomus occidentalis of the Sacramento drainage and Catostomus ardens of the Upper Snake River and Bonneville Basin. However, the gill raker structure, wide frontoparietal fontanelle, location of the ninth cranial foramen, scale radii patterns, and cytochrome b sequences clearly align C. tsiltcoosensis with C. macrocheilus rather than C. occidentalis. Differences in counts of infraorbital pores and dorsal fin rays, in body depth proportions, and in cytochrome b sequences distinguish …

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Impacts Of Nonnative Plant Species On Production And Diversity In The Front Range Of Colorado, Kerry M. Byrne, William K. Lauenroth, Lindsay Mcmanus Oct 2010

Impacts Of Nonnative Plant Species On Production And Diversity In The Front Range Of Colorado, Kerry M. Byrne, William K. Lauenroth, Lindsay Mcmanus

Western North American Naturalist

Nonnative plant species are considered one of the greatest threats to biodiversity, yet we still are unable to predict how production and diversity of a community will change once a species has invaded. Ponderosa pine woodlands in the Front Range of Colorado are ideal for studying the impacts of nonnative plants on production and species richness. We selected 5 sites along the northern Front Range with varying proportions of nonnative and native species and compared understory production and species richness along the gradient of nonnative species dominance. Total species production was positively and significantly related to total species richness, and …

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Effects Of Long-Term Livestock Grazing And Habitat On Understory Vegetation, Jonathan D. Bakker, Faith Rudebusch, Margaret M. Moore Oct 2010

Effects Of Long-Term Livestock Grazing And Habitat On Understory Vegetation, Jonathan D. Bakker, Faith Rudebusch, Margaret M. Moore

Western North American Naturalist

The herbaceous understory stratum contains most of the plant diversity in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm.) forests of the American Southwest and provides critical food and habitat for many wildlife species. During the last century, this stratum has been affected by livestock grazing and by increased dominance of overstory trees. We sampled a unique grazing exclosure to examine the relative importance of long-term livestock grazing (grazed or ungrazed) and habitat (park or tree) on the understory community. We sampled 3 plots of 192 contiguous quadrats (each quadrat 0.5 m2) in each …

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Deer Mouse (Peromyscus Maniculatus) Home-Range Size And Fidelity In Sage-Steppe Habitat, Britta A. Wood, Lin Cao, M. Denise Dearing Oct 2010

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus Maniculatus) Home-Range Size And Fidelity In Sage-Steppe Habitat, Britta A. Wood, Lin Cao, M. Denise Dearing

Western North American Naturalist

Within a species, home-range size can vary due to factors such as sex, mass, age, and breeding condition of individuals as well as habitat type, food availability, population density, and season. The objectives of this study were to estimate home ranges of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in sage-steppe habitat and to test the hypothesis that several factors (sex, mass, reproductive status, and seasonality) affect home-range size. We also tested the hypothesis that deer mice exhibit home-range fidelity over time. Passive integrated transponder (PIT) technology was used to estimate home ranges in June and September 2006. Home-range estimates varied …

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Brood Parasitism And Nest Survival Of Brown-Headed Cowbird Hosts At High-Elevation Riparian Sites In The Eastern Sierra Nevada, California, Sacha K. Heath, Leah A. Culp, Christine A. Howell Oct 2010

Brood Parasitism And Nest Survival Of Brown-Headed Cowbird Hosts At High-Elevation Riparian Sites In The Eastern Sierra Nevada, California, Sacha K. Heath, Leah A. Culp, Christine A. Howell

Western North American Naturalist

Deciduous riparian ecosystems in the western United States provide habitat for a higher density of breeding birds than reported for any other avian habitat type and provide habitat for more breeding bird species than adjacent uplands. On the east slope of the Sierra Nevada, riparian ecosystems make up <1% of United States Forest Service lands yet experience a disproportionate amount of recreational use and development. Two of these developments, pack-station corrals and campgrounds, provide foraging opportunities for the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater)—an obligate brood parasite that forages on bare ground and feedlots but typically commutes to distinct shrubland or woodland habitats for breeding. We examined nest survival, brood parasitism, breeding phenology, and causes of nest failure for birds at North Lake and Rock Creek: 2 high-elevation (>2500 m) riparian breeding …

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Reproductive Biology, Hybridization, And Flower Visitors Of Rare Sclerocactus Taxa In Utah's Uintah Basin, Vincent J. Tepedino, Terry L. Griswold, William R. Bowlin Oct 2010

Reproductive Biology, Hybridization, And Flower Visitors Of Rare Sclerocactus Taxa In Utah's Uintah Basin, Vincent J. Tepedino, Terry L. Griswold, William R. Bowlin

Western North American Naturalist

We studied the mating system and flower visitors of 2 threatened species of Sclerocactus (Cactaceae) in the Uintah Basin of eastern Utah—an area undergoing rapid energy development. We found that both S. wetlandicus and S. brevispinus are predominantly outcrossed and are essentially self-incompatible. A third presumptive taxon (undescribed; here called S. wetlandicus-var1) is fully self-compatible but cannot produce seeds unless the flowers are visited by pollinators. We found tentative evidence for pollinator limitation of fruit set in S. brevispinus but not in the other taxa. Pollinators are largely species of native ground-nesting bees in the subfamily Halictinae. These bees …

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Bottom-Up Factors Influencing Riparian Willow Recovery In Yellowstone National Park, Michael T. Tercek, Robert Stottlemyer, Roy Renkin Oct 2010

Bottom-Up Factors Influencing Riparian Willow Recovery In Yellowstone National Park, Michael T. Tercek, Robert Stottlemyer, Roy Renkin

Western North American Naturalist

After the elimination of wolves (Canis lupis L.) in the 1920s, woody riparian plant communities on the northern range of Yellowstone National Park (YNP) declined an estimated 50%. After the reintroduction of wolves in 1995–1996, riparian willows (Salix spp.) on YNP's northern range showed significant growth for the first time since the 1920s. However, the pace of willow recovery has not been uniform. Some communities have exceeded 400 cm, while others are still at pre-1995 levels of <80 cm mean height. We took intensive, repeated measurements of abiotic factors, including soil and water-table characteristics, to determine whether these factors might be contributing to the varying pace of willow recovery. Willows at all of our study sites were "short" (<250 cm max. height) prior to 1995 and have recovered to varying degrees since. We contrasted "tall" (>250 cm max. height) willow sites where willows had escaped elk (Cervus elaphus L.) browsing with "short" willow sites that …

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Hispid Cotton Rat (Sigmodon Hispidus) In Nebraska: Distribution, Reproduction, And Seasonal Activity, Greg D. Wright, Keith Geluso, Russell A. Benedict Oct 2010

Hispid Cotton Rat (Sigmodon Hispidus) In Nebraska: Distribution, Reproduction, And Seasonal Activity, Greg D. Wright, Keith Geluso, Russell A. Benedict

Western North American Naturalist

The hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) has occurred in Nebraska for about 50 years and entered the state from the south via northward movements through Kansas. However, little is known about its status or distribution in the state in recent decades. We conducted surveys for S. hispidus in southern Nebraska at historical sites and sites without previous records to determine its current status. From 2004 to 2008, we documented cotton rats at 9 of 12 historical sites in south-central and extreme southeastern parts of the state, and we captured this species at 13 new sites in southwestern and …

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Clark's Nutcrackers Harvest Sugar Pine Seeds From Cones, Michael P. Murray, Diana F. Tomback Oct 2010

Clark's Nutcrackers Harvest Sugar Pine Seeds From Cones, Michael P. Murray, Diana F. Tomback

Western North American Naturalist

This is the first report of Clark's Nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) harvesting seeds from the cones of sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), based on observations over several years in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. The harvesting period in late September corresponded to peak cone-opening dates. Nutcrackers placed harvested seeds in their throat pouches, a behavior associated with seed caching.

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First Record Of A Range Extension Of The Cliff Chipmunk (Tamias Dorsalis) Into The Huachuca Mountains, Nichole L. Cudworth, John L. Koprowski Oct 2010

First Record Of A Range Extension Of The Cliff Chipmunk (Tamias Dorsalis) Into The Huachuca Mountains, Nichole L. Cudworth, John L. Koprowski

Western North American Naturalist

Chipmunks are widely distributed throughout the mountain ranges of Arizona. However, no living chipmunks are known from the Huachuca Mountains despite the availability of favorable habitat. Based upon pelage characteristics of captured individuals, we provide the first report of a breeding population of cliff chipmunks (Tamias dorsalis) in the Huachuca Mountains and discuss possible mechanisms of their arrival.

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End Matter, Vol. 70 No. 3 Oct 2010

End Matter, Vol. 70 No. 3

Western North American Naturalist

No abstract provided.

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High Levels Of Gene Flow In The California Vole (Microtus Californicus) Are Consistent Across Spatial Scales, Rachel I. Adams, Elizabeth A. Hadly Oct 2010

High Levels Of Gene Flow In The California Vole (Microtus Californicus) Are Consistent Across Spatial Scales, Rachel I. Adams, Elizabeth A. Hadly

Western North American Naturalist

Gene flow links the genetic and demographic structures of species. Despite the fact that similar genetic and demographic patterns shape both local population structure and regional phylogeography, the 2 levels of population connectivity are rarely studied simultaneously. Here, we studied gene flow in the California vole (Microtus californicus), a small-bodied rodent with limited vagility but high local abundance. Within a 4.86-km2 preserve in central California, genetic diversity in 6 microsatellites was high, and Bayesian methods indicated a single genetic cluster. However, individual-based genetic analysis detected a clear signal for isolation-by-distance (IBD) and fine-scale population structure. Mitochondrial cytochrome …

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Erratum Oct 2010

Erratum

Western North American Naturalist

No abstract provided.

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Front Matter, Vol. 70 No. 3 Oct 2010

Front Matter, Vol. 70 No. 3

Western North American Naturalist

No abstract provided.

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Nesting Ecology Of Yellow Warblers (Dendroica Petechia) In Montane Chaparral Habitat In The Northern Sierra Nevada, Diana L. Humple, Ryan D. Burnett Oct 2010

Nesting Ecology Of Yellow Warblers (Dendroica Petechia) In Montane Chaparral Habitat In The Northern Sierra Nevada, Diana L. Humple, Ryan D. Burnett

Western North American Naturalist

The Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia) is considered a riparian specialist in much of western North America, but in California it also breeds in a second habitat type: montane chaparral of the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascades. We monitored Yellow Warbler nests in montane chaparral and assessed their poorly known nesting ecology in this habitat. We also conducted point counts in upland habitat throughout the region. We determined habitat associations for Yellow Warblers based on nest site and point-count vegetation data; nests were predominantly in bush chinquapin (Chrysolepis sempervirens) and greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula), and …

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Comparison Of Distribution And Habitat Characteristics Between An Endemic And A Wide-Ranging Cryptic Species Of Peromyscus On The Baja California Peninsula, Sergio Ticul Álvarez-Castañeda, Patricia Cortés-Calva, Francisco X. González-Cózatl, Delia Rojas, Ignacio Leyva Oct 2010

Comparison Of Distribution And Habitat Characteristics Between An Endemic And A Wide-Ranging Cryptic Species Of Peromyscus On The Baja California Peninsula, Sergio Ticul Álvarez-Castañeda, Patricia Cortés-Calva, Francisco X. González-Cózatl, Delia Rojas, Ignacio Leyva

Western North American Naturalist

Peromyscus eva and Peromyscus fraterculus are 2 morphologically similar species of the Peromyscus eremicus group occurring on the Baja California Peninsula. Due to the similarity between these 2 species, their ranges have been greatly confused; consequently, the specific habitat characteristics for each group are not well known. The goal of this study was to assess distribution ranges and characteristics of preferred habitats for P. eva and P. fraterculus in more detail. We identified taxonomy of individuals by evaluating genetic patterns produced by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). We evaluated the banding pattern generated by Alu I and Bam HI restriction …

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Detailed Requirements For Robots In Autism Therapy, Alan Atherton, Bonnie Brinton, Mark Colton, Nicole Giullian, Michael A. Goodrich, Daniel Ricks Oct 2010

Detailed Requirements For Robots In Autism Therapy, Alan Atherton, Bonnie Brinton, Mark Colton, Nicole Giullian, Michael A. Goodrich, Daniel Ricks

Faculty Publications

Robot-based autism therapy is a rapidly developing area of research, with a wide variety of robots being developed for use in clinical settings. Specific, detailed requirements for robots and user interfaces are needed to provide guidelines for the creation of robots that more effectively assist therapists in autism therapy. This paper enumerates a set of requirements for a clinical humanoid robot and the associated human interface. The design of two humanoid robots and an intuitive and flexible user interface for use by therapists in the treatment of children with autism are described.

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Predicting Stability Of Alpha-Helical, Orthogonal-Bundle Proteins On Surfaces, Shuai Wei, Thomas A. Knotts Sep 2010

Predicting Stability Of Alpha-Helical, Orthogonal-Bundle Proteins On Surfaces, Shuai Wei, Thomas A. Knotts

Faculty Publications

The interaction of proteins with surfaces is a key phenomenon in many applications, but current understanding of the biophysics involved is lacking. At present, rational design of such emerging technologies is difficult as no methods or theories exist that correctly predict how surfaces influence protein behavior. Using molecular simulation and a coarse-grain model, this study illustrates for the first time that stability of proteins on surfaces can be correlated with tertiary structural elements for alpha-helical, orthogonal-bundle proteins. Results show that several factors contribute to stability on surfaces including the nature of the loop region where the tether is placed and …

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Axial Temperature Gradients In Gas Chromatography, Jesse Alberto Contreras Sep 2010

Axial Temperature Gradients In Gas Chromatography, Jesse Alberto Contreras

Theses and Dissertations

The easiest and most effective way to influence the separation process in gas chromatography (GC) is achieved by controlling the temperature of the chromatographic column. In conventional GC, the temperature along the length of the column is constant at any given time, T(t). In my research, I investigated the effects of temperature gradients on GC separations as a function of time and position, T(t,x), along the column. This separation mode is called thermal gradient GC (TGGC). The research reported in this dissertation highlights the fundamental principles of axial temperature gradients and the separation potential of the TGGC technique. These goals …

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Is Love A Flimsy Foundation? Soulmate Versus Institutional Models Of Marriage, W. Bradford Wilcox, Jeffrey P. Dew Sep 2010

Is Love A Flimsy Foundation? Soulmate Versus Institutional Models Of Marriage, W. Bradford Wilcox, Jeffrey P. Dew

Faculty Publications

Steven Nock argued that love—understood narrowly in terms of emotional and sexual intimacy—was a flimsy foundation for relationships and that the institution of marriage provided a firmer footing for stable, high-quality relationships than love alone. Relying on data from the Marriage Matters Survey of 1414 married men and women in Louisiana (1998–2004), we extended Nock’s insights to consider whether contemporary marriages organized along institutional lines enjoyed more stability, satisfaction, and less conflict than marriages organized around a soulmate model. Largely consistent with Nock’s perspective, we found that individuals who embraced norms of marital permanency and gender specialization and were embedded …

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Predicting The Distribution Of Air Pollution Sensitive Lichens Using Habitat Niche Modeling, Gajendra Shrestha Aug 2010

Predicting The Distribution Of Air Pollution Sensitive Lichens Using Habitat Niche Modeling, Gajendra Shrestha

Theses and Dissertations

Usnea hirta and Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia are commonly used as bio-monitors of air quality. In order to more accurately and efficiently determine the distribution of these two sensitive indicator species, we have developed a probabilistic distribution map as a function of 9 macroclimatic and topographic variables for the White River National Forest, Colorado using Non-Parametric Multiplicative Regression (NPMR) analysis. Furthermore, we also developed a logistic regression (LR) model for X. cumberlandia in order to evaluate the strengths and limitations of the NPMR model. The best model for U. hirta included four variables - solar radiation, average monthly precipitation, average monthly minimum …

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Integrated Affinity Column Capillary Electrophoresis Microdevices For Biomarker Analysis, Weichun Yang Aug 2010

Integrated Affinity Column Capillary Electrophoresis Microdevices For Biomarker Analysis, Weichun Yang

Theses and Dissertations

In this dissertation, microfluidic systems that integrate antibody-based sample preparation methods with electrophoretic separation are developed to analyze multiple biomarkers in a point-of-care setting. To form an affinity column, both monolith materials and wall-coated channels were explored. I successfully demonstrated that monolith columns can be prepared in microfluidic devices via photopolymerization. The selectivity of monolith columns was improved by immobilizing antibodies on the surface. These affinity columns can selectively enrich target analytes and reduce the signal of contaminant proteins up to 25,000 fold after immunoaffinity extraction. These results clearly demonstrate that microchip affinity monoliths can selectively concentrate and purify target …

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Synthesis And Characterization Of An Oligothiophene-Ruthenium Complex And Synthesis And Optical Properties Of Oligothiophene-Ruthenium Complexes Bound To Cdse Nanoparticles, Nathan A. Bair Aug 2010

Synthesis And Characterization Of An Oligothiophene-Ruthenium Complex And Synthesis And Optical Properties Of Oligothiophene-Ruthenium Complexes Bound To Cdse Nanoparticles, Nathan A. Bair

Theses and Dissertations

Oligothiophenes are of increasing interest in organic based electronic devices in part due to their high electron and hole mobilities. In an organic photovoltaic (OPV) device, the electronic properties of oligothiophenes make them advantageous as charge transfer junctions. To serve as charge transfer junctions, oligothiophenes must be functionalized to bind to the donor and acceptor parts of the device. The donor and acceptor parts are different materials and the synthesis of asymmetric oligothiophenes is of great interest. Previous researchers in our lab synthesized four asymmetric oligothiophenes, two with two thiophene subunits and two with four. Each set of oligothiophenes contained …

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Low-Loss Hollow Waveguide Platforms For Optical Sensing And Manipulation, Evan J. Lunt Aug 2010

Low-Loss Hollow Waveguide Platforms For Optical Sensing And Manipulation, Evan J. Lunt

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation presents a method for fabricating integrated hollow and solid optical waveguides on planar substrates. These waveguides are antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs), where high-index cladding layers confine light to hollow cores through optical interference. Hollow waveguides that can be filled with liquids or gases are an important new building block for creating highly-integrated optical sensors. The method developed for fabricating these integrated waveguides employs standard processes and materials used in the microelectronics industry, allowing for parallel, low-cost fabrication. Dielectric cladding layers are deposited on a silicon wafer using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). After the lower cladding layers …

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Role Of Ampk In The Upregulation Of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein In The Zona Fasciculata Of The Adrenal Cortex, Adam Wesley Dayton Aug 2010

Role Of Ampk In The Upregulation Of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein In The Zona Fasciculata Of The Adrenal Cortex, Adam Wesley Dayton

Theses and Dissertations

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid produced by the zona fasciculata (ZF) of the adrenal cortex. Traditionally, cortisol production and release was seen as being regulated strictly by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). While this is true of baseline cortisol levels and in response to acute mental stress, the picture is somewhat more complicated in other situations.Interleukin-6 (IL-6) contributes to the maintenance of cortisol levels in situations of prolonged immune or inflammatory stress. AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) was investigated as a possible mediator of the action of IL-6 or as an independent actor in raising cortisol levels in response to hypoxemic or hypoglycemic …

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