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Follicular Dentritic Cells And Retention Of Hiv Quasi-Species, Candace Mcnaughton, Dr. Gregory Burton Jan 2014

Follicular Dentritic Cells And Retention Of Hiv Quasi-Species, Candace Mcnaughton, Dr. Gregory Burton

Journal of Undergraduate Research

HIV infects millions of people worldwide; in the year 2000 alone, more than 3 million people died from AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) as a result of HIV infection1. In countries, such as the United States, where effective treatment is affordable, highly active antiretroiviral therapy (HAART) can reduce viral blood loads to currently undetectable levels2. Unfortunately, the side effects of HAART can be severe, resulting in noncompliance, and upon its termination, HIV levels rapidly rebound. Several viral reservoirs within the body have been identified, including the follicular dendritic cell (FDC) network3. FDCs trap HIV antibody complexes for long periods of time …

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Epigallocatechin Gallate, A Green Tea Polyphenol, Causes Direct Dna Damage At Physiological Concentrations, Jeremy Mcbride, Dr. Kim L. O'Neill Jan 2014

Epigallocatechin Gallate, A Green Tea Polyphenol, Causes Direct Dna Damage At Physiological Concentrations, Jeremy Mcbride, Dr. Kim L. O'Neill

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a polyphenol found in green tea. Because tea is ingested by over two thirds of the world’s population, considerable research has been done to identify and characterize the active components of the second most widely consumed beverage (1). Among the many chemopreventative properties that have been attributed to green tea, and EGCG, this botanical product has been established as an antimutagen and a potent free-radical scavenger that has been shown to effectively quench reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that may otherwise damage DNA and other sensitive biomolecules. Such damage, accumulated over time, may lead to mutagenesis …

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The Effects Of Concurrent Treatment Of Caffeine And Various Apoptotic-Inducing Drugs In The Molt-4 Cell Line, Janet L. Hart, Dr. Kim L. O'Neill Jan 2014

The Effects Of Concurrent Treatment Of Caffeine And Various Apoptotic-Inducing Drugs In The Molt-4 Cell Line, Janet L. Hart, Dr. Kim L. O'Neill

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Apoptosis is the method by which cells undergo programmed cell death or “cell suicide.” The cell initiates apoptosis after there is irreparable damage or if the cell is simply not needed. Some insults that are known to induce apoptosis are irradiation, heat shock, as well as many chemotherapeutic drugs including staurosporine, paclitaxel, and dexamethasone. The precise regulation of apoptosis is critical, as disregulation can lead to many diseases or conditions including autoimmune disorders or cancer.

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Bench Top Bioremediation Of Trichloroethylene, Colin Jones, Dr. Alan Harker Jan 2014

Bench Top Bioremediation Of Trichloroethylene, Colin Jones, Dr. Alan Harker

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The initial aim of the project was to compare degradation rates of trichloroethylene (TCE) using two different bacterial strains. After four months of research, my greatest find concerns how to build an effective reactor. After the reactor was constructed, time allowed only focusing on the genetically engineered bacterium and not on the wild type. Perhaps a better title for my final report to ORCA would be “Bench Top Bio-reactors, How Not to Build One.”

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Antigenotoxic Effects Of Diallyl Disulfide And Allyl Disulfide On Benzo (A) Pyrene Induced Dna Damage In Hepg2 Cells As Measured By The Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay, Corey W. Speers, Dr. Kim L. O'Neill Jan 2014

Antigenotoxic Effects Of Diallyl Disulfide And Allyl Disulfide On Benzo (A) Pyrene Induced Dna Damage In Hepg2 Cells As Measured By The Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay, Corey W. Speers, Dr. Kim L. O'Neill

Journal of Undergraduate Research

One of the most effective strategies in cancer control is chemoprevention. Previous studies have shown naturally occurring organosulfur compounds from garlic and onion to be effective against carcinogenesis. The effects of two of these organosulfur compounds, diallyl sulfide (DAS) and diallyl disulfide (DADS), are thought to be of especial worth. Their anti-carcinogenic effects in the human cell line HepG2 are, however, less understood. HepG2 cells are human hepatoblastoma cells that have maintained their xenobiotic metabolizing competence. Because they are similar in function to cells obtained from human liver tissue, they are ideal for research in vitro. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is an …

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Investigation Into The Anti-Angiogenic Activities Of Convolvulus Arvensis Extract, Jeremy F. Mcbride, Rachelle R. Olsen, Dr. Kim L. O'Neill Jan 2014

Investigation Into The Anti-Angiogenic Activities Of Convolvulus Arvensis Extract, Jeremy F. Mcbride, Rachelle R. Olsen, Dr. Kim L. O'Neill

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Angiogenesis, the development and differentiation of new blood vessels from the pre-existing vasculature, is a fundamental physiological process involved in growth, development, and wound healing. Loss of control over the biological molecules which regulate this process can lead to pathologic angiogenesis, or neoangiogenesis, a process associated with such diseases as retinopathies, psoriasis, arthritis, and most importantly, cancer.

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Determination Of The Proteins That Bind To The Fg Enhancer Region Of The Col11a2 Gene, Eric Freeman, Dr. Laura Bridgewater Jan 2014

Determination Of The Proteins That Bind To The Fg Enhancer Region Of The Col11a2 Gene, Eric Freeman, Dr. Laura Bridgewater

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Collagen is the most abundant protein found in the human body and is responsible for the development of bone and cartilage. The Col11a2 gene is one of the many genes that participate in the formation of collagen. Mutations in this gene can cause a variety of cartilage diseases and disorders such as cleft palate, hearing loss, osteoarthritis, and perhaps even prenatal lethal chondrodysplasia. Arthritis alone is “the leading cause of work-related disability and the leading cause of disability in persons >65 years in the United States”.i The deadly effects of these mutations warrant a more in-depth study of the …

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Analysis Of Unique Genome Segments Of Burkholderia Mallei Obtained From Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism, Benjamin Nelson Kartchner, Dr. Richard A. Robison Jan 2014

Analysis Of Unique Genome Segments Of Burkholderia Mallei Obtained From Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism, Benjamin Nelson Kartchner, Dr. Richard A. Robison

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Burkholderia mallei the etiological agent of the disease glanders, has the capability to cause disease in both animals and humans. Infection is usually caused through inhalation of organisms present in aerosols which results in serious pulmonary and systemic conditions that results in 40% mortality even with vigorous antimicrobial intervention and rises above 90% without such therapy(2). In addition, because of their dangerous nature both organisms have emerged as possible agents which may be used in the production of biological weapons. Recent research conducted in Dr. Richard Robison’s lab has analyzed genomic relatedness in various strains of B. mallei and the …

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Concomitant Treatment Of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs And Chemotherapeutics On Human Acute T Lymphocytes., Janet L. Hart, Dr. Kim L. O'Neill Jan 2014

Concomitant Treatment Of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs And Chemotherapeutics On Human Acute T Lymphocytes., Janet L. Hart, Dr. Kim L. O'Neill

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as sulindac and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) are frequently used to relieve pain, clotting, fever and inflammation. Recently, NSAIDs have been shown to decrease the occurrence of colorectal cancer and inhibit mammary cancer in rats. To elucidate this mechanism, further research has been done to show an inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by NSAIDs in lung and prostate carcinomas. Many current chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin and methotrexate (DOX and MTX respectively) rely on the Fas/FasL (CD95) pathway to induce cell death. Because MMPs are able to cleave membrane-bound Fas, these chemotherapeutics are less-effective.

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Fdcs In Hiv Infected Patients Retain Archival Hiv Sequences, Jesse Rowley, Dr. Gregory Burton Jan 2014

Fdcs In Hiv Infected Patients Retain Archival Hiv Sequences, Jesse Rowley, Dr. Gregory Burton

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the causative agent of AIDS, has eluded successful treatment since its discovery in the early 1980s. The prospect of successful treatment came with the advent of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) which has reduced plasma virus replication to undetectable levels in many patients. Although virus may be maintained below detectable levels for years by treatment, complete viral clearance has not been achieved. “Hidden” reservoirs of non-replicating or slowly replicating virus escape rigorous drug treatment. When the patient is taken off of anti-retroviral therapy, plasma virus levels will return to pre-therapy levels and HIV will continue the …

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Locating The High Adherence Genes On Pha-28, Jonathan Walter Dukes, Dr. Ronald Leavitt Jan 2014

Locating The High Adherence Genes On Pha-28, Jonathan Walter Dukes, Dr. Ronald Leavitt

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Bacterial high adherence is an important of research because of its effect on bacterial pathogenesis and intestinal colonization. In the laboratory of Dr. Ronald Leavitt, we have been studying the ability of certain bacteria to prevent the colonization of intestinal epithelial cells by other bacteria. Of particular interest to us are non-pathogenic Escherichia coli strains that have the ability to out compete and overrun colonies of Salmonella, as well as the colonies of the pathogenic E. coli strains that cause the turkey disease colibacillosis. Such E. coli have the potential to be used as an interfering agent against Salmonella and …

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Sub Cellular Localization Of A Putative Single Stranded Dna Binding Protein From Arabidopsis Thaliana, Andrew C. Edmondson, Dr. Brent L. Nielsen Jan 2014

Sub Cellular Localization Of A Putative Single Stranded Dna Binding Protein From Arabidopsis Thaliana, Andrew C. Edmondson, Dr. Brent L. Nielsen

Journal of Undergraduate Research

DNA recombination is the exchange of segments between homologous pieces of DNA, resulting in variations in genetic diversity. Recombination provides essential genetic variation, but can also cause harmful rearrangements, resulting in genetic disorders in mammals, plants and yeast. DNA recombination in plant mitochondria is supported by a variety of evidence, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Due to evidence of an evolutionary relationship between bacteria and mitochondria, a RecA mechanism has been proposed for mitochondrial recombination. This is supported by a similar mechanism in chloroplasts.

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Analysis Of The Binding Of Sox9 To Enhancer Regions In The Col11a2 Gene By In Vivo Cross-Linking, Alisha Clinger, Dr. Laura Clark Bridgewater Jan 2014

Analysis Of The Binding Of Sox9 To Enhancer Regions In The Col11a2 Gene By In Vivo Cross-Linking, Alisha Clinger, Dr. Laura Clark Bridgewater

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Improper development of collagen is the cause for many cartilage-based diseases, including osteoarthritis as wells as various skeletal disorders. The Col11a2 (type XI collagen á2 subunit) gene is critical to cartilage development and is necessary for cartilage cells to be able to perform their specific functions (1,5). The development of collagen is controlled by the regulation of various collagen genes by specific proteins. Certain proteins bind to regions in the DNA called enhancers and promoters and this activates the gene. Dr. Laura Bridgewater’s laboratory at Brigham Young University has analyzed three enhancer regions for the Col11a2 gene. Each of these …

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The Effect Of Selenium And Thyroid Hormones On Body Composition In Male Rats, Merrill J. Christensen, Dr. Brian Johnson Jan 2014

The Effect Of Selenium And Thyroid Hormones On Body Composition In Male Rats, Merrill J. Christensen, Dr. Brian Johnson

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Introduction Selenium (Se) is an essential trace mineral needed by the body in extremely small amounts. The main sources of Se in the diet are vegetables and meats. Selenium is incorporated in the enzyme Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx). GPx is an antioxidant that scavenges hydrogen peroxide and other organic peroxides to protect the body from oxidative damage.

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Selenium Alters Nf- B-Regulated Gene Expression In Human Prostate Cancer Cells, Aimee L. Taylor, Dr. Merrill J. Christensen Jan 2014

Selenium Alters Nf- B-Regulated Gene Expression In Human Prostate Cancer Cells, Aimee L. Taylor, Dr. Merrill J. Christensen

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The American Cancer Society estimates that prostate cancer will account for 30% of new cancers in men, totaling over 189,000 new cases, with 30,200 deaths in 2002 (1). Because of its high prevalence and long latency time prostate cancer is an ideal candidate for chemoprevention (2). Recent research suggests an inverse relationship between high dietary selenium (Se) intake or status and risk for prostate cancer. However, the mechanisms for Se’s protective effects against prostate cancer have not yet been determined. This project focused sharply on a single mechanism by which Se may alter gene expression and affect risk for prostate …

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Histology: A Student’S Comprehensive Lab Manual And Corresponding Cd, Jon Christopher Kerr, Dr. Richard A. Heckmann Jan 2014

Histology: A Student’S Comprehensive Lab Manual And Corresponding Cd, Jon Christopher Kerr, Dr. Richard A. Heckmann

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The purpose of this project was to provide a comprehensive and accurate text for the study of histology–the microscopic study of cells and tissues. In order to facilitate this study, appropriate text corresponding to over 400 histological images was prepared. This manual explains the images, defines and describes the histological and physiological significance of the tissues, and provides an avenue to better understanding of the functions and mechanisms of the human body. Accompanying this manual is a computer-generated program incorporating histological slides, explanatory notes, mock quizzes, tests and a review section. To further augment the learning process, mock quizzes (in …

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Identification Of The Activator Proteins For The Dna-Protein Interaction Of A Primary Cartilage Enhancer, L. Daniel Holsinger, Dr. Laura Bridgewater Jan 2014

Identification Of The Activator Proteins For The Dna-Protein Interaction Of A Primary Cartilage Enhancer, L. Daniel Holsinger, Dr. Laura Bridgewater

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Abstract: The Human col11 2 gene is responsible for the production of type XI collagen, one of the three components of the collagen triple helix. Disruption of this gene results in varied problems including dwarfism, osteoarthritis and possibly cleft palate. In order to understand more about this gene, a series of experiments were carried out to identify proteins involved in its expression in cartilage-producing Chondrocytes. More specifically, based on what was learned in previous research, efforts were made to isolate the DNA sequences that encode those proteins acting as activators of three known enhancer elements in Chondrocyte cells. Using …

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Premature Onset Of Osteoarthritis Due To A Col11a1 Gene Mutation, Victoria Ryder, Dr. Robert Seegmiller Jan 2014

Premature Onset Of Osteoarthritis Due To A Col11a1 Gene Mutation, Victoria Ryder, Dr. Robert Seegmiller

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Cartilage collagen mutations can alter the load-bearing properties of articular cartilage (AC), possibly leading to premature osteoarthritis. AC consists mainly of types II, VI, IX, X, and XI collagen.1 Collagen fibrils in AC are heteropolymers of types II, IX, and XI collagen2. Type II is the major constituent, making up 95% of the fibril, while types IX and XI are minor components. Collagen fibrillar meshwork is essential as it gives AC its structural and tensile strength. Type XI collagen plays a role in dictating fibril diameter, thus playing a role in the AC’s strength. Mutations in the Col11a1 gene can …

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Identifying Protein-Binding Sites In The Enhancer Region Of The Col11a2 Gene, Trevor Ellison, Dr. Laura C. Bridgewater Jan 2014

Identifying Protein-Binding Sites In The Enhancer Region Of The Col11a2 Gene, Trevor Ellison, Dr. Laura C. Bridgewater

Journal of Undergraduate Research

An enhancer is a DNA sequence that regulates a gene’s expression. It is the binding of proteins to a gene’s enhancer region (at its protein-binding sites) that regulates that gene’s expression in the cell. The Col11a2 gene is activated almost solely in chondrocytes (cartilage cells) (Lui et al., 1995) through this same type of protein binding. The Col11a2 gene is responsible, in part, for the formation of type XI collagen. Mutations in this gene have been shown to cause abnormalities ranging from skeletal deformities to hearing loss.

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Sequence Analysis Of Hiv Quasi Species In Vivo, Eryn Barber Hadley, Dr. Greg Burton Jan 2014

Sequence Analysis Of Hiv Quasi Species In Vivo, Eryn Barber Hadley, Dr. Greg Burton

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the causative agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). There is currently no cure for HIV infection, and AIDS has been reported as the fourth highest killer in the world [1]. The initial success of the drug cocktail used in Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) has made the possibility of a cure for AIDS seem attainable, however the persistence of virus reservoirs makes this extremely difficult and leads to a rebound of viral load [2]. The known reservoirs of HIV include latently infected T cells, macrophages and follicular dendritic cells.

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Survey Of Calyx Gland Morphology In Navarrettia (Polemoniaceae) Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Taina Matheson, Dr. Leigh Johnson Jan 2014

Survey Of Calyx Gland Morphology In Navarrettia (Polemoniaceae) Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Taina Matheson, Dr. Leigh Johnson

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Many flowering plants possess small epidermal hairs and glands. The variation in these features has been used to infer relationships among plant groups. The Phlox family (Polemoniaceae) is one such group. Many species in this family are described as having “woolly or arachnose hairs.” These hairs are present in many taxa that are considered to be unrelated, however, and may not be structurally identical. Thus, it may be unrealistic to score these features the same in phylogenetic analyses. First, we need to accurately describe the variation that is present. The genus Gilia has historically been used as a sort of …

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Analysis Of Microvesicles To Determine Susceptibility To The Enzyme Phospholipase A2, Brent Brimhall, Joseph Callister Jan 2014

Analysis Of Microvesicles To Determine Susceptibility To The Enzyme Phospholipase A2, Brent Brimhall, Joseph Callister

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Microvesicles are small membrane-bound spheres released from certain cells undergoing the decay process. Little is known today about their properties and function at the cellular level. It is hypothesized that microvesicles play a role in cancer metastasis through the action of metalloproteinases enclosed within these spheres. Metalloproteinases are enzymes that act to break up the extracellular matrix of cells. This matrix serves as a type of glue that holds groups of cells together. Without this extracellular matrix in place cells are allowed to break free and migrate to other places of the body. In the case of cancerous cells this …

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Fc Receptors In Hiv Trapping And Retention On Follicular Dendritic Cells, Daniel Willis, Dr. Gregory Burton Jan 2014

Fc Receptors In Hiv Trapping And Retention On Follicular Dendritic Cells, Daniel Willis, Dr. Gregory Burton

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The development of HighlyActive Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) against the HIV virus created a temporary excitement regarding a possible cure for HIV. This optimism resulted due to the fact that HAART blocked active HIV replication and reduced the level of HIV in the bloodstream to below standard limits of detection. However, it was soon discovered that HIV blood levels were restored shortly after cessation of HAART. This led to the discovery of HIV reservoirs, or sites where latent virus is harbored. It is this harbored virus that actively replicates and replenishes HIV viral loads when HAART is discontinued.

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Population Genetic Analysis Of Astacopsis Gouldi., Aaron Madsen, Dr. Keith Crandall Jan 2014

Population Genetic Analysis Of Astacopsis Gouldi., Aaron Madsen, Dr. Keith Crandall

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Astacopsis gouldi has been known to weigh up to 6 kg, and live for as long as 60 years (Horwitz and Hamr, 1988). However, fishing pressure, as well as habitat destruction and pollution have had detrimental effects on A. gouldi populations. The populations of the species in accessible rivers have declined, as have the number of males reaching sexual maturity. These factors led to the placement of A. gouldi on the endangered species list in 1996 (IUCN, 1996). Conservationists are considering the relocation of crayfish from populations in more remote rivers and streams where the decline in numbers has been …

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Multiple Paternity In Podocnemis Expansa Of The Orinoco Basin, R Brigham Dastrup, Devon Pearse, Dr. Jack W. Sites Jan 2014

Multiple Paternity In Podocnemis Expansa Of The Orinoco Basin, R Brigham Dastrup, Devon Pearse, Dr. Jack W. Sites

Journal of Undergraduate Research

On June 2, 1970, the turtle Podocnemis expansa was designated as endangered throughout its entire range by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The turtle is known to exist in the Orinoco and Amazon river basins in South America.i Conservation efforts continue to try and preserve the species. Additionally, several studies have been conducted to increase the knowledge base about P. expansa, including many aimed at better understanding their behavior. This knowledge could be critical in conservation efforts.

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Treesaap: A Phylogenetic Approach To Identifying Selective Influences On Amino Acid Properties, Steven Woolley, Dr. David Mcclellan Jan 2014

Treesaap: A Phylogenetic Approach To Identifying Selective Influences On Amino Acid Properties, Steven Woolley, Dr. David Mcclellan

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The program TreeSAAP measures the selective influences on several structural and biochemical amino acid properties during phylogenesis (the history of genealogical development) and performs goodness-of-fit and categorical statistical tests.

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Effects Of Protein Ratio And Concentration On Nitrogenase Catalyzed Substrate Reduction, Kyrsten Ann Crawford, Dr. Gerald D. Watt Jan 2014

Effects Of Protein Ratio And Concentration On Nitrogenase Catalyzed Substrate Reduction, Kyrsten Ann Crawford, Dr. Gerald D. Watt

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Although the earth’s atmosphere is approximately 80% nitrogen (N2) gas, this form of nitrogen is inert and must be reduced and “fixed” into a useable form of nitrogen through the process of nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation is an important biological process in the earth’s nitrogen cycle because it provides nutrient nitrogen for plants and animals. The enzyme responsible for conducting nitrogen fixation is nitrogenase, which is found only in certain diazotrophic microorganisms. Nitrogenase is also capable of reducing protons (H+) and small substrates that have a terminal triple bond, such as acetylene (C2H2 …

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Follicular Dendritic Cells (Fdcs) And Sparing Of Cd4+ T Cells From Hiv/Cd62l Triggered Apoptosis, Devon C. Cole, Dr. Grey Burton Jan 2014

Follicular Dendritic Cells (Fdcs) And Sparing Of Cd4+ T Cells From Hiv/Cd62l Triggered Apoptosis, Devon C. Cole, Dr. Grey Burton

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Both B and T lymphocytes intimately interact with follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid tissue (e.g., spleen, lymph node, and tonsils). FDCs trap and retain antigens needed to induce and maintain potent memory antibody responses. FDCs contribute both antigen dependent and independent signals to B lymphocytes residing in the microenviroment of germinal centers in secondary lymphoid tissue, which contributes to the optimal activation of these cells as well as T lymphocytes. One important contribution of FDCs to B lymphocytes is signaling that spares these cells from programmed cell death. As B cells differentiate in germinal centers, …

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The Effects Of Phorbol Esters On Cotton Tail Rabbit Papillomas, Cory Funk, Dr. Richard Robison Jan 2014

The Effects Of Phorbol Esters On Cotton Tail Rabbit Papillomas, Cory Funk, Dr. Richard Robison

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Papillomas are virus-induced benign tumors or lesions of the skin and mucous membranes, more commonly known as warts. Most everyone has personally experienced a papilloma virus infection at some point in his or her life. We normally do not think of warts as a health concern because they do not affect our general health. Although this is true for most papillomas, it is not the case with many types of genital warts. It has been well documented that genital warts caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) types such as 16, 18 and 31 are directly linked to malignant cancers (3, …

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Reduction In Toxicity Of Doxorubicin By Á-Tocopherol Succinate (Vitamin E) And Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) In Human Adenocarcinoma Cells, Christie Michaud, Dr. Byron Murray Jan 2014

Reduction In Toxicity Of Doxorubicin By Á-Tocopherol Succinate (Vitamin E) And Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) In Human Adenocarcinoma Cells, Christie Michaud, Dr. Byron Murray

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States and doxorubicin, is one of the more widely chemotherapeutic treatments for this disease. This study investigated the possibility of exposing adenocarcinoma cells to vitamin C/vitamin E (VC/VE) combinations as a means to reduce toxicity associated with doxorubicin (DXR) treatment.

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