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Articles 31 - 60 of 1073
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Model-Based Approach To Support Safety Driven Design And Satisfy Mil-Std-882e Requirements With Stpa Coordination: A Case History In Suas Defense Acquisition, Daniel A. Shea
Theses and Dissertations
Increasingly complex defense systems that are routinely overbudget and behind schedule are driving digital engineering initiatives in the defense acquisition industry. MBSE offers a solution to counter this issue but the lack of guidance on how to implement it has led to significant experimentation. One MBSE area of interest is system safety. This research demonstrates how to conduct model-based Systems Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to meet the unique system safety process requirements from MIL-STD882E. Based in systems theory, STPA extended for coordination enables a safety-driven design process of complex systems. This research investigated conducting STPA in the SysML-RAAML modeling language …
Proximal Policy Optimization Applied To The Beyond Visual Range Air Combat Maneuvering Problem, Daniel B. Joseph
Proximal Policy Optimization Applied To The Beyond Visual Range Air Combat Maneuvering Problem, Daniel B. Joseph
Theses and Dissertations
Artificial intelligence (AI) grows ever-more important in warfighting. Emerging technologies allow for the use of AI to control aircraft and weapons systems. This research investigates the application of reinforcement learning (RL) through the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm to a two-versus-two (2v2) beyond-visual-range (BVR) air combat maneuvering problem (ACMP). Implemented in the Advanced Framework for Simulation, Integration, and Modeling (AFSIM), the methodology frames the engagement as a Markov decision process, wherein an autonomous RL agent learns continuous control decisions—throttle, pitch, roll, and yaw—under a cooperative communication scheme. A multi-phase curriculum-learning approach facilitates the progressive acquisition of flight stability, weapon deployment, …
An Analytical Approach In Solving A Two-On-One Pursuit Evasion Differential Game With Fast Evader And No-Point Capture, Nathan T. Morrow
An Analytical Approach In Solving A Two-On-One Pursuit Evasion Differential Game With Fast Evader And No-Point Capture, Nathan T. Morrow
Theses and Dissertations
This paper is concerned with a co-planar pursuit-evasion scenario where two Pursuers (P) are after an Evader (E). The players are holonomic/can turn on a dime and their speeds, VP and VE, are constant, but the evader is faster than the pursuers, that is, the speed ratio parameter μ = VE/VP > 1. The Pursuers are endowed with a circular capture disc whose radius l > 0. A differential game (DG) with three states and one parameter is addressed through geometric and analytical methods where a partial solution is outlined and visualized. The game is split …
Afit Generative Ai Teaching Guidebook, Afit Faculty Learning Community, Mark G. Bateman, Brett J. Borghetti, Allen W. Dukes, Nicholas C. Francis, Mike Frick, Bobbie Oh, Kevin Patterson, Hiren J. Patel, Mark G. Reith, Erick S. Tyndall, Teresa M. Walton, Torrey J. Wagner, Timothy S. Wolfe, Jonathan Zemmer
Afit Generative Ai Teaching Guidebook, Afit Faculty Learning Community, Mark G. Bateman, Brett J. Borghetti, Allen W. Dukes, Nicholas C. Francis, Mike Frick, Bobbie Oh, Kevin Patterson, Hiren J. Patel, Mark G. Reith, Erick S. Tyndall, Teresa M. Walton, Torrey J. Wagner, Timothy S. Wolfe, Jonathan Zemmer
AFIT Documents
AFIT is proud to highlight the Generative AI Teaching Guidebook, a resource designed to provide military educators with practical insights, strategies, and use cases for integrating Generative AI (Gen AI) into their teaching practices. Developed through a collaborative effort involving AFIT faculty across various departments within the Graduate School of Engineering and Management and the School of Systems and Logistics, this digital resource serves as a starting point for educators exploring how to leverage Gen AI in their classrooms. It offers accessible examples and best practices, ensuring utility for instructors of all technical backgrounds. The guidebook provides a comprehensive overview …
The Space Rescue Professional: Operationalizing Guardians For The Future, Benjamin Johnis, Robert Bettinger, James Dean
The Space Rescue Professional: Operationalizing Guardians For The Future, Benjamin Johnis, Robert Bettinger, James Dean
Faculty Publications
The escalating competition in space exploration demands a dedicated space rescue capability. This article argues for the establishment of a space rescue professional (SRP) career field within the Department of Defense and the US Space Force. By harnessing existing US Air Force combat rescue expertise and partnering with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Space Force can rapidly develop a robust SRP program with the warrant officer corps as its backbone. This article addresses a critical gap in national space policy to outline a cost-effective dual-service training pipeline and SRP operational roles. Such an investment safeguards astronauts, bolsters US …
Strategies To Alleviate Flickering: Bayesian And Smoothing Methods For Deep Learning Classification In Video, Noah Miller, Glen Ryan Drumm, Lance Champagne, Bruce A. Cox, Trevor Bihl
Strategies To Alleviate Flickering: Bayesian And Smoothing Methods For Deep Learning Classification In Video, Noah Miller, Glen Ryan Drumm, Lance Champagne, Bruce A. Cox, Trevor Bihl
Faculty Publications
Excerpt: Increasing reliance on autonomous systems requires confidence in the accuracies produced from computer vision classification algorithms. Computer vision (CV) for video classification provides phenomenal abilities, but it often suffers from “flickering” of results. Flickering occurs when the CV algorithm switches between declared classes over successive frames. Such behavior causes a loss of trust and confidence in their operations.
Limitations Of Beam-Control Compensation, Matthew Kalensky, Darren Getts, Matthias T. Banet, Derek J. Burrell, Milo W. Hyde, Mark F. Spencer
Limitations Of Beam-Control Compensation, Matthew Kalensky, Darren Getts, Matthias T. Banet, Derek J. Burrell, Milo W. Hyde, Mark F. Spencer
Faculty Publications
In this paper, we use wave-optics simulations to explore the limitations of beam-control compensation. We evaluate performance in terms of the normalized power in a diffraction-limited bucket for the cases of no beam-control compensation, perfect phase compensation, and perfect full-field compensation. From these results, we are able to arrive at the following conclusions: (1) without any form of beam-control compensation, performance begins to degrade when D/r0 > 1; (2) with perfect phase compensation, performance begins to degrade when D/r0 > 1 and (λ/r0)/θ0 > 1; and (3) with perfect full-field compensation, performance begins to degrade when D/r0 …
Innovation Challenges In The Air Force Sbir Program: From The Small Businesses’ Perspective, Hart J. Holt, Amy M. Cox, Scott Drylie, David S. Long, Alfred E. Thal Jr., R. David Fass
Innovation Challenges In The Air Force Sbir Program: From The Small Businesses’ Perspective, Hart J. Holt, Amy M. Cox, Scott Drylie, David S. Long, Alfred E. Thal Jr., R. David Fass
Faculty Publications
Every year the United States invests $3.2 billion in the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program to promote innovation among the nation’s small businesses. Half of this investment is from the DoD. This research considers the challenges faced by small businesses innovating with the DoD, particularly those awarded SBIR contracts with the United States Air Force. The authors surveyed 286 unique small businesses that were previously awarded an Air Force SBIR contract. By asking the survey respondents open-ended questions and categorizing their responses, they pinpoint unaddressed challenges from the small business perspective. By categorizing survey responses through Qualitative Content Analysis, …
Innovation Challenges In The Air Force Sbir Program: From The Small Businesses' Perspective, Hart J. Holt, Amy M. Cox, Scott Drylie, David S. Long, Alfred E. Thal Jr., Robert D. Fass
Innovation Challenges In The Air Force Sbir Program: From The Small Businesses' Perspective, Hart J. Holt, Amy M. Cox, Scott Drylie, David S. Long, Alfred E. Thal Jr., Robert D. Fass
Faculty Publications
Every year the United States invests $3.2 billion in the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program to promote innovation among the nation’s small businesses. Half of this investment is from the DoD. This research considers the challenges faced by small businesses innovating with the DoD, particularly those awarded SBIR contracts with the United States Air Force. The authors surveyed 286 unique small businesses that were previously awarded an Air Force SBIR contract. By asking the survey respondents open-ended questions and categorizing their responses, they pinpoint unaddressed challenges from the small business perspective. By categorizing survey responses through Qualitative Content Analysis, …
Production Box Cost Estimating Relationships For Dod Avionics, Carla J. Cisneros, Edward D. White, Brandon M. Lucas, Jonathan D. Ritschel, Robert D. Fass, Shawn M. Valentine
Production Box Cost Estimating Relationships For Dod Avionics, Carla J. Cisneros, Edward D. White, Brandon M. Lucas, Jonathan D. Ritschel, Robert D. Fass, Shawn M. Valentine
Faculty Publications
The authors use historical information obtained from the Cost Assessment Data Enterprise to estimate recurring production unit cost for DoD avionics via cost estimating relationships (CERs). The specific modeled responses include mean unit cost, median unit cost, and the 100th production unit cost (T100) utilizing learning curve theory. For T100, the authors adopt both a multiplicative and an additive error for CER comparison. Recommended CERs consist of the mean unit cost and the T100 utilizing a multiplicative error. Moreover, results reveal that weight has a significant effect on cost as well as a potential underaccounting of real price change or …
Grit And The Military Service Member: How Cultivating Grit Enhances Performance, Resilience, And Mental Health, Phillip R. Jenkins
Grit And The Military Service Member: How Cultivating Grit Enhances Performance, Resilience, And Mental Health, Phillip R. Jenkins
Faculty Publications
The transition from asymmetric warfare to Great Power Competition has brought the role played by Airmen to the forefront of the conversation. When uncontested operations, superior weaponry, and more detailed intelligence are not guaranteed, the weight of victory rests on the shoulders of Airmen. The exploration of grit and the role it plays in the development and sustainment of mental wellness, resilience, and performance has emerged in this context as a linchpin quality. The idea that an inherent drive, determination, and strength of purpose could offset the impact of stress—both combat and noncombat—is deeply compelling. However, leaders cannot look to …
Toward Adaptive And Modular Joint Multi-Domain Operational Planning, Kyle S. Wilkinson
Toward Adaptive And Modular Joint Multi-Domain Operational Planning, Kyle S. Wilkinson
Theses and Dissertations
This research develops a multiparametric optimization framework for modeling joint multi-domain operational planning under uncertainty. We address the application of our framework to model the doctrine of adaptive planning. We apply set-based design, which is a program management practice of maintaining maximal design options through time as a response to epistemic uncertainty. We couple this with a multiparametric optimization method yielding both sets of solutions and sensitivity profiles. We use the sensitivity profiles to quantify risk associated with changes during adaptive planning. This research also models features of military operational planning via the mathematics of category theory. We formalize intuitive …
An Analysis Of Electrical Energy Resilience Technologies As Applied To Air Force Operations, Eric D. Danko
An Analysis Of Electrical Energy Resilience Technologies As Applied To Air Force Operations, Eric D. Danko
Theses and Dissertations
An analysis of 46 Resilient Energy Devices and Technology Concepts was conducted to determine their suitability for use in supporting Air Force Operations both at home station and abroad. The research consisted of two endeavors: an extensive literature review and a rank-ordering matrix. The dual nature of the efforts was designed to maximize usability and understanding for the End User, who may not be familiar with some principles of energy technologies, resilience, or design. The results showed the superiority of novel Solid (Metal) Fuels and Lead-Acid Batteries for Energy Storage and Thermoelectric Generators, Solar Photovoltaic Panels, Geothermal Extraction, Diesel Generators, …
Magnetic Sensor Compensation Utilizing Factor Graph Estimation, Frederic W. Lathrop, Clark N. Taylor, Aaron Nielsen
Magnetic Sensor Compensation Utilizing Factor Graph Estimation, Frederic W. Lathrop, Clark N. Taylor, Aaron Nielsen
Faculty Publications
Recently, there has been significant interest in the ability to navigate without GPS using the magnetic anomaly field of the Earth (magnav). One of the key technical bottlenecks to achieving magnav is obtaining an accurate magnetic sensor calibration, taking into account own-ship and sensor effects. The Tolles-Lawson magnetic calibration method continues to be the industry standard and was developed when airborne magnetic survey aircraft were first employed over 70 years ago. In this paper, we present a magnetic calibration algorithm based on a factor graph optimization using inertial measurements as well as inputs from both a vector and scalar magnetometer. …
Air Force Institute Of Technology Research Report 2022, Air Force Institute Of Technology
Air Force Institute Of Technology Research Report 2022, Air Force Institute Of Technology
AFIT Documents
This report summarizes the research activities of the Air Force Institute of Technology's Graduate School of Engineering and Management, as well as AFIT's research centers. It describes research interests and faculty expertise; list student theses/dissertations; identifies research sponsors and contributions; and outlines the procedure for contacting entities within the Institution.
Air Force Institute Of Technology Research Report 2021, Air Force Institute Of Technology
Air Force Institute Of Technology Research Report 2021, Air Force Institute Of Technology
AFIT Documents
This report summarizes the research activities of the Air Force Institute of Technology's Graduate School of Engineering and Management, as well as AFIT's research centers. It describes research interests and faculty expertise; list student theses/dissertations; identifies research sponsors and contributions; and outlines the procedure for contacting entities within the Institution.
Phase Error Scaling Law In Two-Wavelength Adaptive Optics, Milo W. Hyde Iv, Matthew Kalensky, Michael J. Spencer
Phase Error Scaling Law In Two-Wavelength Adaptive Optics, Milo W. Hyde Iv, Matthew Kalensky, Michael J. Spencer
Faculty Publications
We derive a simple, physical, closed-form expression for the optical-path difference (OPD) of a two-wavelength adaptive-optics (AO) system. Starting from Hogge and Butts’ classic OPD variance integral expression, we apply Mellin transform techniques to obtain series and asymptotic solutions to the integral. For realistic two-wavelength AO systems, the former converges slowly and has limited utility. The latter, on the other hand, is a simple formula in terms of the separation between the AO sensing (i.e., the beacon) and compensation (or observation) wavelengths. We validate this formula by comparing it to the OPD variances obtained from the aforementioned series and direct …
Effects Of Rf Signal Eventization Encoding On Device Classification Performance, Michael J. Smith, Michael A. Temple, James W. Dean
Effects Of Rf Signal Eventization Encoding On Device Classification Performance, Michael J. Smith, Michael A. Temple, James W. Dean
Faculty Publications
The results of first-step research activity are presented for realizing an envisioned “event radio” capability that mimics neuromorphic event-based camera processing. The energy efficiency of neuromorphic processing is orders of magnitude higher than traditional von Neumann-based processing and is realized through synergistic design of brain-inspired software and hardware computing elements. Relative to event-based cameras, the development of event-based hardware devices supporting Radio Frequency (RF) applications is severely lagging and considerable interest remains in obtaining neuromorphic efficiency through event-based RF signal processing. In the Operational Technology (OT) protection arena, this includes efficient software computing capability to provide reliable device classification. A …
Measuring The Presentation Of Supporting Content For A Set Of Learning Objectives Throughout The States Of An Educational Game Tree, Michael L. Hastriter Jr.
Measuring The Presentation Of Supporting Content For A Set Of Learning Objectives Throughout The States Of An Educational Game Tree, Michael L. Hastriter Jr.
Theses and Dissertations
In an era of evolving warfare, the Department of Defense (DoD) recognizes the value of serious games as immersive tools for teaching critical concepts. This thesis introduces a pioneering framework tailored to enhance learning objectives through the presentation of educational game content. This addresses the unique needs of the DoD and other educators who use games by providing measurements to assess educational games. This researches investigates how instructors might assess games as potential teaching tools. It establishes a five-phase process, providing a framework to assess educational games against predefined learning objectives and informing future game development. This thesis demonstrates games …
Optimizing Deployment Kit, Introducing Acceptance Threshold, Saleh A. Alshuhri
Optimizing Deployment Kit, Introducing Acceptance Threshold, Saleh A. Alshuhri
Theses and Dissertations
This article addresses the optimization of a specialized deployment kit crucial for air force operations, emphasizing the need for rapid and efficient aircraft deployment. Through a comprehensive analysis of historical data, the study aims to streamline the kit's contents without compromising effectiveness. The research suggests a potential reduction of 7.8%, with an impressive 60.5% decrease if a minimal 5% threshold is deemed acceptable. While the primary focus is on air force deployment, the broader implications extend to military entities, such as armies and navies, highlighting the applicability of the findings in enhancing deployment efficiency across various defense sectors.
The Impact Of Advancing Technology On Fire Control Radar Costs, Dustin M. Brewer
The Impact Of Advancing Technology On Fire Control Radar Costs, Dustin M. Brewer
Theses and Dissertations
Radar systems are integral components of fighter aircraft, gaining heightened importance with the emergence of fifth-generation variants. Among these systems, fire control radar plays a crucial role by providing pilots with unparalleled long-range sensing capabilities vital for navigation and target identification. The rapid evolution of radar technology is deemed essential to align with the evolving mission requirements, a factor anticipated to significantly impact radar system costs. This research investigates the influence of evolving technology on fire control radar development and production costs. To accomplish this objective, radars are categorized into generations based on existing literature, and a comparative analysis is …
Integrating Eod And Readiness Competencies Into The Ce Cgo Competency Framework, Kristina L. Johnson
Integrating Eod And Readiness Competencies Into The Ce Cgo Competency Framework, Kristina L. Johnson
Theses and Dissertations
In the last few years, the strategic focus of the United States defense posturing has shifted from legacy conflict in the Middle East to focusing on the Pacific with increased emphasis that Airmen must be educated and trained to deter or prevail in any conflict. To achieve this goal, the Department of Air Force (DAF) has evolved to utilizing a competency-based education framework with the Civil Engineer career field adopting this strategy and releasing the first version of their occupational competencies in 2020. However, DAF force posturing has evolved since 2020. With the new deployment system, Agile Combat Employment scheme …
Challenges That Inhibit Sbir Commercialization: The Small Businesses’ Perspective, Hart J. Holt
Challenges That Inhibit Sbir Commercialization: The Small Businesses’ Perspective, Hart J. Holt
Theses and Dissertations
Every year the United States invests $3.2B in the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. The program seeks to promote innovation among the nation’s small businesses. This research considers challenges faced by small businesses working with the DoD, which accounts for half of the annual SBIR investment. We surveyed participating businesses with open-ended questions to understand their perspectives. Our data consists of 286 responses from firms that have held Air Force SBIR contracts. Using Qualitative Content Analysis, we identified five categories of challenges: SolverSeeker Disconnect, Funding, Engagement, Processes, and Seeker Education. Furthermore, the results of a statistical analysis indicated that …
Standardization Of Risk Classifications For Unmanned Space Vehicle Missions, Collin A. Gwaltney
Standardization Of Risk Classifications For Unmanned Space Vehicle Missions, Collin A. Gwaltney
Theses and Dissertations
This paper seeks to model risk classification levels (A-D) for 122 Space Vehicle programs. Models include multinomial logistic regression as well as random forest, a machine learning technique based on decision trees. We use independent variables (IVs) which are theoretically correlated to risk class for the regression and one random forest model. We then include all IVs and allow the random forest technique to use those which provide the most information on risk class before paring down the number of IVs to only 7. We show that the accuracy of predictions increases from 62% to 87% by using random forest …
Improving Rogue Radio Emitter Detection Using Siamese Networks, Mason Wright
Improving Rogue Radio Emitter Detection Using Siamese Networks, Mason Wright
Theses and Dissertations
Radio Frequency Fingerprinting (RFF) is the process of creating discerning signatures of emitted radio signals, most often with the goal of identifying specific devices again in the future. The security benefits of this task are intended to build upon current software-based authentication by making use of multi-factor authentication (MFA), but the related task of being able to reject unwanted emitters is limited. This paper presents a Siamese network trained on two different extracted fingerprints of raw Wi-Fi signals, along with a verifier to perform classification and rogue device detection. It was found that fingerprints using the Distortion Reconstruction (DR) technique …
Gamma Protection Factor For A Surrogate Armored Vehicle Exposed To The Us Army Fast Burst Reactor, Ian J. Poropat
Gamma Protection Factor For A Surrogate Armored Vehicle Exposed To The Us Army Fast Burst Reactor, Ian J. Poropat
Theses and Dissertations
This work measures the Gamma Protection Factor (GPF) of a steel cube, which is meant to serve as a surrogate for armored vehicles. The GPF is measured at the White Sands Missile Range Fast Burst Reactor (FBR) and is modeled using MCNP® v6.2 transport simulation software. When exposed to the FBR, the GPF is found to depend roughly linearly on the distance between the reactor core and steel cube. The GPF is determined to be 1.176 ± 0.00067 at 9.21 m, 1.098 ± 0.0011 at 26.16 m, and 1.033 ± 0.00082 at 42.92 m. MCNP® estimates the GPF for the …
Simulating Human-Autonomous Aircraft Teams In An Anti-Access Area Denial (A2ad) Environment, Michael Kaminski
Simulating Human-Autonomous Aircraft Teams In An Anti-Access Area Denial (A2ad) Environment, Michael Kaminski
Theses and Dissertations
The role of autonomy has evolved recently, demanding tighter integration between human and autonomous systems, particularly in highly contested A2AD environments. Near-peer adversaries have modernized their integrated air defense systems (IADS), diminishing the current advantages of the United States Air Force. To regain air dominance, efforts like the Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA) program are underway, aiming to deploy unmanned autonomous alongside manned next-generation fighter aircraft. This research assesses various operational concepts, focusing on autonomous tactics post-manned fighter loss, strike timing of independent teams, and weapon configuration observability. Using the Advanced Framework for Simulation, Integration and Modeling (AFSIM), an agent-based model …
A Reinforcement Learning Self-Play Approach For Informing Wargaming Analysis & Development, Kathleen A. Maclean
A Reinforcement Learning Self-Play Approach For Informing Wargaming Analysis & Development, Kathleen A. Maclean
Theses and Dissertations
The integration of RL into wargames to learn strategic and operational insights is of interest to the United States Air Force. This thesis explores the application of a RL SARSA(λ) algorithm to the wargame Stratagem MIST. The primary objective is to select air and ground combat policies for the Blue Agent to effectively counter various opponent strategies across different terrains. This testing enables a comprehensive evaluation of the Blue Agent’s adaptability and performance under varying combat conditions. The use of basis functions, linear value function approximations, and specific air and ground strategies simplifies the state and action spaces of the …
Cost Estimating Relationships For Avionics Recurring Production Box Costs, Carla J. Cisneros
Cost Estimating Relationships For Avionics Recurring Production Box Costs, Carla J. Cisneros
Theses and Dissertations
This research investigates a dataset of 286 Department of Defense (DoD) avionics boxes, employing regression methods to establish seven cost estimation relationships (CERs) for predicting avionics recurring production box costs. Not confined to T100 costs, three baseline models use Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) T100 cost, explaining 83%, 86%, and 83% of dataset variation. Additionally, four robust models depict mean and median, T100 OLS, and T100 non-linear learning curves, explaining 67%, 65%, 97%, and 87% of the variation. These models strike a balance between simple baseline and overly complex computational models. Identified cost drivers include weight, year of first flight, volume, …
An Introduction Of Adaptive Training Aid Concepts And Its Application To Accelerated Training For Air Battle Managers, John C. Gillispie
An Introduction Of Adaptive Training Aid Concepts And Its Application To Accelerated Training For Air Battle Managers, John C. Gillispie
Theses and Dissertations
Over the years, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) to enable autonomous systems has undergone transformative shifts in the Department of Defense (DoD), revolutionizing capabilities and strategic approaches. To further optimize these advancements, varying levels of autonomy have been introduced across critical military applications, spanning intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR), air battle management, and offensive/defensive air operations. As the technological landscape expands, so do the opportunities for autonomy to augment operations through human-agent teaming. Within the Air Force, one notably cognitively demanding role that stands to benefit from these strides is that of the Air Battle Manager (ABM). In support of …