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Purification , Characterization , And Hypoglycemic Activity Of Peanut Coat Polyphenols, Zhou Wenda, Yin Yunhui, Fu Jingxuan Sep 2026

Purification , Characterization , And Hypoglycemic Activity Of Peanut Coat Polyphenols, Zhou Wenda, Yin Yunhui, Fu Jingxuan

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To optimize the purification process of peanut skin polyphenols (PSPs), improve purification efficiency, and investigate their in vitro hypoglycemic activity. [Methods] Three types of PSPs (red, white, and purple) were extracted by ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction. Seven macroporous resins were used for static adsorption and desorption of PSPs, and the resin with the best performance was selected for single-factor experiments. The components of the purified PSPs were analyzed by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Using acarbose as a positive control, the inhibitory activity and inhibition types of PSPs against α-amylase and α-glucosidase were investigated. [Results] Purple peanut skins exhibited the highest contents of total …


Effects Of Total Flavonoids From Perilla Leaves On Anti-Fatigue Capacity In Adolescent Athletes, Liu Baofeng, Liang Xiao Sep 2026

Effects Of Total Flavonoids From Perilla Leaves On Anti-Fatigue Capacity In Adolescent Athletes, Liu Baofeng, Liang Xiao

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To clarify the improvement effects of total flavonoids from perilla leaves on the anti-fatigue capacity of adolescent athletes and to compare the effects of different purification methods and liquid-to-solid ratios on their efficacy. [Methods] Total flavonoids from perilla leaves were extracted using microwave-assisted extraction, and two purification methods were employed for total flavonoid purification. Male adolescent track and field athletes aged 16 years with comparable physical fitness were selected to participate in a trial involving total flavonoid intake. Exhaustion time, maximum oxygen uptake, and serum lactate, serum urea nitrogen, and creatine kinase levels were measured in the male adolescent …


Effects Of Re-Frying Processes On The Quality And Volatile Flavor Compounds Of Pre-Fried Coated Tofu, Nie Jingwen, Chen Hao, Zhao Dan, Zhou Xiaohu, Yang Dajun, Zhao Liangzhong Sep 2026

Effects Of Re-Frying Processes On The Quality And Volatile Flavor Compounds Of Pre-Fried Coated Tofu, Nie Jingwen, Chen Hao, Zhao Dan, Zhou Xiaohu, Yang Dajun, Zhao Liangzhong

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To investigate the effects of deep frying process (DFP), microwave process (MP), and air frying process (AFP) on the quality and aroma characteristics of pre-fried coated tofu. [Methods] The optimal re-frying conditions are selected using slurry exudation rate, moisture content, color difference, and sensory evaluation as indicators. Subsequently, the re-frying method most suitable for consumers is comprehensively determined based on texture properties, oil content, malondialdehyde content, electronic nose analysis, and volatile compound composition. [Results] Under the three re-frying methods, the coated tofu exhibits an increase-then-decrease trend in slurry exudation rate and sensory evaluation, accompanied by a continuous decline in …


Effects Of Different Extraction Methods On The Chemical Composition And Antioxidant Activity Of Guangfoshou Essential Oil, Wang Youdi, Chen Wentao, Yan Bin, Xu Shuling, Lyu Yiting, Yang Yuyan, Xu Juanjuan, Ou Xiaohua Sep 2026

Effects Of Different Extraction Methods On The Chemical Composition And Antioxidant Activity Of Guangfoshou Essential Oil, Wang Youdi, Chen Wentao, Yan Bin, Xu Shuling, Lyu Yiting, Yang Yuyan, Xu Juanjuan, Ou Xiaohua

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To comparatively evaluate the effects of three extraction methods, i.e., steam distillation (SD), enzyme-assisted steam distillation (EHSD), and ultrasound-assisted steam distillation (UASD), on the extraction efficiency, chemical composition, and bioactivity of Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis (Guangfoshou) essential oil. [Methods] Guangfoshou essential oil was extracted using SD, EHSD, and UASD. The chemical constituents of the essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Cluster heatmap analysis was employed to compare differences in essential oil composition obtained by the three extraction methods. Antioxidant activity was assessed based on total antioxidant capacity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and hydroxyl radical scavenging …


Effects Of Shaping Methods On Water Extract And Chemical Composition Of Xinyang Maojian, Chen Yi, Zhang Hanxue, Sun Mufang, Guo Guiyi, Yang Jie Sep 2026

Effects Of Shaping Methods On Water Extract And Chemical Composition Of Xinyang Maojian, Chen Yi, Zhang Hanxue, Sun Mufang, Guo Guiyi, Yang Jie

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To explore the effects of shaping methods on the quality of Xinyang Maojian. [Methods] Fresh leaves (one bud and one leaf) from the Xinyang group tea cultivar are used as raw materials. Tea samples are prepared with four different processing techniques. Analysis was conducted based on sensory evaluation, water extract content under multiple infusions and after 30 minutes of brewing, and the physical and chemical components of the first infusion of tea. [Results] The content of water extract in the first infusion and after 30 minutes of brewing is in the order of frying > rolling = kneading > carding. The …


Effects Of Frost Mulberry Leaf Powder On Properties Of Dough And Quality Of Bread, Zhang Erfang, Feng Yan, Zhang Yixin Sep 2026

Effects Of Frost Mulberry Leaf Powder On Properties Of Dough And Quality Of Bread, Zhang Erfang, Feng Yan, Zhang Yixin

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To explore the effects of frost mulberry leaf powder (FMLP) on the processing characteristics of dough and the quality and storage properties of bread. [Methods] FMLP is blended with wheat flour, and the rheological properties of the dough are analyzed by a rheometer. Bread quality is evaluated in terms of texture, color, specific volume, and sensory attributes. The TOPSIS method is adopted for comprehensive evaluation, and variations in moisture and hardness of bread during storage are compared. [Results] The addition of FMLP increases the G', G", and tanδ of the dough, enhances the hardness and chewiness of the bread, …


Research Progress In Extraction Of Food Functional Ingredients With Subcritical Dimethyl Ether, Wan Xiaofu, Pan Le, Li Muchun Sep 2026

Research Progress In Extraction Of Food Functional Ingredients With Subcritical Dimethyl Ether, Wan Xiaofu, Pan Le, Li Muchun

Food and Machinery

With the growing demand for high-quality natural product extracts, dimethyl ether as a new green solvent operating under subcritical conditions has exhibited notable benefits for the extraction of lipids, carotenoids, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, attributable to its distinctive physicochemical characteristics. This paper reviews the progress in the application of dimethyl ether in natural product extraction, focusing on its advantages in treating biomass with high moisture content, improving extraction efficiency, and reducing energy consumption and environmental load, with a view to providing reference for the application of subcritical dimethyl ether in extraction.


Functional Components And Food Application Progress Of Almond By-Products, Xie Jingyi, Wang Wanqing, Wang Xinyi, Yuan Chunle, Li Yuna, Hua Wei Sep 2026

Functional Components And Food Application Progress Of Almond By-Products, Xie Jingyi, Wang Wanqing, Wang Xinyi, Yuan Chunle, Li Yuna, Hua Wei

Food and Machinery

As the global almond industry expands rapidly, large quantities of by-products are generated during processing (such as green hulls, shells, and skins), which are rich in functional constituents including polyphenols, flavonoids, dietary fibers, and volatile aroma compounds. This review summarizes the compositional characteristics and extraction technologies of these by-products, while elucidating their potential applications in food and biomaterials, with a specific focus on their antioxidant properties, bioactivities, and structural features. Furthermore, in light of recent research advances, the review further discusses poor stability, low bioavailability, challenges in processing compatibility, and other problems, proposing enhancement strategies such as nano-delivery, structural modification, …


Research Progress Of 3d Printing Technology In Food Texture Design, Ou Suiling, Xie Zihong Sep 2026

Research Progress Of 3d Printing Technology In Food Texture Design, Ou Suiling, Xie Zihong

Food and Machinery

Food texture is a key factor influencing consumer acceptance. With the growing demand for personalized and health-oriented diets, the technical bottlenecks of traditional food processing methods have gradually become apparent in texture control and diversified texture presentation. Owing to its flexible and personalized characteristics, 3D printing offers a novel approach for food texture design. This paper reviews the textures that can be personalized and optimized by 3D printing through material modulation, structural modeling, and equipment optimization. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the challenges faced by this technology, including cooking adaptability, food safety assurance, and consumer acceptance, proposing corresponding solutions.


Showcasing Student Scholarship: Digitalcommons@Uri And Pressbooks, Julia Lovett Sep 2026

Showcasing Student Scholarship: Digitalcommons@Uri And Pressbooks, Julia Lovett

Faculty Learning Day 2026

Would your students like to publish their scholarship beyond the classroom? In this session, participants will learn how to utilize DigitalCommons@URI, our institutional repository, for sharing and preserving student research projects. We will also look at Pressbooks, a tool for both creating new content and discovering existing open educational resources. Finally, we will touch on how faculty can utilize these tools for faculty scholarship.


103rd Annual Inspire Bible Lectureship Program (2026), Harding University Sep 2026

103rd Annual Inspire Bible Lectureship Program (2026), Harding University

Lectureship Programs

This document contains the printed lectureship schedule.


Shu World Review- September 20th 2026, Diplolab, Seton Hall University Sep 2026

Shu World Review- September 20th 2026, Diplolab, Seton Hall University

SHU World Review

No abstract provided.


Pengembangan Learning Management System Berbasis Studi Kasus Kontekstual Sebagai Sumber Pengayaan Bagi Mahasiswa Ppg Pjok, Zihan Novita Sari, Evania Yafie, Muhammad Alfan, Amalia Choirun Nisa, Qorry Armen Gemael Sep 2026

Pengembangan Learning Management System Berbasis Studi Kasus Kontekstual Sebagai Sumber Pengayaan Bagi Mahasiswa Ppg Pjok, Zihan Novita Sari, Evania Yafie, Muhammad Alfan, Amalia Choirun Nisa, Qorry Armen Gemael

Journal of Innovation and Teacher Professionalism

Educational digitalization requires technology-based learning resources that align with disciplinary characteristics and preservice teachers’ needs. This study aimed to develop a contextual case-based Learning Management System (LMS) as an enrichment resource for preservice Physical Education, Sports, and Health teachers and to examine its validity, practicality, and preliminary effectiveness. The study employed a Research and Development approach using the ADDIE model, comprising analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Data were collected through a needs-analysis questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, expert validation sheets, practicality questionnaires, and pretests and posttests. The needs analysis involved 146 preservice teachers at Universitas Negeri Malang, while the large-group …


Protect College Sports Act, Richard C. Crepeau Sep 2026

Protect College Sports Act, Richard C. Crepeau

On Sport and Society

The NCAA, Coaches, Television Networks, and ill-informed politicians have discovered a crisis, an existential threat, within the corrupt world of intercollegiate athletics. At the heart of the matter is the fact that athletes have discovered that they can access a share of the obscene amount of money that floats into intercollegiate sport.


Historical Origins Of China’S Independent Knowledge System Of Scientific And Technological Innovation, Qijun Xie, Yulong Jie, Xiangyang Li, Jun Su Sep 2026

Historical Origins Of China’S Independent Knowledge System Of Scientific And Technological Innovation, Qijun Xie, Yulong Jie, Xiangyang Li, Jun Su

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Constructing China’s independent knowledge system of scientific and technological (S&T) innovation is a major proposition for the country’s S&T undertakings in the new era. Such a system has taken shape gradually in long-term practice, as external constraints shifted and domestic capabilities grew. Taking historical tracing as its basic approach, this study defines the connotation of the independent knowledge system of S&T innovation. It argues that autonomy in S&T innovation means subjectivity and originality in knowledge production, with the initiative in development kept in the country’s own hands, and that it is embodied in three links, namely, knowledge production, disciplinary institutionalization, …


Construction Of Innovation Culture With Chinese Characteristics For The New Era: Historical Evolution, Realistic Challenges And Optimization Pathways, Yixiao Pan, Li Zhang, Jiani Zhang, Xiaoming Sheng Sep 2026

Construction Of Innovation Culture With Chinese Characteristics For The New Era: Historical Evolution, Realistic Challenges And Optimization Pathways, Yixiao Pan, Li Zhang, Jiani Zhang, Xiaoming Sheng

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The ability of scientific and technological innovation represents a nation’s core competitiveness, and the construction of an innovation culture serves as the fundamental guarantee for consolidating and enhancing innovation capabilities. The innovation culture with Chinese characteristics has gradually taken shape in the long-term practice of China’s scientific and technological development, going through stages such as germination and foundation-laying, gradual formation, strategic deepening, and high-quality development. It features distinct characteristics such as a people-centered approach, self-reliance and self-improvement, openness and collaboration, as well as creation and sharing, which significantly differ from Western innovation cultures. Currently, international scientific and technological competition is …


Generation Logic And Original Contribution Of Technological Innovation Path With Chinese Characteristics In The New Era, Wei Wu, Jiahao Feng, Xianchun Xu Sep 2026

Generation Logic And Original Contribution Of Technological Innovation Path With Chinese Characteristics In The New Era, Wei Wu, Jiahao Feng, Xianchun Xu

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The path of scientific and technological innovation with Chinese characteristics in the new era is a path toward scientific and technological modernization gradually forged by the Communist Party of China in leading China’s science and technology endeavors, grounded in the country’s basic national conditions and responding to the questions of the times. It represents an important achievement in adapting the Marxist view of science and technology to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. This path has made a historic leap from self-reliance to independent innovation and further to greater self-reliance and strength in science and technology, thereby …


Regional Innovation Layout In China In The New Era: Practical Progress, Key Issues, And Development Strategies, Weiyu Duan, Xiaohui Qu, Kaihua Chen, Jie Lin Sep 2026

Regional Innovation Layout In China In The New Era: Practical Progress, Key Issues, And Development Strategies, Weiyu Duan, Xiaohui Qu, Kaihua Chen, Jie Lin

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Regional innovation layout is the spatial anchor point for supporting and enhancing the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system. It is also an important carrier for transmitting the national innovation strategy to local areas, optimizing the allocation of innovation resources, and transforming regional comparative advantages. Since the beginning of the new era, with the in-depth implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy, China’s regional innovation layout has been continuously adjusted and optimized. Overall, this process has followed a dynamically optimized logic evolving from “points” to “areas” and further to “system” building, successively passing through three stages: the construction and functional …


Development Of China’S National Innovation System In The New Era: Practice, Key Issues, And Future Development, Yujie Zhang, Mingxun Xu, Kaihua Chen Sep 2026

Development Of China’S National Innovation System In The New Era: Practice, Key Issues, And Future Development, Yujie Zhang, Mingxun Xu, Kaihua Chen

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Advancing high-level self-reliance and strength in science and technology and accelerating efforts to build China into a leading country in science and technology have placed new demands on the development of China’s national innovation system and the enhancement of its overall performance in the new era. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has continuously advanced the development of its national innovation system, with its actor structure, functional linkages, and operating mechanisms becoming increasingly developed and system-level capabilities and overall performance receiving growing attention. As the 15th Five-Year Plan period marks a critical phase in …


Rationale, Key Issues, And Pathways For China’S Polar Fisheries Development, Yichong Dong, Chuwei Wang, Jingmei Li Sep 2026

Rationale, Key Issues, And Pathways For China’S Polar Fisheries Development, Yichong Dong, Chuwei Wang, Jingmei Li

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Polar fisheries are a strategic issue that requires forward-looking planning for China’s efforts to build a strong maritime country and participate in global ocean governance. This study examines the roles of polar fisheries in relation to climate change, the greater food approach, safeguarding maritime rights and interests, and the transformation of marine fisheries, and explains the rationale for China’s polar fisheries development. It argues that China still faces weaknesses in key areas, including scientific evidence generation, equipment and technological support, whole-industry-chain coordination, and the design of institutional solutions. Accordingly, the study proposes pathways for polar fisheries development, including building a …


From Science: The Endless Frontier To Science: A New Golden Age : Why Scientific Capability Needs To Be Reinterpreted, Jun Zhao Sep 2026

From Science: The Endless Frontier To Science: A New Golden Age : Why Scientific Capability Needs To Be Reinterpreted, Jun Zhao

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The publication of Science: The Endless Frontier in 1945 established the institutional foundations of modern science by advocating sustained governmental support for basic research, scientific autonomy, and long-term investment in knowledge creation. Eighty-one years later, the White House report Science: A New Golden Age, together with recent reforms of the United Kingdom’s science governance system, reflects a broader transformation in how leading technological nations understand scientific capability. Drawing on a comparative analysis of recent policy adjustments in the United States and the United Kingdom, this study argues that the rapid advances in artificial intelligence, the growing complexity of scientific problems, …


From Support To Leadership: Long-Term Nature And Functional Evolutionary Of Relationship Between China’S Science And Technology Modernization And National Modernization, Chunliang Fan Sep 2026

From Support To Leadership: Long-Term Nature And Functional Evolutionary Of Relationship Between China’S Science And Technology Modernization And National Modernization, Chunliang Fan

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The long-term nature of scientific and technological innovation is closely related to the structural interaction between science and technology modernization and national modernization. This study proposes an analytical framework based on two dimensions—modes of interaction and functional evolution—to explain the long-term relationship between these two processes. It is shown that in different stages of development, the interaction between the national development system and the science and technology system takes different structural forms, while the role of science and technology evolves from primarily supporting national development to gradually leading and shaping development directions in key areas. Taking China as an example, …


Sustainable Development Of National Park Communities In China: Conditions, Challenges, And Implementation Paths, Baorong Huang, Xuetian Hu, Ling Tang, Zhi Wang, Zhi Zhang Sep 2026

Sustainable Development Of National Park Communities In China: Conditions, Challenges, And Implementation Paths, Baorong Huang, Xuetian Hu, Ling Tang, Zhi Wang, Zhi Zhang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Promoting the sustainable development of communities in national parks is essential to the high-quality construction of the world’s largest national park system in China. Drawing on systematic social surveys of communities within national parks and candidate areas, this study outlines the key characteristics of these communities and analyzes their current development status, challenges, and constraints. It proposes a fivefold approach to advancing sustainability. Namely, (1) conceptually, by establishing a theoretical and cognitive framework for human–nature coexistence and overcoming antagonistic perceptions between parks and communities; (2) strategically, by fostering model villages and green development zones led by communities; (3) institutionally, by …


Empirical Study Of Impact Of National Science And Technology Program On Development Of New Energy Vehicle Industry, Dan Du, Xiaoyong Shi, Yong Cao, Yang Yang, Yao Yang Sep 2026

Empirical Study Of Impact Of National Science And Technology Program On Development Of New Energy Vehicle Industry, Dan Du, Xiaoyong Shi, Yong Cao, Yang Yang, Yao Yang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The national science and technology program serves as the primary instrument for the government to support scientific and technological innovation through financial funding. This study employs impact assessment methods to conduct an empirical study on the path of technological development in the field of new energy vehicles and its economic impact supported by the national science and technology program, and explores the role of scientific and technological support in forming new quality productive forces. It was found that the task layout of the national science and technology program has expanded from the midstream of the industrial chain to both upstream …


Main Challenges To China’S Scientific Research Instrument Innovation From Perspective Of The United States Export Controls, Jing Li, Daixie Chen, Qinghua Lin, Guohua Xiao Sep 2026

Main Challenges To China’S Scientific Research Instrument Innovation From Perspective Of The United States Export Controls, Jing Li, Daixie Chen, Qinghua Lin, Guohua Xiao

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

China has long been heavily dependent on imports of scientific research instruments, making this sector particularly vulnerable to intensified technological containment by the United States and other Western countries and their efforts to maintain technological dominance. Since the Donald Trump’s tenure as the 45th president of the United States began in 2017, the United States has frequently used export controls to suppress China’s scientific and technological progress, posing great security risks to China. Based on a review of the development of scientific research instrument innovation in China, this article analyzes the updates and trends of the United States export controls …


Power Of Connection: China’S New Paradigm For Open S&T Cooperation Via Global Networks Of Young Scientists, Meng Wang, Shaoshan Liu, Siok Yee Chan, Chunbo Gao, Francesco Maurelli, David Govoni Sep 2026

Power Of Connection: China’S New Paradigm For Open S&T Cooperation Via Global Networks Of Young Scientists, Meng Wang, Shaoshan Liu, Siok Yee Chan, Chunbo Gao, Francesco Maurelli, David Govoni

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

As China rises in the global innovation landscape, relying solely on attracting talent back home (“bringing in”) is no longer sufficient to meet the demands of the new stage of S&T development. Greater emphasis must be placed on “going out” to strengthen the influence in international rules and standards. Early-career scientists, at the peak of creativity and international mobility, are the pivotal group driving this transition. This study proposes a four-in-one framework, Talent–Open Source–Standards–Scenarios, which highlights leveraging global youth science networks to transform engineering practices into contributions to international rule-making. In terms of implementation, the study takes the Global Young …


International Experience And China’S Strategies For Enterprise Participation In Cultivating Young Innovative Talents, Guoqiang Wang, Mengdi Pei Sep 2026

International Experience And China’S Strategies For Enterprise Participation In Cultivating Young Innovative Talents, Guoqiang Wang, Mengdi Pei

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

As enterprises strengthen their role of innovation drivers, their participation in cultivating young innovative talent has become a key means to enhance youth innovation, reinforce corporate innovation capacity, and align talent development with industry needs. This study examines the policy instruments and implementation pathways through which enterprises participate in the training of young innovative talent, and conducts a comparative analysis of relevant experiences in the United States, Germany, and Japan. The findings indicate that Germany has developed a collaborative model integrating environmental and supply-side instruments through institutional embedding; the United States has established a demand-led model centered on market-based incentives; …


On-Device Computing Systems For Embodied Ai: Current Research Status And Strategic Directions, Shaoshan Liu, Zhenhua Zhu, Yiming Gan, Yu Wang, Yuan Xie Sep 2026

On-Device Computing Systems For Embodied Ai: Current Research Status And Strategic Directions, Shaoshan Liu, Zhenhua Zhu, Yiming Gan, Yu Wang, Yuan Xie

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Embodied AI is emerging as a key paradigm empowering general-purpose autonomy, but it requires on-device computing systems that simultaneously support high-throughput “cognition–planning” tasks and millisecond-level real-time “perception–control” loops. Converging solutions now coalesce around three pillars: (1) dataflow- and chiplet-based architectures, (2) memory-centric heterogeneous dies, and (3) RISC-V customizable cores with open tool-chains. This study distills the latest technical progress, pinpoints the remaining core technical bottlenecks, and charts an actionable course for academia, industry, and policymakers. The study calls for unified benchmarking and standardization, open-source software–hardware ecosystems, memory-centric dataflow architectures, and efficient on-device deployment of embodied foundation models. Finally, it outlines …


Cover4 Sep 2026

Cover4

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

No abstract provided.


Construction And Application Of Clinical Evidence Framework For Brain-Computer Interface, Wenxiu Qi, Cheng Zhou Sep 2026

Construction And Application Of Clinical Evidence Framework For Brain-Computer Interface, Wenxiu Qi, Cheng Zhou

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Brain-computer interface systems are emerging neurotechnologies that are gradually moving from laboratory research toward clinical application. However, their inherent features, including small sample sizes, heterogeneous technical pathways, and rapid product iteration, make it difficult to integrate safety and efficacy data across studies or to conduct meaningful cross-study comparisons. These challenges not only hinder the cumulative development of evidence in evidence-based medicine, but also complicate the assessment of clinical access and regulatory review. In addition, subjective evidence, such as patient experience, remains insufficiently captured in existing evaluation frameworks. It is therefore necessary to examine the structure of evidence for brain-computer interface …