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Faunal Remains From The Late Chalcolithic, Late Roman, Byzantine And Ottoman Periods At Yehud, Ashkenazi Market (Pp. 1–22), Nuha Agha Jan 2025

Faunal Remains From The Late Chalcolithic, Late Roman, Byzantine And Ottoman Periods At Yehud, Ashkenazi Market (Pp. 1–22), Nuha Agha

'Atiqot

The faunal remains from Yehud were retrieved from several contexts: Late Chalcolithic-period shafts, Roman-period kilns, Byzantine-period houses and pits, and Ottoman-period houses, refuse pits and cesspits. The faunal assemblages from all the periods comprised mainly sheep, goats and cattle. Scant remains of equids and a camel were found in the assemblages from the Roman period onward. Pig remains are absent from both the Roman- and Byzantine-period assemblages, possibly attesting that the inhabitants of the site at that time were Jewish.

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Animal Bones From Ḥorbat Ṭarbenet (Pp. 185–190), Nimrod Marom Jan 2025

Animal Bones From Ḥorbat Ṭarbenet (Pp. 185–190), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

Salvage excavations at Ḥorbat Ṭarbenet revealed animal-bone remains, which appear to represent fills dumped inside and around the hydraulic installations. Very few remains were recovered from Hellenistic–Early Roman loci, while a somewhat larger sample was obtained from Byzantine–Umayyad loci. The faunal assemblage comprises primarily beasts of burden, such as equids and camels. The high frequencies of fractures and carnivore gnawing marks indicate little human processing of bones for food and early discard.

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Remains From The Hellenistic–Early Islamic Periods At Ḥorbat Ṭarbenet (Pp. 75–100), Walid Atrash, Gabriel Mazor Jan 2025

Remains From The Hellenistic–Early Islamic Periods At Ḥorbat Ṭarbenet (Pp. 75–100), Walid Atrash, Gabriel Mazor

'Atiqot

Excavations at Ḥorbat Ṭarbenet in the Jezreel Valley revealed four settlement strata: Stratum IV (Hellenistic period) yielded pottery and a coin, but no architectural remains; Stratum III (Roman period) included the remains of a bathhouse; Stratum II (Byzantine period) yielded the remains of a house and a plastered installation; and Stratum I (Early Islamic period) yielded pottery and coins, but no architectural remains. The bathhouse pool (natatio) yielded a large number of tubuli and fragments of a marble statue of Heracles that might have adorned it.

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A Middle Bronze Age Ii Burial Cave At Mazor (West) (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar, Liora K. Horwitz) (Pp. 37–73), Lilly Gershuny, Ianir Milevski Jan 2025

A Middle Bronze Age Ii Burial Cave At Mazor (West) (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar, Liora K. Horwitz) (Pp. 37–73), Lilly Gershuny, Ianir Milevski

'Atiqot

A Middle Bronze Age II burial cave, reusing a Chalcolithic burial cave, was discovered during excavations carried out at Mazor (West). The Middle Bronze Age remains accumulated above the cave’s bedrock floor, utilizing the entire space. Seven individuals were discovered and about 50 intact or restorable MB II pottery vessels were retrieved, as well as three metal pins, three flint items and animal bones. It is probable that the cave, and other MB II sites in its vicinity, belonged to a system of villages and associated mortuary grounds, which were related to the main urban center at Tel Afeq.

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Faunal Remains From Khirbat El-’Umdan, Bet Shemesh (Hebrew, Pp. 27*–32*; English Summary, P. 240), Nuha Agha Jan 2025

Faunal Remains From Khirbat El-’Umdan, Bet Shemesh (Hebrew, Pp. 27*–32*; English Summary, P. 240), Nuha Agha

'Atiqot

Excavations at the Chalcolithic site at Khirbat el-’Umdan yielded an assemblage of bones, teeth and horns belonging mostly to mammals: sheep, cattle and pigs. These finding are consistent with the picture that emerged from the analysis of other faunal assemblages from Ghassulian sites in the northern Negev, the coastal plain and Galilee.

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Khirbat El-‘Umdan: A Site From The Chalcolithic Period (Ghassulian Culture) At Bet Shemesh (With A Contribution By Elisabetta Boaretto) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–12*; English Summary, Pp. 237–238), Ron Be’Eri Jan 2025

Khirbat El-‘Umdan: A Site From The Chalcolithic Period (Ghassulian Culture) At Bet Shemesh (With A Contribution By Elisabetta Boaretto) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–12*; English Summary, Pp. 237–238), Ron Be’Eri

'Atiqot

A small excavation near Khirbat el-‘Umdan in the lower Judean Shephelah exposed stone floors bearing remains from the Late Chalcolithic period. The rich finds from the excavation comprise pottery vessels, such as V-shaped bowls, large basins, store jars, holemouths, churns and cornets, and a fragment of a zoomorphic figurine; groundstone vessels; flint tools, including many sickle blades; and a cash of three copper axes and a copper-alloy macehead. Also found were some 30 burned olive stones and animal skeletal remains. It seems that the settlement at the site existed for a short period in the first phase of the Late …

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The Late Chalcolithic Pottery Assemblage From Khirbat El-ʻUmdan, Bet Shemesh (Pp. 1–17), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink, Anat Cohen-Weinberger Jan 2025

The Late Chalcolithic Pottery Assemblage From Khirbat El-ʻUmdan, Bet Shemesh (Pp. 1–17), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink, Anat Cohen-Weinberger

'Atiqot

A small assemblage of Late Chalcolithic pottery was collected during the excavation at Khirbat el-ʻUmdan, including cornets, pedestalled bowls, spouted vessels, basins, holemouth cooking and storage jars, pithoi, kraters, churns and a fragment of a clay animal figurine. The assemblage compares well, both in morphology and composition, with other Late Chalcolithic assemblages in the northern Negev and the Be’er Sheva‘ Valley. The petrographic analysis of the raw materials indicated a local manufacture within the borders of the Shephelah and the nearby Judean Mountains.

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Crusader- And Ottoman-Period Faunal Remains From The Boverel Quarter, ‘Akko (Pp. 193–197), Guy Bar-Oz Jan 2025

Crusader- And Ottoman-Period Faunal Remains From The Boverel Quarter, ‘Akko (Pp. 193–197), Guy Bar-Oz

'Atiqot

The excavation of the building in the Old City of ‘Akko produced a small faunal assemblage from the Crusader period (late thirteenth century CE) and several bones from an overlying Ottoman-period deposit. The majority of the bones in both strata belong to sheep, goat and cattle. Pig remains are present only in the Crusader deposits attesting to the diversity of ‘Akko’s inhabitants, and the shift that occurred in the cultural identity of its residents.

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The Last Years Of Crusader Acre (‘Akko) And Resettlement In The Ottoman Period: Archaeological Evidence From The Boverel Quarter (Pp. 141–186), Edna J. Stern Jan 2025

The Last Years Of Crusader Acre (‘Akko) And Resettlement In The Ottoman Period: Archaeological Evidence From The Boverel Quarter (Pp. 141–186), Edna J. Stern

'Atiqot

An excavation conducted in a two-story Ottoman-period building within the Old City of ‘Akko uncovered a flagstone floor, which was probably the original floor of the late Ottoman building, dating to the later half of the eighteenth, or the early nineteenth, century CE (Stratum I). Below the floor was evidence of an early Ottoman, seventeenth-century CE occupation (Stratum II), and beneath it, a Crusader thirteenth-century CE building, which was destroyed by a fierce fire (Stratum III). It is assumed that the Crusader building was destroyed in the summer of 1291, following its conquest by the Mamluks. The phenomenon of Ottoman …

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A Zoomorphic Clay Figurine From ‘En Ḥakhlil, Migdal ‘Ha-Emeq (Pp. 113–116), Nadeshda B. Knudsen Jan 2025

A Zoomorphic Clay Figurine From ‘En Ḥakhlil, Migdal ‘Ha-Emeq (Pp. 113–116), Nadeshda B. Knudsen

'Atiqot

A nearly complete clay zoomorphic figurine was uncovered in the Early Bronze Age I–II burial cave at ‘En Ḥakhlil. The animal species represented is not clear, as the shape of the ears/horns is vague, and the tail is missing; it may represent a donkey or a bull. The figurine seems to have been deposited as a burial offering for the deceased.

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An Early Bronze Age I Site At Ashqelon, Afridar (Area E-2) (Pp. 45–89), Amir Golani, Nir Shimshon Paran Jan 2025

An Early Bronze Age I Site At Ashqelon, Afridar (Area E-2) (Pp. 45–89), Amir Golani, Nir Shimshon Paran

'Atiqot

Excavation within the Early Bronze Age I Site at Ashqelon exposed two EB I occupation strata (III–II). The Stratum III remains consist of disjointed fragments of mud-brick architecture and several pits. The main architectural features in Stratum II include a large architectural complex, probably part of an enclosure, and several pits. The ceramic assemblage of both Strata III and II is associated with the early stages of EB I (EB IA). The intra-site infant burial discovered in the excavation conforms well with other infant burials previously documented at EB I Ashqelon. The ceramic, flint, groundstone, malacological and faunal remains indicate …

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The Early Bronze Age Ib Burials In The Chalcolithic–Early Bronze Age I Cemetery In The Palmaḥim Quarry (Pp. 1–43), Yitzhak Paz, Orit Segal, Ram Gophna, Shmuel Liphshitz, Anat Cohen-Weinberger Jan 2025

The Early Bronze Age Ib Burials In The Chalcolithic–Early Bronze Age I Cemetery In The Palmaḥim Quarry (Pp. 1–43), Yitzhak Paz, Orit Segal, Ram Gophna, Shmuel Liphshitz, Anat Cohen-Weinberger

'Atiqot

This report focuses on the Early Bronze Age IB burial caves excavated on the northern hill in the Palmaḥim Quarry site. Pottery assemblages were retrieved from six burial caves; the petrographic study of the vessels indicates trade between the central hill country and the coastal plain. The Palmaḥim Quarry site represents a well-known phenomenon in the coastal plain, where Chalcolithic-period caves were reused for burial, employing organized mortuary practices and exhibiting an increasing investment in mortuary paraphernalia.

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Pottery Assemblages From Gane Ṭal (Pp. 211–242), Anna De Vincenz Jan 2025

Pottery Assemblages From Gane Ṭal (Pp. 211–242), Anna De Vincenz

'Atiqot

The ceramic finds from the excavation at Gane Ṭal date from the Roman (first century BCE–first century CE), Byzantine and Mamluk periods. The large Byzantine-period assemblage, associated with industrial activity at the site, mainly comprises storage vessels, which were produced on-site or nearby. The rich assemblage from the Mamluk period presents a variety of vessel types and decoration styles, including locally produced handmade wares, characteristic of contemporary rural sites.

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Zooarchaeological Remains From El-Munṭar El-Abyad (Pp. 143–144), Moshe Sade Jan 2025

Zooarchaeological Remains From El-Munṭar El-Abyad (Pp. 143–144), Moshe Sade

'Atiqot

A very small assemblage of zooarchaeological remains was recovered from the excavation of the Middle Bronze Age II settlement at el-Munṭar el-Abyad. The identifiable faunal material comprised mainly domestic mammal bones of sheep/goat, cattle and pig. No taphonomic data, such as butchery or burning marks, were apparent.

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A Crusader-Period Subterranean Water Reservoir At Moẓa: Results Of The Salvage Excavation And Cleaning Procedure (With A Contribution By Robert Kool) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–11*; English Summary, Pp. 165–166), Sivan Mizrahi, Zvi Greenhut Jan 2025

A Crusader-Period Subterranean Water Reservoir At Moẓa: Results Of The Salvage Excavation And Cleaning Procedure (With A Contribution By Robert Kool) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–11*; English Summary, Pp. 165–166), Sivan Mizrahi, Zvi Greenhut

'Atiqot

The removal of soil from the vaults of the Crusader-period water reservoir at Moẓa revealed the installation’s plan and new data concerning its periods of use. The vaults were filled with gray soil, containing arch stones, pottery, glass, metal finds and animal bones, as well as chunks of lead and two copper coins from the Ayyubid period. This impressive Crusader-period reservoir was part of a larger structure from the same period. The pottery finds recovered from the fills provide evidence of continuous settlement here during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods.

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The Shells From The Chalcolithic Cemetery At Palmaḥim (North) (Pp. 103–104), Inbar Ktalav Jan 2025

The Shells From The Chalcolithic Cemetery At Palmaḥim (North) (Pp. 103–104), Inbar Ktalav

'Atiqot

Only four shells were retrieved from the Chalcolithic cemetery north of Kibbutz Palmaḥim. All of them, three gastropods and one bivalve, originated in the Mediterranean Sea. This short report attempts to place them in their context and analyze their significance to the Chalcolithic people.

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The Magdala Archaeological Project (2010–2012):A Preliminary Report Of The Excavations At Migdal (With Contributions By Dina Avshalom-Gorni, Ruth A. Jackson-Tal And Yael Gorin-Rosen, And Danny Syon)(Pp. 83–126), Marcela Zapata-Meza, Andrea Garza Diaz Barriga, Rosaura Sanz-Rincón Jan 2025

The Magdala Archaeological Project (2010–2012):A Preliminary Report Of The Excavations At Migdal (With Contributions By Dina Avshalom-Gorni, Ruth A. Jackson-Tal And Yael Gorin-Rosen, And Danny Syon)(Pp. 83–126), Marcela Zapata-Meza, Andrea Garza Diaz Barriga, Rosaura Sanz-Rincón

'Atiqot

The archaeological strata from the 2010–2012 excavations at Magdala revealed finds from four main periods: Stratum IV—Hellenistic (late second–mid-first centuries BCE); Stratum III—Early Roman (mid-first century BCE–67 CE), which is further divided into Phase IIIa, Early Roman 1 (mid–late first century BCE), and Phase IIIb, Early Roman 2 (first century–67 CE); Stratum II—Middle–Late Roman (67–350 CE); and Stratum I—after c. 350 CE. The finds included architectural remains, as well as pottery (bowls, cooking bowls, kraters, cooking pots, jugs, jars and lamps), glass vessels (bowls, beakers, jars, bottles, jugs, wineglasses, windowpanes, spindle whorls, inlays, beads and stirring rods) and coins. The …

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Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age Ib Fauna From Beqo‘A (Pp. 67–74), Edward F. Maher Jan 2025

Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age Ib Fauna From Beqo‘A (Pp. 67–74), Edward F. Maher

'Atiqot

The Zooarchaeological finds from Beqo‘a date from the Chalcolithic period (Stratum III) and EB IB (Strata II–I). The faunal assemblage consists of 207 animal bones and tooth fragments belonging to cattle (Bos taurus), donkey (Equus asinus), gazelle (Gazella sp.), pig (Sus scrofa) and Sheep/Goat (Ovis/Capra). The fauna from both phases of occupation is dominated by domestic stock; wild species were rarely exploited. The limited mortality data suggest that animals were culled at varying stages, and therefore, utilized for both primary and secondary animal products.

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Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age Ib Flint Assemblages From Beqo‘A (Pp. 55–56), Hamoudi Khalaily Jan 2025

Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age Ib Flint Assemblages From Beqo‘A (Pp. 55–56), Hamoudi Khalaily

'Atiqot

A total of 5128 flint artifacts was collectedfrom the excavation at Beqo‘a. Approximately 70% of the flint artifacts were retrieved from the Chalcolithic layer (Stratum III); the remainder were from the Early BronzeAge IB (Strata II and I).The Stratum III assemblage is homogeneous and typical of Late Chalcolithic–Ghassulian assemblages. As the site is located within an environment of available raw materials, flint production was an integral partof the site’s economy.

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Animal-Bone Remains From Tel Magal (Pp. 9–12), Ron Kehati Jan 2025

Animal-Bone Remains From Tel Magal (Pp. 9–12), Ron Kehati

'Atiqot

The excavation at Tel Magalyielded 853 bones. Alarge number of them were heavily broken.The startigraphic sequence comprised stratafrom the Neolithic period (Stratum IX), WadiRaba (Strata VIII, VII), Early Bronze Age IB(Stratum VI), Early Bronze Age II (Strata V–II) and Early Bronze Age III (Stratum I), andbones were recovered throughout the sequence,with the highest percentage in strata dating tothe Early Bronze Age periods.

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Remains From The Pottery Neolithic Period Andearly Bronze Age At Tel Magal(Hebrew, Pp. 1*–38*; English Summary, Pp. 115–116), Uzi ʻAd, Eli Yannai Jan 2025

Remains From The Pottery Neolithic Period Andearly Bronze Age At Tel Magal(Hebrew, Pp. 1*–38*; English Summary, Pp. 115–116), Uzi ʻAd, Eli Yannai

'Atiqot

The site, located on the western fringes of the Samariafoothills,lies on the route ofthe Via Maris, as it winds northward from Afeqto Khirbat Yamma and Tel Jatt, and approachesNaḥal ʻIron.Eight excavation squares were opened,uncovering nine strata,from the PotteryNeolithic period (the Yarmukian and theJericho IX and Lodite cultures); from the Wadi Rabah culture;from Early Bronze Age IB; fromEarly Bronze Age II; and from Early Bronze Age III.The layers fromtheearliest strata contained potsherds, flint artifactsand animal bones. The architectural remains of theEarly Bronze Age strata conform toother contemporary structures, some werebuilt with curved walls, somewith curved and straight walls, and some withstraight …

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Mosaic Floors, Liturgical Vessels And Furniture, Andarchitectural Sculpture From The Byzantine Monasteryin Naḥal Qidron, Jerusalem (Pp. 83–100), Lihi Habas Jan 2025

Mosaic Floors, Liturgical Vessels And Furniture, Andarchitectural Sculpture From The Byzantine Monasteryin Naḥal Qidron, Jerusalem (Pp. 83–100), Lihi Habas

'Atiqot

Salvage excavations in Naḥal Qidron, southof Jerusalem, revealed a monastery adornedwith mosaic floors. A composition of geometricinterlaces populated with animals decorated thefloor of the church hall, while geometric andvegetal carpets decorated the vestibule.Stylistic and technical analyses of the mosaicsindicatea datein the mid-sixth century CE.Liturgical furniture madeof imported marble, alongside local stoneimitations, as well as architectural sculpture,were also found at the site. Fragments of two liturgical vessels, a marblepanel, a fragment of a leg of an altar table and a limestonebracket were found.

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A Byzantine Monastery In Naḥal Qidron, Jerusalem (Pp. 49–82), Yehiel Zelinger, Hervé Barbé Jan 2025

A Byzantine Monastery In Naḥal Qidron, Jerusalem (Pp. 49–82), Yehiel Zelinger, Hervé Barbé

'Atiqot

A salvageexcavation was conducted on the lowerwestern slope of a high hill east of NaḥalQidron, Jerusalem. The remains wereidentified as a Byzantine monastery.Most of the site washighly disturbed by construction activities andwas excavated as one large unit,including two courtyards, northern and southern, the rooms surrounding them on the north andsouth, and anundergroundburial complex in the east.The finds––pottery, roof tiles, glassand mosaic floors––date to the Byzantine–EarlyIslamic periods, up to the eighth century CE.Fragments of a few ossuaries date to the EarlyRoman period, but they lack a clear stratigraphiccontext. The monastic complex belongs to theone-story coenobium type that flourished inthe Judean Desert …

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Front Matter, Editorial Board Jan 2025

Front Matter, Editorial Board

'Atiqot

No abstract provided.

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Remains From The Byzantine, Early Islamic, Crusader And Ottoman Periods In The “Ganor Compound,” Yafo (Jaffa) (With Contributions By Amir Golani, Robert Kool, Moshe Sade)(Hebrew, Pp. 71*–83*; English Summary, Pp. 159–160), Eriola Jakoel Jan 2025

Remains From The Byzantine, Early Islamic, Crusader And Ottoman Periods In The “Ganor Compound,” Yafo (Jaffa) (With Contributions By Amir Golani, Robert Kool, Moshe Sade)(Hebrew, Pp. 71*–83*; English Summary, Pp. 159–160), Eriola Jakoel

'Atiqot

Excavations on the eastern fringes of Tel Yafo unearthed finds dating from the Hellenistic, Byzantine, Early Islamic, Crusader and Ottoman periods. From the Hellenistic period, a bronze coin of Ptolemy II was found. From the Byzantine period, occupation layers were exposed that contained potsherds, glass tesserae and glass industrial waste. During the Islamic period, the area was used for industrial and agricultural purposes. In the Crusader period (the late eleventh–twelfth and the thirteenth centuries CE), organized street networks, public buildings and dwellings, as well as a well-developed industry, were exposed. Yafo was reoccupied in the Ottoman period (seventeenth century CE), …

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Ottoman Pottery And Glass Bracelets From Yafo (Jaffa), Jerusalem Boulevard And Its Vicinity (Pp. 115–129), Anna De Vincenz Jan 2025

Ottoman Pottery And Glass Bracelets From Yafo (Jaffa), Jerusalem Boulevard And Its Vicinity (Pp. 115–129), Anna De Vincenz

'Atiqot

The Ottoman-period pottery uncovered on Jerusalem Boulevard in Yafo includes well-known types, dating from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries CE. These include hard paste and porcelain vessels, glazed vessels such as Didymoteicho and Çanakkale Wares, and coarse-ware vessels such as Gaza Ware and other local wares. Imitations of Chinese porcelain were observed, such as the use of transfer-printing technique and Sponge Ware. Also found were a Meissen coffee cup, clay pipes of the chibouk type, narghile heads, floor tiles and glass bracelets, typical of the Ottoman period. The numerous imported vessels in the assemblage correlate with the status of …

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The Archaeozoology Of Bronze Age Offerings From Burial Cave 900 In Naḥal Refa’Im, Jerusalem (Pp. 75–100), Liora Kolska Horwitz Jan 2025

The Archaeozoology Of Bronze Age Offerings From Burial Cave 900 In Naḥal Refa’Im, Jerusalem (Pp. 75–100), Liora Kolska Horwitz

'Atiqot

The animal remains recovered during the salvage excavations in Cave 900 were interspersed among human skeletal remains, ceramics, weapons and ornaments. It is apparent that the faunal remains represent exclusively domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus) that were slaughtered as part of Bronze Age mortuary rituals. This assemblage provides additional evidence for the widespread nature of the funeral feast in both the Intermediate Bronze Age and Middle Bronze Age IIB.

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The Anthropological Remains From Burial Cave 900 In Naḥal Refa’Im, Jerusalem (Pp. 73–74), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

The Anthropological Remains From Burial Cave 900 In Naḥal Refa’Im, Jerusalem (Pp. 73–74), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

Human skeletal remains dating to the Intermediate Bronze Age and Middle Bronze Age II were exposed in Burial Cave 900. The MB II burials were found in two superposed levels. Despite the fragmentary nature of the bones, children and adults of both sexes were identified.

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Pottery And Small Finds From Burial Cave 900 In Naḥal Refa’Im, Jerusalem (Pp. 33–67), Lilly Gershuny Jan 2025

Pottery And Small Finds From Burial Cave 900 In Naḥal Refa’Im, Jerusalem (Pp. 33–67), Lilly Gershuny

'Atiqot

A total of 107 pottery vessels were discovered in the cave, dating from the Intermediate Bronze Age and Middle Bronze Age II. The Intermediate Bronze Age assemblage was found in situ and as such, is an important contribution to the study of this period in greater Jerusalem. The finds from this period include jars, a four-spouted lamp and a stopper. The MB II pottery includes piriform juglets, globular bowls, jugs, store jars and dipper juglets. Three unique specimens were found: an unusually decorated Tell el-Yahudiyeh juglet; a ring flask—the earliest of its kind in Canaan; and an intact bull-shaped rython. …

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Intermediate And Middle Bronze Age Burial Cave 900 In Naḥal Refa’Im, Jerusalem (Pp. 17–32), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah Jan 2025

Intermediate And Middle Bronze Age Burial Cave 900 In Naḥal Refa’Im, Jerusalem (Pp. 17–32), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah

'Atiqot

Burial Cave 900 in Naḥal Refa’im, Jerusalem, exposed two main burial phases: the early phase dated to the Intermediate Bronze Age and the later, to Middle Bronze Age II. The finds from the Intermediate Bronze Age layer included the bones of a single individual and several pottery vessels. Above this layer were two MB II burial levels: the early level included the remains of 12 individuals, attesting to a multiple burial, and the later level comprised seven burial groups, each representing the secondary burial of one individual and his personal items, as well as animal bones.

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