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Depressive Deficits In Memory: Focusing Attention Improves Subsequent Recall, Paula T. Hertel, S. S. Rude

Psychology Faculty Research

58 Ss (aged up to 55 yrs) diagnosed as depressed, recovered from depression, or without a history of depression performed an unintentional learning task, followed by tests of free and forced recall. In the learning task, Ss decided whether a series of nouns sensibly completed corresponding sentence frames that varied in decision difficulty. For half of the Ss, the focus of attention was unconstrained by the demands of this task. The others, however, were required to repeat the targeted noun at the end of the trial as a means of focusing their attention on the task. Depressed Ss in the …

Recalling In A State Of Natural Or Experimental Depression, Paula T. Hertel, S. S. Rude

Psychology Faculty Research

In three experiments we attempted to extend the cognitive-effort account of depressive deficits in memory to naturally depressed college students. This account maintains that depression reduces attentional resources, thereby impairing performance on demanding tasks, and has received support through experimental inductions of depressed moods. Nondepressed, naturally depressed, and (in Experiment 2) experimentally depressed college students performed unannounced tests of free recall following learning tasks with two levels of difficulty and (in Experiment 2) two degrees of structure. In Experiments 1 and 2 we measured cognitive effort on those tasks via latencies on a secondary task. Latencies and subsequent recall increased …

Development Of A Measure Of Therapist Trustworthiness, Gregory M. Alberts

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Graduate and professional therapist training programs emphasize the acquisition of technical skills (Stevenson & Norcross, 1987) and deemphasize the promotion of interpersonal and relationship competencies (Lambert, 1989; Schiffman, 1987 ) . The content of such training programs and the procedures by which the competencies of prospective mental health practitioners are developed and evaluated have been critic ized because neither are based on an adequate fund of clinically relevant empirical knowledge (Ford, 1979; Garfield, 1977; Matarazzo, 1978; Ponterotto & Furlong, 1985; Scofield & Yoxtheimer, 1983).

A Comparison Of Personality Traits Of Female Interscholastic Athletes And Female Intercollegiate Athletes Involved In Basketball And Softball, Katheryn M. Myers

Masters Theses

The purpose of this study was to compare personality traits of female high school athletes to female collegiate athletes.

Eighty female athletes participated in the study. Forty-two of them competed at the high school level and thirty-eight participated at the college level. The high school subjects came from either Arcola, Casey/Westfield, or Charleston High School. The college athletes came from either Eastern Illinois University or Illinois State University. All athletes participated in either softball or basketball.

The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire was administered to each of the subjects. Following Cattell's recommendations, raw scores were used for statistical analysis. Form A …

Family Functioning, Socialization, Ego Development, And Aggressiveness In Juvenile Delinquent Girls, Cindy Joan Nowinski

Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Myers Briggs Type Indicator Styles And Cognitive Performance, Gary Mitchell Jaworski

Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Diagnostic And Onset Of Symptomatology Predictors Of Adolescent Hospitalization Patterns, Mary Gonzalez Jaworski

Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Factoring The Personal Profile System For Construct Validity: Three Analyses Under Different Standardization Assumptions, Thomas G. Henkel, James Noel Wilmoth

Publications

Three types of data were factor analyzed using principal components extractions with orthogonal and oblique rotations to test publisher claims for construct validity of the Personal Profile System (PPS). Behavioral descriptor data from 1,045 senior non-commissioned Air Force officers were factored as raw data, mean corrected data, and standardized z-scores (correlations). The most efficacious solution was produced with standardized z-scores generating four factors accounting for 86% of the total variance. The measure of sampling adequacy for every descriptor exceeded 0.922. The first factor was general with approximately equal loadings on each of the dominance, influencing, steadiness, and compliance dimensions. The …

Pygmalion Goes To School: The Effects Of Goal Setting, The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy And Self-Efficacy On Trainee Performance, James Michael Benton

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

This study examined the effectiveness of motivation techniques for increasing performance in a skill training program. A PC based software program provided structured training to increase subjects' typing skills. Motivation was manipulated by the use of goal setting and the self-fulfilling prophecy (SFP), alone and in combination. The moderating effects of self-efficacy on motivation, defined as a generalized "can do" personality orientation, were also examined. Two levels of goal setting were employed: (1) "do your best"; and, (2) a difficult, specific goal. The SFP was tied to the situation, not the person. It was invoked by informing subjects that the …

The Guilt/Shame Quality: Its Many Forms And Functions For Graphoanalytic Interpretation, Shirley Norfleet

Theses

There was a two-fold purpose for this study: first, to investigate the view held by many graphoanalysts that guilt can be assessed by the identification of the stroke of "self-castigation". The second purpose was to investigate the relationship between the emotions of guilt and shame, and to further suggest to graphoanalysts the various traits to look for when evaluating the presence or absence of guilt and/or shame operating in the personality.

Thirty subjects were administered a guilt measurement test and a standard text model which was duplicated in their handwriting for comparisons and correlation with the stroke of "self-castigation". The …

The Family Dance Model: A Definition And Comparison With The Beavers, Olson, And Mcmaster Models Of Family Functioning, Lyle V. Turnage

Theses

This study explored the hypothesis that married couples have ways of relating to each other which are peculiar to their relationship; and that other couples operate under the same or similar patterns of relating.

"Patterns in family relationships are often referred to as dances." (Lerner, 1990). Dances are determined by the music played, the manner of dress or costume, physical movements, and the tempo or beat (Chujoy & Manchester, 1967). Family dances are also recognized by physical interactions or movements, appearance or dress, and the beat of family messages. The family dance model will use names of dances such as …

Effects Of Race And Socio-Economic Status On Children’S Food Preferences, Reginald M. Chandler

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of race and socio-economic status on children's food preferences. Twenty-four obese and 43 non-obese young children (mean age 5.3 years) looked at an array of pictures of food and selected the pictures of items with which he/she would like to make a lunch. The mothers of the children were escorted into the room after the children had left the room and were instructed to modify, if they wish, their child's food selections. The mothers were also told that the modification of their child's selections should reflect a lunch they …

A Computer Program To Teach Nonsexist Language, Mark R. Mcminn, James D. Foster

Faculty Publications - Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Program

A computer program designed to teach nonsexist language is described. The interactive program teaches students to recognize the various forms of sexist language described in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 1983) and to correct sexist language without mixing singular and plural pronouns. Student performance records are saved to a disk file for later review by the instructor. In a preliminary study with general psychology students, the software was as effective in teaching nonsexist language as was a didactic presentation on the topic and was more effective than no presentation.

Rational Choice: The Contrast Between Economics And Psychology, Vernon L. Smith

Economics Faculty Articles and Research

Rational Choice--the published record of a conference on economics and psychology--frames the issues as a contest between economic theory and the falsifying evidence from psychology. According to a third perspective, that of experimental economics, most standard theory provides a correct first approximation in predicting motivated behavior in laboratory experimental markets, but the theory is incomplete, particularly in articulating convergence processes in time and in ignoring decision cost. This view has roots in the work of Herbert Simon and Sidney Siegel, but it is not plainly represented in contemporary research in economic pyschology.

Behavioral Measures Of Auditory Processing In The Chinchilla: A Comparison Of Frequency Selectivity Derived From Critical Masking Ratios And Rippled Noise Masking, Andrew J. Niemiec

Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Nueropsychological Motor Functioning In Children With Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus During Euglycemia And After A Mild Hypoglycemic Episode, Kim M. Dell'angela

Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Differential Outcome Expectancies Of Reinforcement And Nonreinforcement And Memory For Temporal And Nontemporal Stimuli, Mary Jo Ducharme

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The effects of differential outcome expectancies of food and no-food on memory for temporal and non-temporal stimuli were examined. Pigeons matched short (2s) and long (8s) sample durations to red and green comparison stimuli, and vertical and horizontal lines to vertical and horizontal lines. In Experiment 1, the Nondifferential Outcome group (NDO) received food or no-food on a random half of all trials. The Differential Outcome groups (DO) received food for correct responding to one temporal sample and one nontemporal sample, and no-food following the other samples. In the Differential Outcome-Short-Food group (DO-SF), the short sample stimulus was followed by …

Effects Of Three Organizational Policies On Individuals’ Attitudes About Drug Testing, Alan Walker

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The consensus of recent literature appears to be that drug testing is both legal and valid. However, a testing program can meet legal and technical criteria and still fail to meet organizational objectives because one vital component has been left out – employees’ attitudes. The present study uses data from 148 college juniors and seniors to assess the effects of three hypothetical drug testing policies: (a) consequences of detected drug use (termination vs. rehabilitation), (b) timing of the program (expected interval vs. random interval vs. reasonable cause), and (c) business purpose (weak vs. strong) on attitudes toward drug testing. It …

Effects Of Employment-At-Will Policies On Corporate Image, Job Pursuit Intentions, & Union Membership Intentions, Susan Walker

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Since 1884, the courts have embraced and applied the doctrine of employment-at-will which states that employers may terminate their employees, with or without cause or notice, at any time. Recently, the courts have recognized exceptions to this doctrine. In order to avoid these exceptions, lawyers and human resource specialists have suggested that employment materials should explicitly state that all employment is at-will. However, while stating an employment-at-will policy may protect employers' rights to terminate at-will, little is known about the consequences of adopting these measures with respect to applicant and employee attitudes.

The concept of employment-at-will is explored and research …

Applying The Matching Law In A Sheltered Workshop, Kristin Elizabeth Skousgard

Masters Theses

This study assessed the validity of the matching law in an applied setting. It manipulated extraneous reinforcement and measured the rate of rocking in a 24-year-old developmentally disabled man. The resulting data were compared to that predicted by the matching law.

The results were important in three ways: (1) extraneous reinforcement systematically affected rocking in an applied setting in the manner predicted by the matching law, (2) a clinically undesirable behavior decreased in frequency, and (3) this decrease occurred in the absence of direct intervention on the target behavior. Thus, to a slight degree, scientific, practical and humanitarian goals were …

Evaluating The States Of Mind Model: Comparison To An Alternative Model And Effects Of Method Of Cognitive Assessment, Richard G. Heimberg, Monroe A. Bruch, Debra A. Hope, Mark Dombeck

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Two studies were conducted evaluating aspects of the States of Mind (SOM) Model proposed by Schwartz (1986; Schwartz & Garamoni, 1986, 1989) with a sample of social phobic subjects. First, the SOM ratio [positive thoughts/(positive + negative thoughts)] based on a thought-listing task was compared to a ratio based on Kendall and Hollon’s (1981) “power-of-nonnegative-thinking” model [negative thoughts/(positive + negative + neutral thoughts)], and the relationship of each ratio to criterion measures was assessed. The two ratios were highly correlated and related to several criterion measures, raising questions about the role of neutral thoughts in the internal dialogue. Second, SOM …

Stimulus-Specific And Stimulus-Nonspecific Reinforcement: Effects On Tact Training With Severely Mentally Impaired Young Adults, Steven J . Braam

Dissertations

The effects of specific or similar physical properties between discriminative stimuli and reinforcers in tact training were studied. Stimulus-specific reinforcement and stimulus-nonspecific reinforcement conditions were compared using a matched-groups design. When subjects correctly tacted in the former condition, the experimenter gave reinforcers with identical physical properties to the training stimuli. When subjects correctly tacted in the latter condition, the experimenter delivered reinforcers with different physical properties from the nonverbal training stimulus.

The subjects demonstrated no overall differences in learning trials. Only one subject, trained with stimulus- specific reinforcement learned tacts in consistently fewer trials than his counterpart trained with stimulus-nonspecific …

Vol. 14 No. 1 (1990): Pacific Studies Full Issue, The Jonathan Nāpela Center For Hawaiian And Pacific Islands Studies

Pacific Studies

Pacific Studies is published two times a year by The Jonathan Nāpela Center for Hawaiian and Pacific Studies, Brigham Young University Hawai‘i #1979, 55–220 Kulanui Street, Lāʻie, Hawai‘i 96762, but responsibility for opinions expressed in the articles rests with the authors alone. Subscription rate is US$40.00 yearly, payable to The Jonathan Nāpela Center for Hawaiian and Pacific Studies. The Jonathan Nāpela Center for Hawaiian and Pacific Studies (formerly The Pacific Institute) is an organization funded by Brigham Young University Hawai‘i. The Center assists the University in meeting its cultural and educational goals by undertaking a program of teaching, research, and …

Perceptions Of Fairness In The Frustration Effect: An Attributional Analysis, David T. Van Dyke

Student Work

Theories of both distributive (Adams, 1963) and procedural justice (Thibaut & Walker, 1975) have been demonstrated to be accurate in describing subjective evaluations of fairness in a wide variety of circumstances. However, a phenomenon known as the frustration effect (e.g. Folger, 1977) results in perceptions of fairness that are incongruent with the predictions of these two theories. This study attempts to explain the discrepant results in terms of attribution theory as it was proposed by Weiner (1985). By manipulating and measuring the attributions made by subjects, the attributional explanation was tested. The results of this experiment were not supportive of …

The Effectiveness Of Cognitive-Behavioral Anger Management Group In Reducing Measured Attitudes Of Aggression, Nathaniel B. Thomas

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

This study was designed to analyze the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral anger management class available to both voluntary and probation-mandated clients from the general public. Clients enrolled in the existing 8 week program were asked to complete the Interpersonal Behavior Survey (IBS) on a pre/post treatment basis (N=36). The program curriculum is similar to Novaco's (1975) anger treatment in which clients prepare themselves for potential anger provocation by developing personal competence. A comparison group (N=41) was developed with a pre/post administration of the IBS at an eight week interval. Analysis of covariance and analysis of treatment effects were used to …

The Effectiveness Of Cognitive-Behavioral Anger Management Group In Reducing Measured Attitudes Of Aggression, Nathaniel B. Thomas

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

This study was designed to analyze the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral anger management class available to both voluntary and probation-mandated clients from the general public. Clients enrolled in the existing 8 week program were asked to complete the Interpersonal Behavior Survey (IBS) on a pre/post treatment basis (N=36). The program curriculum is similar to Novaco's (1975) anger treatment in which clients prepare themselves for potential anger provocation by developing personal competence. A comparison group (N=41) was developed with a pre/post administration of the IBS at an eight week interval. Analysis of covariance and analysis of treatment effects were used to …

A Comparison Of Decision-Making Variables Used By Dual-Career Couples, Margaret K. Conrad

Psychology Theses & Dissertations

The increasing number of households transitioning from traditional oneworker families to dual-career families has created complex issues for the individual, the family, employers, and society in general. Learning more about how these dual-career couples make decisions will help provide a better capability to tailor counseling needs to these individuals, as well as guide policy for employers. This study examined 115 dual-career spouses from four different occupational groups: Air Force, Army, Navy, and civilian organizations. The participants consisted of 54 husbands and 61 wives who completed a questionnaire designed for this study. The survey measured 12 decision-making variables identified in a …

Inferences About Guessing And Knowing By Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes), Daniel J. Povinelli, Kurt E. Nelson, Sarah T. Boysen

Sentience Collection

The visual perspective-taking ability of 4 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) was investigated. The subjects chose between information about the location of hidden food provided by 2 experimenters who randomly alternated between two roles (the guesser and the knower). The knower baited 1 of 4 obscured cups so that the subjects could watch the process but could not see which of the cups contained the reward. The guesser waited outside the room until the food was hidden. Finally, the knower pointed to the correct cup while the guesser pointed to an incorrect one. The chimpanzees quickly learned to respond to the knower. …

Effects Of Performance Feedback And Goal Setting On The Productivity And Satisfaction Of Clerical Workers, Leslie Ann Wilk

Dissertations

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a Performance Management (PM) intervention designed to improve the productivity and job satisfaction of clerical employees in a university admissions department. During the first phase of the intervention, supervisors applied a PM program which included an individualized daily goal setting and verbal feedback program. During phase two, graphic display of individual performance levels was added to the goals and verbal feedback program. Productivity was measured via daily self reports of tasks completed. Job satisfaction was assessed by taking measures prior to and following the intervention using the Work …

A Comparison Of The Effects Of A Linear And An Exponential Performance-Pay Function On Work Productivity, Shezeen Oah

Dissertations

This study examined how work productivity was affected by the way in which individual monetary incentives were related to performance. Two types of relationships, or performance-pay functions, were compared: a linear function in which a specific per piece incentive was provided for each piece completed in excess of a performance standard and an exponential function in which the amount of the per piece incentive accelerated as productivity increased. Forty college subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two pay conditions. Each subject participated in 15 forty-five minute sessions. Subjects performed a computerized work task that simulated the job of …