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Articles 2041 - 2070 of 29047
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Emotional Intelligence And Socioemotional Attributes: Distinct Constructs And Their Uses, John D. Mayer, David R. Caruso
Emotional Intelligence And Socioemotional Attributes: Distinct Constructs And Their Uses, John D. Mayer, David R. Caruso
UNH Personality Lab
We examine evidence for the validity of different measures under the label emotional intelligence (EI). Some measures are valid for the assessment of EI and others are valid for the assessment of socioemotional attributes (SEA). The constructs of EI and SEA are defined and measures of each described, along with the mental response processes the measures elicit: test-takers’ abilities, self-estimated attributes, or observer reports. Both EI and SEA measures are valid but for distinctly different purposes, and the two classes of measures make different predictions. We add our voices to those who have advocated for dropping the EI label from …
دور مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي في العود إلى الجريمة في الأردن: دراسة ميدانية على نزلاء مراكز الاصلاح والتأهيل المفرج عنهم المكررين للجريمة, Ibrahem M. Abusweilem, Fayez Abdulqader Almajali
دور مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي في العود إلى الجريمة في الأردن: دراسة ميدانية على نزلاء مراكز الاصلاح والتأهيل المفرج عنهم المكررين للجريمة, Ibrahem M. Abusweilem, Fayez Abdulqader Almajali
Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي
هدف المقال لبيان أثر مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي على العود إلى الجريمة من وجهة نظر النزلاء المفرج عنهم من مراكز الاصلاح والتأهيل في الاردن، وقياس فروق في وجهات نظر النزلاء المفرج عنهم من مراكز الاصلاح والتأهيل في الاردن نحو عوامل العود إلى الجريمة باختلاف (العمر، المستوى التعليمي، عدد مرات تكرار ارتكاب الجريمة، عدد أفراد الأسرة، الدخل الشهري للأسرة، مكان السكن)، واعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، باستخدام المسح الاجتماعي بالعينة، وتكون مجتمع الدراسة من نزلاء مراكز الاصلاح والتأهيل الاردنية والذين لهم أسبقيات جرمية، والبالغ عددهم الاجمالي (2385) نزيلاً، وقام الباحث بتوزيع الاستبانة بشكل يدوي على عينة غير احتمالية قصدية من النزلاء …
We Need Deep Theories Of Virtues: Four Principles For Advancing Research On Virtues In Positive Social Science, David S. Bright, Jason M. Stansbury, Bradley A. Winn
We Need Deep Theories Of Virtues: Four Principles For Advancing Research On Virtues In Positive Social Science, David S. Bright, Jason M. Stansbury, Bradley A. Winn
University Faculty Publications and Creative Works
This article aims to help Positive Social Science (PSS) researchers develop theories of virtues, whether of single, discrete virtues, or several virtues considered together. We argue that a weak virtue theory assumes a virtue consists of single constructs, whereas a deep virtue theory assumes a virtue is an integrated system of constructs. We briefly review indicators of weak theory in the PSS literature: definitional divergence, valence confusion, and conceptual incommensurability. Drawing from the field of Virtue Ethics, we suggest four essential attributes of a virtue that should guide the development of deep virtue theory. Any virtue is (1) holistic, in …
Latine Immigrant Survivors Of Sexual Assault: Clinical Considerations For Aid And Empowerment, Jasmine Pochini
Latine Immigrant Survivors Of Sexual Assault: Clinical Considerations For Aid And Empowerment, Jasmine Pochini
Counseling Psychology | Master's Theses
This thesis project attempts to ascertain the impact of sexual assault on Latine immigrants in the United States with the aid of a literature review and subsequent manual of clinical and sociocultural recommendations. The historical and political background of immigration in the U.S. is discussed, providing a background for the difficulties that Latine immigrants have faced for decades. All facets of immigration are explored, as well as the hostility that many immigrants face due to anti-immigrant sentiment. This combined with the acculturation process proves to have drastic effects on mental health. Sexual assault is then explored, identifying background and statistical …
The Role Of The Executive Control Network In Social Functioning In Autism, Mckayla Kurtz
The Role Of The Executive Control Network In Social Functioning In Autism, Mckayla Kurtz
All ETDs from UAB
Social functioning difficulties are often seen in autism and impact one’s ability to engage in meaningful social interactions and to maintain social relationships. Emerging research suggests that executive function (EF) impairments may underlie these social challenges, though the neural mechanisms involved remain unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between the functional connectivity of the executive control network (ECN) and social functioning in autistic children using resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) data. Resting-state fMRI data was obtained from 95 autistic participants (ages 5-13 years) from the publicly available Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange II (ABIDE-II) database. Data were preprocessed …
Predictors Of Everyday Function Among Older Adults Using Data From The Active Clinical Trial., Deborah Awusuah Dadson
Predictors Of Everyday Function Among Older Adults Using Data From The Active Clinical Trial., Deborah Awusuah Dadson
All ETDs from UAB
The nature of the lifespan causes a decrease in the bodily functioning of people as they age which affects the ability to engage in activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), mostly amongst older adults. A reduction in the individual’s abilities combined with environmental changes can lead to functional decline impacting everyday function. The aim of this study was to examine the association between visual, cognitive and physical factors with everyday function (IADL/ADL) among older adults and assess whether social determinants of health (SDoH) measures moderate the associations of vision, cognitive and physical function with …
Predictors Of Mental Health Clinic Staff Self-Efficacy In Recognizing And Responding To Suicide Risk, Hannah Ritz
Predictors Of Mental Health Clinic Staff Self-Efficacy In Recognizing And Responding To Suicide Risk, Hannah Ritz
Theses and Dissertations
Staff self-efficacy is critical to suicide prevention, yet its predictors within Zero Suicide initiatives are not well understood. Among 1,038 CCBHC staff, perceived organizational support, response-focused training, and lower suicide myth endorsement most strongly predicted self-efficacy. Clinical role and prior experiences contributed modestly, highlighting multilevel influences on workforce readiness.
Numbered Heads Together: Student Outcomes, Teacher Acceptability, Teacher Burnout, And Maintenance Of Implementation, Nicole Parker
Numbered Heads Together: Student Outcomes, Teacher Acceptability, Teacher Burnout, And Maintenance Of Implementation, Nicole Parker
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
Numbered Heads Together (NHT) is a structured cooperative learning activity that supports active classroom participation from all students. The purpose of this study was to examine if NHT increased student cooperative behaviors and quiz scores, as well as whether teachers found the intervention acceptable and if teacher reported burnout improved. Three teacher participants and their respective students were recruited from a regional school based on teacher desire to improve classroom behavior management during cooperative learning times. A checklist of adherences to NHT steps was the primary measure. Classwide cooperative interactions were observed, and class average daily quiz scores were collected. …
A Review Of The Validity Of The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 2, Keegan Cundiff
A Review Of The Validity Of The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 2, Keegan Cundiff
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifaceted condition that affects individuals in unique ways. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC, 2020), people with ASD have a neurological disorder that impacts communication, social interaction, and behavior. One common ASD evaluation tool is the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 2 (ADOS-2), which helps a clinician decide if the student exhibits social and communication skills expected of someone with or without ASD. Since ASD is a disorder for which symptoms need to be present within the early developmental period, it is common for schools and pediatricians to be initial sources of referral …
A Monte Carlo Study Of The Efficacy Of The Mantel-Haenszel Method At Detecting Item Bias, Macy Daulton
A Monte Carlo Study Of The Efficacy Of The Mantel-Haenszel Method At Detecting Item Bias, Macy Daulton
Masters Theses & Specialist Projects
The Mantel-Haenszel (MH) method is a statistical method used for differential item functioning analysis. Previous differential item functioning (DIF) research of the MH method focused on Type I error rates and statistical power. Not yet studied in the literature is whether excessive numbers of biased items may cause the MH method to fail to identify biased items. The proposed study employed a Monte Carlo design to determine the extent of bias in the match items necessary for the MH method to fail to identify a biased item. Results showed that the threshold was greater than was hypothesized, requiring nearly all …
Implementing Skill Based Treatment Within A Classroom Setting For Students With Autism: A Systematic Replication In An Alternative School Based Setting, Hayley Getz
Masters Theses
The purpose of this research was to demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of implementing the Interview-Informed Synthesized Contingency Analysis (IISCA) and Skill Based Treatment (SBT) in an alternative classroom setting with students diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There is much existing research that supports both in a clinical setting, however the school setting is lacking in research. The goal of this study was to teach three students with ASD who engage in challenging behaviors an appropriate way to communicate their needs, how to tolerate the removal of a preferred toy or activity, and to follow educational instructions instead of …
Creative Practice As A Form Of Stress Coping: Psychological And Physiological Mechanisms, Clare Foster
Creative Practice As A Form Of Stress Coping: Psychological And Physiological Mechanisms, Clare Foster
Psychology Honors Papers
The primary purpose of this study was to better understand the relationship between perceived stress, cortisol levels, and a creative flow state. A creative flow state is a state in which a person is so engrossed in an activity that nothing else seems to matter; time is irrelevant and seems to pass quickly and the activity holds all attention without distraction or interruption. The primary hypothesis in this study was that regular engagement with flow inducing activities counteracts an increased level of stress as the school semester progresses. Eight participants were recruited and given a preliminary survey where they were …
Who Do Children Believe? Exploring Testimonial Injustice Toward Characters With Disabilities, Naomi Glunz-Kennedy
Who Do Children Believe? Exploring Testimonial Injustice Toward Characters With Disabilities, Naomi Glunz-Kennedy
Psychology Honors Projects
Young children develop stereotypes and attitudes about others early in life, yet little research has examined how they evaluate knowledge-related exchanges involving individuals with disabilities—a process that may indicate early forms of testimonial injustice. This study investigated whether children (ages 5 – 7) are more likely to believe speakers with or without sensory and physical disabilities, whether the type of statement made by a speaker influences children’s belief preferences, and whether children anticipate epistemic bias from non-disabled listeners. A predominately White sample of sixty-four children viewed videos featuring two characters—one disabled and one non-disabled—making statements, and were asked to select …
Emotional Flooding: Examining Associations With Family Of Origin Violence And The Mediating Role Of Attentional Bias To Threat, Rachel Zukerman
Emotional Flooding: Examining Associations With Family Of Origin Violence And The Mediating Role Of Attentional Bias To Threat, Rachel Zukerman
Theses and Dissertations
Emotional flooding, or the experience of partner negative affect as intensely disorganizing and overwhelming, has recently emerged as an important variable in predicting maladaptive relationship behaviors, including intimate partner violence (IPV). However, not much is known about risk factors for flooding beyond qualities of the interpersonal interaction. While flooding depends on the experience of intense partner negative emotion, some individuals may vary regarding their propensities to feel flooded in a relatively stable way, and therefore may be more likely to engage in destructive relationship behaviors. Theory and research suggest that family violence negatively impacts emotional processing by increasing emotional arousal …
Testing Mediation Models Of Antisocial Behavior In The Context Of Parental Criminal Justice System Involvement, David Alfonso Tio
Testing Mediation Models Of Antisocial Behavior In The Context Of Parental Criminal Justice System Involvement, David Alfonso Tio
Theses and Dissertations
Parental criminal justice system involvement (CJSI) affects a significant portion of our children in a multitude of ways, including increasing the child’s risk for developing antisocial behaviors and, in doing so, perpetuating the intergenerational cycle of criminal offending that uniquely and unjustly afflicts marginalized communities of color and leaves behind what many have termed the ‘hidden victims’ of CJSI. This dissertation aimed to answer two research questions: 1. Does the division into two categories, the aggression, and rule breaking dimensions, provide a superior fitting model than the more commonly used unidimensional measure?; 2. Is it more accurate to model the …
Role Of Self-Forgiveness, Self-Compassion, And Self-Acceptance On Psychological Well-Being And Adjustment In Divorced People, Augustine Ifeanyi Umeatuegbu
Role Of Self-Forgiveness, Self-Compassion, And Self-Acceptance On Psychological Well-Being And Adjustment In Divorced People, Augustine Ifeanyi Umeatuegbu
Theses and Dissertations
Divorce is becoming a new normal, yet individuals may question their self-worth. Existing research reveals that divorce and separation are associated with negative psychological and physical consequences. This study investigated the relationship between self-constructs (self-forgiveness, self-acceptance/self-condemnation, self-compassion) and Psychological well-being among divorced people. Each of these aspects of the self is thought to lead to disturbance. However, the relationship of these concepts to each other, which has a unique influence on psychopathology and well-being, was tested. The current study sampled 270 adults from social media/online and prolific platforms, who completed scales measuring each of the self-constructs and depression, anger at …
Assessing School Psychologists’ Accuracy, Judgment, And Decision-Making In Specific Learning Disability Identification: A Re-Evaluation Of The Role Of Exclusionary Factors, Josette Elizabeth Tugander
Assessing School Psychologists’ Accuracy, Judgment, And Decision-Making In Specific Learning Disability Identification: A Re-Evaluation Of The Role Of Exclusionary Factors, Josette Elizabeth Tugander
Theses and Dissertations
Specific learning disability (SLD) is the most identified disability category for students across the United States. In light of its prevalence and implications for the allocation of resources in schools, identification accuracy is critical. However, previous research has remained mixed on school psychologists’ skills regarding identification accuracy, particularly when assessing students who are English Learners (ELs). This is especially problematic considering the historical overidentification of these students, such that many ELs with cognitive and academic scores that resemble SLD are classified as SLD without proper consideration of exclusionary factors that should have precluded the classification. This study aimed to build …
A Pilot Investigation Of Graduate Trainees’ Perceptions Of Clinical Competency; Do Experiences During Practicum Matter?, Rebecca S. Stock
A Pilot Investigation Of Graduate Trainees’ Perceptions Of Clinical Competency; Do Experiences During Practicum Matter?, Rebecca S. Stock
Theses and Dissertations
Trainee perceived clinical competence in cognitive behavior therapy has been shown to change over time (Bennett-Levy & Beedie, 2007). Experiences during practicum likely shape the development of trainees’ perceptions of competence (Hatcher & Wise, 2014). This study examines the impact of various factors on trainee perceived competence including, anxiety, client outcome, perceived supervisor competence, and attitudes about routine outcome measurement. Twelve doctoral students, in their first clinical practicum experience, participated in this research over the course of five months. Results indicated that the trajectory of perceived competency varied between participants, with some participants reporting an increase in competency across time …
Is Demandingness The Core Irrational Belief Leading To Anger? A Test Of Ellis' Theory, Yareli Perez Ibarra
Is Demandingness The Core Irrational Belief Leading To Anger? A Test Of Ellis' Theory, Yareli Perez Ibarra
Theses and Dissertations
Anger has detrimental effects on individuals, and 7.8% of the United States population experiences intense, poorly controlled anger (Birkley & Eckhardt, 2015; Bogdan et al., 2016; Rissman, 2017; Okuda et al., 2015). Despite this, anger remains absent as a standalone disorder within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) though is highly prevalent in five disorders within the DSM. Evidence supports the use of cognitive behavioral approaches, namely Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), as forms of treatment (Fernandez & Johnson, 2016; David & Szentagotai, 2006). Within REBT, Albert Ellis proposed that Demandingness was …
A Systematic Review And Meta Analysis Of Home-School Interventions For Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Devora Perlow
A Systematic Review And Meta Analysis Of Home-School Interventions For Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Devora Perlow
Theses and Dissertations
Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are pervasive and impair functioning across settings. Though effective interventions designed for school or for home settings are well established, collaborative cross-setting interventions for children with ADHD have yet to be systematically reviewed. The present study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis consisting of eight studies which were analyzed most prominently in (a) measures used, (b) child outcomes in functional impairment, social/emotional/behavioral functioning, and academic achievement, and (c) parent and teacher outcomes. Measures included in study are described, the majority were valid and reliable. Measures included in the review lacked consistency in which …
An Examination Of Assessment Practices For Emotional Disturbance In Schools: A Systematic Review, Christie Mulligan
An Examination Of Assessment Practices For Emotional Disturbance In Schools: A Systematic Review, Christie Mulligan
Theses and Dissertations
School Psychologists are tasked with providing an array of evidence-based practices, though research has found that 50% of school psychologists’ time is spent in assessment (Benson et al., 2019). Although school psychologists are not solely making decisions based on assessment data, their evaluations are important and at the forefront of committee decisions within Special Education (Sullivan et al., 2019). Assessment plays a vital role in a struggling child’s educational track; therefore, it is imperative to consider what assessment practices and factors are informing crucial eligibilities and data-based decisions. A particularly challenging category within assessment in special education is determining ED. …
Trust, Self-Efficacy, And Purpose At Work Among Teachers In Vietnam, Thomas J. Minunno
Trust, Self-Efficacy, And Purpose At Work Among Teachers In Vietnam, Thomas J. Minunno
Theses and Dissertations
A sense of purpose and meaning in work among teachers is a vital resource protecting against burnout, reducing anxiety and depression, and enhancing student engagement in the classroom (Boreham & Schutte, 2023; Lavy, 2022). The inherently social nature of schools prompts investigation into social predictors of purpose at work among teachers, including feelings of trust. The specific relationship between trust in one’s colleagues and administration and one’s sense of purpose at work among teachers in Vietnam is unexplored in empirical literature. We examine trust as a predictor of purposefulness at work and self-efficacy as a potential mediator of this relationship …
Facets Of Self-Efficacy As Potential Mediators Of Interpersonal Relationships And Job Satisfaction With Teachers In Vietnam, Justin Meas Lazu
Facets Of Self-Efficacy As Potential Mediators Of Interpersonal Relationships And Job Satisfaction With Teachers In Vietnam, Justin Meas Lazu
Theses and Dissertations
Job satisfaction is a critical factor influencing teacher retention, well-being, and self-efficacy. Interpersonal relationships within the workplace—including those with students, colleagues, and principals—have been shown to be key contributors to job satisfaction. Although research has extensively explored job satisfaction in a Western educational context, few studies have examined its predictors in a Southeast Asian context, particularly in Vietnam. Given Vietnam’s collectivist culture and Confucian-influenced education system, where workplace harmony and hierarchical relationships are emphasized over individual autonomy, the factors influencing teacher job satisfaction may differ significantly from those in Western contexts. Further, the mechanisms through which workplace relationships influence job …
The Effect Of Working Memory On Psychological Hardiness: The Moderating Effect Of Stress And Motivation, Sarah Joy Labarbera
The Effect Of Working Memory On Psychological Hardiness: The Moderating Effect Of Stress And Motivation, Sarah Joy Labarbera
Theses and Dissertations
Psychological Hardiness is a resilience personality trait with extensive empirical evidence of its combative effects against stress (Bartone et al., 2008; Oliver, 2009; Johnsen et al., 2013). However, the cognitive processes underlying this skill are not well understood. Understanding the mechanisms of resiliency is imperative for all human persons to succeed, especially those involved in high-stress occupations. This study will investigate the relationship between working memory capacity and psychological hardiness, as well as assess stress and motivation as potential moderating variables. We hypothesized that 1) Higher vs. Lower levels of working memory capacity (WMC) will predict higher levels of Hardiness, …
Evaluating School Psychologists’ Understanding Of Psw Approaches In Sld Identification, Izabela Konopko
Evaluating School Psychologists’ Understanding Of Psw Approaches In Sld Identification, Izabela Konopko
Theses and Dissertations
Specific Learning Disability (SLD) is the most common classification for special education children in the United States (National Center for Education Statistics, 2018). With the high prevalence of this disorder, an increase in the use of the pattern of strengths and weaknesses (PSW) method, and the responsibility of the school psychologist to engage in competent practice, this study aimed to investigate the level of understanding school psychologists have in three of the most common PSW methods: Naglieri’s (1999) discrepancy/consistency method (DCM), Flanagan and colleagues’ (2002, 2013) dual-discrepancy consistency method (DD/C), and Hale and Fiorello’s (2004) concordance-discordance method (C-DM; Maki & …
Working Harder, Or Working Faster? Novel And Working Memory Task Validity For Inidividuals With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Jacqueline Anne Hilbert
Working Harder, Or Working Faster? Novel And Working Memory Task Validity For Inidividuals With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Jacqueline Anne Hilbert
Theses and Dissertations
Imagine having a disorder where you are predisposed to score a year below average on examinations for your age (Lawrence et al., 2020). This is the frustrating reality for individuals with ADHD. This life-long neurodevelopmental disorder impacts people's functioning in their everyday lives, including standardized task performance. However, it is possible that individuals with ADHD may actually present advantages in tasks that require the ability to release taxing cognitive processes, such as proactive cognitive control. This question has not been examined before and may shed light on the interpretation of ADHD individuals’ performance on standardized tests and tasks. To this …
Examination Of School Professionals’ Knowledge Of Selective Mutism And Other Childhood Mental Health Disorders, Alisa Gudz
Theses and Dissertations
Selective Mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder characterized by the consistent failure to speak in specific social situations, despite the ability to effectively communicate in other settings. School professionals play an important role in identifying and supporting students with SM; however, previous studies suggest that knowledge of SM among school professionals is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine school professionals’ knowledge of SM compared to their knowledge of two other more common childhood disorders – Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). This study investigated whether knowledge of ADHD or SAD was a stronger …
Examination Of Obtained And Expected Cognitive Performance Of English Learners: An Evaluation Of Broad Ability Composites Versus Aggregate Mean Scores, Nicole Brozyna
Theses and Dissertations
The United States population continues to shift towards a majority rich in cultural, ethnic, and linguistic minorities (Rhodes et al., 2005). Within the education system, school psychologists are challenged with the task of conducting nondiscriminatory assessment of English Learners (ELs), while also adhering to the standards for ethical practice. In recent years, minority students have too frequently been placed in special education settings without sufficient support to signify need of a classification. To provide equitable and fair assessments to ELs in schools, clinicians require the knowledge necessary to understand the influence of cultural and linguistic developmental factors that affect performance. …
Our Morality Or Your Morality? An Exploration Of The Influence Of Group Membership On Moral Judgment And The Moderating Influence Of Theory Of Mind, Phoebe Flora Dadson
Our Morality Or Your Morality? An Exploration Of The Influence Of Group Membership On Moral Judgment And The Moderating Influence Of Theory Of Mind, Phoebe Flora Dadson
Theses and Dissertations
The present study explores the interaction between social group membership and moral judgment in decision-making. This interaction is also assessed through the moderating value of Theory of Mind (TOM), encompassing both affective and cognitive empathy. This research hypothesizes that 1) there is an association between TOM and decision-making in morality, 2) group membership, expressed as adherence to political ideology, influences moral judgment, 3) a higher frequency of utilitarian choices in other beneficial moral dilemmas is expected to be correlated with a stronger association with political group ideals. The sample population is comprised of college students at St. John’s University (N …
Broad And Specific Parenting Practices’ Effects On Toddlers’ Prosocial Development: A Three-Month Longitudinal Study, Cassandra Cheeseman
Broad And Specific Parenting Practices’ Effects On Toddlers’ Prosocial Development: A Three-Month Longitudinal Study, Cassandra Cheeseman
Theses and Dissertations
Prosocial behaviors typically emerge by age two and are associated with positive social and behavioral outcomes. Caregivers shape toddlers’ prosocial behavior development through broad (i.e., general warmth and sensitivity) and specific (i.e., social and material reinforcement) parenting practices. However, current research findings are mixed due to differences in toddler age, parenting practices studied, and the tendency to aggregate prosocial behaviors into one category. This aggregation approach overlooks the unique neurocognitive correlates, skills, and developmental trajectories of individual prosocial behaviors. To address these gaps, the current study investigates how broad and specific parenting practices relate to helping, sharing, and comforting, both …