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Extrapolating Human Probability Judgment, Daniel N. Osherson, Edward E. Smith, Tracy S. Myers, Eldar Shafir, Michael Stob Mar 1994

Extrapolating Human Probability Judgment, Daniel N. Osherson, Edward E. Smith, Tracy S. Myers, Eldar Shafir, Michael Stob

University Faculty Publications and Creative Works

We advance a model of human probability judgment and apply it to the design of an extrapolation algorithm. Such an algorithm examines a person's judgment about the likelihood of various statements and is then able to predict the same person's judgments about new statements. The algorithm is tested against judgments produced by thirty undergraduates asked to assign probabilities to statements about mammals.

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Supplemental Carbon Dioxide And Light Improved Tomato And Pepper Seedling Growth And Yield, Alejandro Fierro, Nicolas Tremblay, André Gosselin Mar 1994

Supplemental Carbon Dioxide And Light Improved Tomato And Pepper Seedling Growth And Yield, Alejandro Fierro, Nicolas Tremblay, André Gosselin

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of CO, enrichment (900 μl·liter-1, 8 hours/day) in combination with supplementary lighting of 100 μmol·s-1·m-2 (16- h photoperiod) on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedling growth in the greenhouse and subsequent yield in the field. Enrichment with CO2 and supplementary lighting for » 3 weeks before transplanting increased accumulation of dry matter in shoots by » 50% compared with the control, while root dry weight increased 49% for tomato and 6270 for pepper. Early yields increased by =1570 and 11% for tomato and pepper, respectively.

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A Comparison Of Variable Selection Criteria For Multiple Linear Regression: A Third Simulation Study, Ertem Mutlu Mar 1994

A Comparison Of Variable Selection Criteria For Multiple Linear Regression: A Third Simulation Study, Ertem Mutlu

Theses and Dissertations

The goal of this thesis research is to introduce and study a modification of Millers Method which we call the Modified-Millers method MM method, study two step subset selection procedures, these of which apply Millers Method in the first step and employs another method Minimum MSE or Minimum Sp or Minimum Cp in the second step and these of which employ another method Minimum MSE or Minimum Sp or Minimum Cp in the first step and applies Millers Method in the second step. The results of all techniques will be compared including the results of the previous simulation studies done …

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A Fortran Based Learning System Using Multilayer Back-Propagation Neural Network Techniques, Gregory L. Reinhart Mar 1994

A Fortran Based Learning System Using Multilayer Back-Propagation Neural Network Techniques, Gregory L. Reinhart

Theses and Dissertations

An interactive computer system which allows the researcher to build an optimal neural network structure quickly, is developed and validated. This system assumes a single hidden layer perceptron structure and uses the back- propagation training technique. The software enables the researcher to quickly define a neural network structure, train the neural network, interrupt training at any point to analyze the status of the current network, re-start training at the interrupted point if desired, and analyze the final network using two- dimensional graphs, three-dimensional graphs, confusion matrices and saliency metrics. A technique for training, testing, and validating various network structures and …

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An Investigation Of Simulated Annealing Applied To Structural Optimization Problems, Richard C. Mceachin Mar 1994

An Investigation Of Simulated Annealing Applied To Structural Optimization Problems, Richard C. Mceachin

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis investigates the feasibility of using Simulated Annealing SA in structural optimization problems. The investigation involves solving benchmark structural optimization problems with an SA algorithm, and comparing its solutions to those found by four other optimizers. Overall, the analysis shows that SA has limited applicability in structural optimization. Two primary factors were found to adversely impact the performance of the SA algorithm in these problems. These factors are high dimensionality, and high levels of constraint. The difficulty involved in solving these problems with a random search increases exponentially with the number of dimensions. The number, and non-linearity, of the …

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Study Of Existing Information Concerning Water Quality Within Lake Mead, Vicki Scharnhorst, Southern Nevada Water Authority Feb 1994

Study Of Existing Information Concerning Water Quality Within Lake Mead, Vicki Scharnhorst, Southern Nevada Water Authority

Publications (WR)

The purpose of Task 010A15M of the Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) Treatment and Transmission Facility (TTF) contract is to conduct a study of existing information concerning water quality within Lake Mead and identify additional water quality studies that are needed to supplement existing data. The objective of this task is not to discuss treatability of the raw water source; this is addressed by Task 010A18M, "Define Water Treatment Requirements." In addition, a narrative on the effect of pending Safe Drinking Water Act amendments and a determination of treated water quality goals is included in Task 010A16M, "Review Safe Drinking …

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Harvesting Hay For High Yield And Quality — More On Bale Ventilators And Other Harvest Aids, Michael Collins Feb 1994

Harvesting Hay For High Yield And Quality — More On Bale Ventilators And Other Harvest Aids, Michael Collins

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

In some areas of the country, producers store a substantial portion of their forage for winter feeding as silage or haylage. However, hay remains the most popular storage method for forage. Hay stores well for long periods and is better suited to cash sale and transportation than silage. Mechanical conditioning, which gained acceptance during the 1950's is probably still the greatest single change in hay harvesting and storage technology during this century. However, a number of other noteworthy changes and innovations have occurred in recent years which have helped to reduce the extent of losses during hay harvesting and storage. …

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Policy Considerations For Contraception In Wildlife Management, Wendy A. Sanborn, Robert H. Schmidt, Herbert C. Freeman Feb 1994

Policy Considerations For Contraception In Wildlife Management, Wendy A. Sanborn, Robert H. Schmidt, Herbert C. Freeman

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Managing wildlife populations by manipulating their birth rates is a promising technology. However, the use of contraceptive technologies will involve the development of new wildlife management policies. We designed and implemented a survey that was intended to gather information on the range of perspectives of concerned publics on contraceptive use in wildlife management. There appears to be considerable confusion and mistrust regarding the application and appropriateness of this new technology. We recommend that promoters of contraception use in wildlife management be careful to explain what this new technology can and cannot do in order to avoid the pitfalls associated with …

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The Prospects And Associated Challenges For The Biological Control Of Rodents, Grant R. Singleton Feb 1994

The Prospects And Associated Challenges For The Biological Control Of Rodents, Grant R. Singleton

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Biological control using macro- or micro-parasites is a promising research area for control of rodents. The largest impediment to progress is a dearth of high quality research, under field conditions, on wild rodents and their diseases. A major challenge is to identify a candidate control agent which is sufficiently pathogenic, has a high transmission rate and is target specific. Once this has been done, ecological studies of both the host and the disease agent, and of the epidemiology of transmission, are required. Whether the desired pathogenicity is via increased mortality and/or reduced fertility will depend on the agent and on …

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Effects Of Initial Rat Captures On Subsequent Capture Success Of Traps, Mark E. Tobin, Robert T. Sugihara, Richard M. Engeman Feb 1994

Effects Of Initial Rat Captures On Subsequent Capture Success Of Traps, Mark E. Tobin, Robert T. Sugihara, Richard M. Engeman

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Trapping records from studies conducted in Hawaiian sugarcane fields were analyzed to determine the effects of rat captures on subsequent capture success of Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus, and R. exulans. Traps that captured rats were subsequently more likely to capture another rat of the same species. We detected no differences in trap responses of males and females, nor did we observe any evidence that capture success of Polynesian rats and roof rats was affected by previous captures of Norway rats. This increased trap success may have been due to residual trap odors, or to greater success of traps …

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Natural History And Protection Of Burrowing Owls, Clark S. Winchell Feb 1994

Natural History And Protection Of Burrowing Owls, Clark S. Winchell

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Burrowing owls (Speotyto cunicularia) were monitored over a four year period at Naval Air Station North Island, a developed area at the north end of San Diego Bay, California. Protection of the nest burrows and a burrow marking program were initiated in 1991. The breeding population increased from 14 to 27 nests after this marking program began. Burrow types and ways to differentiate burrows used by owls from those used by California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) are outlined. The importance of burrows and their management is discussed with reference to the natural history of the owl.

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Supplemental Bear Feeding Program In Western Washington, Georg J. Ziegltrum Feb 1994

Supplemental Bear Feeding Program In Western Washington, Georg J. Ziegltrum

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Black bear (Ursus americanus) damage to trees is a severe problem in the Pacific Northwest. Significant damage has been observed for many years, especially in highly managed private industrial forests in western Washington. The introduction of intensive silvicultural techniques resulted in higher yields, but may have also made trees more vulnerable to black bear destruction. Early lethal control efforts lost public support and the forest products industry investigated different methods that concentrated on non-lethal management tools. In 1985, the Washington Forest Protection Association introduced supplemental bear feeding as a damage prevention program in high damage areas during the …

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Rodent Pests In Colombian Agriculture, Danblo Valencia, Donald J. Elias, Jorge A. Ospina Feb 1994

Rodent Pests In Colombian Agriculture, Danblo Valencia, Donald J. Elias, Jorge A. Ospina

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

The tropical zones of Latin America are sources of a great faunal richness. A significant number of mammals are associated with damage to the agricultural and livestock industries of Colombia. Some studies have indicated that rodents cause serious economic and social damage in the agricultural, livestock, and stored product sectors of the Colombian economy. Evaluations of this damage have been based on three criteria: 1) the characteristics of the damage; 2) the species of rodent involved; and 3) the loss of production at harvest. Cereals and oil-producing crops are most affected as standing crops; in the livestock area, poultry and …

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Registration Requirements For Non-Toxic Natural Products As Animal Damage Control Agents, Stephen A. Schumake Feb 1994

Registration Requirements For Non-Toxic Natural Products As Animal Damage Control Agents, Stephen A. Schumake

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Plant extracts, animal glandular secretions and excretions, and natural food flavoring agents are common sources of natural products that can be used in animal damage control applications. Such products can be used either by themselves (e.g., coyote urine as a rodent repellent), or in combination with other control agents (e.g., food odor or flavor enhancer at baiting sites). The Environmental Protection Agency registration requirements are described for a variety of potential applications of natural products including bird and rodent repellents. In some applications, the product chemistry or other data requirements could make the registration process prohibitive due to the cost …

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Sources Of Information On Wildlife Damage Control, Robert M. Timm Feb 1994

Sources Of Information On Wildlife Damage Control, Robert M. Timm

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

In the area of wildlife damage control, people encounter a great diversity of problems for which they need effective, timely solutions. Published materials or sources of help are often scattered, difficult to locate, or even unknown to many who work in this discipline. Let me begin with three stories. They are fictional, but they are created from the variety of wildlife-human conflicts that occur in California. Thus, they represent the reality of human attempts to deal with wildlife damage.

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Alpha-Chloralose: Current Status, Restrictions And Future Uses For Capturing Birds, Paul P. Woronecki, Richard A. Dolbeer Feb 1994

Alpha-Chloralose: Current Status, Restrictions And Future Uses For Capturing Birds, Paul P. Woronecki, Richard A. Dolbeer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

In 1992, the Animal Damage Control (ADC) program received approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to use Alpha-Chloralose (A-C) nationwide for capturing waterfowl (Anatidae), coots (Fulica americana), and pigeons (Columba livia). To review the first year (1993) of operational use of A-C, we surveyed in January 1994 all ADC State Directors on the status of A-C use within their states. In 1993, 59 ADC personnel were trained and certified in the approved uses of A-C and 696 nuisance waterfowl were captured with A-C in 10 states. Restrictions imposed by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service …

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Managing Raccoons, Skunks, And Opossums In Urban Settings, Kevin D. Clark Feb 1994

Managing Raccoons, Skunks, And Opossums In Urban Settings, Kevin D. Clark

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Increased urbanization and decreased government funding, plus increased numbers of certain wildlife species, have combined to provide a greater need for wildlife management of nuisance animals in the urban environment.

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Laboratory Studies With Compound Drc-1339 On Feral Pigeons, John L. Cummings, Patricia A. Pochop, Melvyn V. Garrison, Carol A. Furcolow, James E. Davis Jr. Feb 1994

Laboratory Studies With Compound Drc-1339 On Feral Pigeons, John L. Cummings, Patricia A. Pochop, Melvyn V. Garrison, Carol A. Furcolow, James E. Davis Jr.

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine an effective DRC-1339 concentration and bait dilution ratio to control pigeons. Treated whole corn baits formulated with Alcolec-s®, corn starch, or corn oil as adhesive agents and 0.25% or 0.37% DRC-1339 diluted 1:5 with untreated corn produced < 10% mortality. DRC-1339 treated whole corn baits (0.25% and 0.37%) diluted 1:0 and formulated with Alcolec-s® produced 20% and 5% mortality, respectively. Whole corn treated with 0.37% DRC-1339, diluted 1:0, and formulated with corn starch produced 68% mortality in laboratory-held pigeons and was selected for further evaluations in field studies to provide efficacy data to the EPA. DRC-1339 residue levels observed in pigeons free-feeding on 0.37% undiluted DRC-1339 treated corn was not detected in breast tissue and only occurred in the gastrointestinal tract of two of five pigeons at 0.06 and 0.19 ppm. DRC-1339 residues observed in pigeons force-fed 21 whole corn kernels treated with 0.37% DRC-1339 (approximately 5 times the LDso dose) were not detectable after 3 h in breast tissue and 24 h in the gastrointestinal tract. DRC-1339 residues in pigeons gavaged with 58 mg DRC-1339 (over 10 times the LDM dose) were detectable in the breast muscle of four of nine pigeons at 0.061 to 0.10 ppm. DRC-1339 residues in the gastrointestinal tract ranged from 0.13 to >17 ppm in eight of nine treated pigeons and was not detectable in the remaining pigeon.

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Food Habits And Management Of Introduced Red Fox In Southern California, Richard T. Golightly Jr., Michelle R. Faulhaber, Kevin L. Sallee, Jeffrey C. Lewis Feb 1994

Food Habits And Management Of Introduced Red Fox In Southern California, Richard T. Golightly Jr., Michelle R. Faulhaber, Kevin L. Sallee, Jeffrey C. Lewis

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Introduced red fox in urban Orange County, California ate a wide variety of foods. Mammals and birds were consumed at all times of the year and both taxa appeared in approximately half or more of the fecal samples at all times of the year. Human supplied food remains were also common and supplemental feeding occurred at all study sites. Supplemental feeding has the potential to exacerbate problems for management of introduced red fox and several endangered species.

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The European Ferret, Mustela Putorius, (Family Mustelidae) Its Public Health, Wildlife And Agricultural Significance, Jim C. Hitchcock Feb 1994

The European Ferret, Mustela Putorius, (Family Mustelidae) Its Public Health, Wildlife And Agricultural Significance, Jim C. Hitchcock

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

The European ferret, Mustela putorius, a species prohibited in California, has become increasingly popular as a household "pet." As a result, its threat to public health, wildlife and agriculture has markedly increased. There has also been a consequent increase in reported attacks on humans, especially infants, including several fatalities. Reports of rabid European ferrets are also on the increase. When European ferrets establish "feral" populations, domestic poultry, waterfowl, game birds, rabbits and other species are at substantial risk. At this time, a California Legislature Assembly Bill has been introduced to change the status of the European ferret from a …

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Biological Management (Control) Of Vertebrate Pests-Advances In The Last Quarter Century, Scott E. Hygnstrom, Kurt C. Vercauteren, Thomas R. Schmaderer Feb 1994

Biological Management (Control) Of Vertebrate Pests-Advances In The Last Quarter Century, Scott E. Hygnstrom, Kurt C. Vercauteren, Thomas R. Schmaderer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

In 1967, Howard provided a review of biological control of vertebrate pests. The term "biological control" was borrowed from the field of entomology, where it has been traditionally defined as "the reduction in number or density of pests through biological processes such as predation, pathogens, habitat modification, and fertility control." Current philosophy in wildlife damage management advocates "the reduction of damage to a tolerable level" rather than "the reduction of the number or density of vertebrate pests." Therefore we abdicate the term "biological control" and encourage the use of a new term, "biological management" of wildlife damage. Advances in science …

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Present Status Of Rattus Norvegicus On Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador, Gillian Key, Elizabeth Wilson, Jules Conner Feb 1994

Present Status Of Rattus Norvegicus On Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador, Gillian Key, Elizabeth Wilson, Jules Conner

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Introduced commensal rodents have had a major impact on the biota of island communities worldwide; the ship rat (Rattus rattus) and the house mouse (Mus domesticus) have a long history in the Galapagos islands, while the larger, more aggressive brown rat (Rattus norvegicus was identified only in 1983 on one island, Santa Cruz. By 1988 it had spread into the agricultural zone but was still restricted to human habitation. In 1993 the cross-island road and village communities in the agricultural zone of Santa Cruz were sampled using a standard trap line of break-back traps. House surveys were also carried out, …

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Effects Of Cs2-Starch Xanthate On Consumption By Rats, Ann E. Koehler, Mark E. Tobin, Robert T. Sugffiara Feb 1994

Effects Of Cs2-Starch Xanthate On Consumption By Rats, Ann E. Koehler, Mark E. Tobin, Robert T. Sugffiara

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

We conducted a series of preliminary feeding trials with Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), roof rats (/?. rattus), and Polynesian rats (R. exulans) to examine the effects of carbon disulfide (CS2) on consumption of nontoxic foods. We formulated CS2 at target concentrations of 10 ppm in deionized water, and of 50 ppm to 100,000 ppm in a starch xanthate matrix. However, we did not analyze actual concentrations of CS2 in the test foods or measure its rate of volatilization, and thus cannot verify the levels of CSj the rats were exposed to. CS2 diluted …

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California Ground Squirrels At Concord Naval Weapons Station: Alternatives For Control And The Ecological Consequences, Ivette Loredo-Prendeville, Dirk Van Vuren, Amy J. Kuenzi, Michael L. Morrison Feb 1994

California Ground Squirrels At Concord Naval Weapons Station: Alternatives For Control And The Ecological Consequences, Ivette Loredo-Prendeville, Dirk Van Vuren, Amy J. Kuenzi, Michael L. Morrison

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

This paper presents a methodological approach that was recently developed to determine alternatives for control of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) and the resulting ecological consequences at the Concord Naval Weapons Station (CNWS). The U.S. Navy initiated this study upon determining a need to control ground squirrels for safety reasons. The squirrel's ecological role at CNWS was examined by estimating squirrel abundance and distribution throughout CNWS, analyzing predator diets, and determining the squirrel's relationship to the California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense). In addition, the efficacy of live capture and translocation of squirrels as a possible control …

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Grower Practices For Blackbird Control In Wild Rice In California, Daniel B. Marcum, W. Paul Gorenzel Feb 1994

Grower Practices For Blackbird Control In Wild Rice In California, Daniel B. Marcum, W. Paul Gorenzel

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

We surveyed 29 wild rice growers, representing 96% of the California acreage grown in 1993, to determine current practices for blackbird damage control. Twenty-seven growers (93%) had blackbird damage. The period of greatest damage and most intensive control was July through September. Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) most frequently caused damage, but three other species of blackbirds and the European starling (Sturnis vulgaris) were also identified. Most growers (72%) reported 1 to 10% yield loss. Average loss ranged from $121 to $309/ha, and from $14,530 to $32,061/grower. Most growers (97%) attempted to control blackbirds for an average of 3.5 months …

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Current (1994) Ground Squirrel Control Practices In California, Rex E. Marsh Feb 1994

Current (1994) Ground Squirrel Control Practices In California, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Current control practices are discussed for the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) which is considered a major rodent pest to agriculture. The primary control options are poison baits, burrow fumigation and trapping. The effectiveness of baits and fumigants is linked closely with the squirrel's annual life cycle, hence knowledge of their cycle is essential. The elements of the squirrel's life cycle importance to management are given in detail. Habitat modification and other methods useful in select instances are provided, along with control strategies within the context of integrated pest management.

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Wolf Depredation Management In Relation To Wolf Recovery, Carter C. Niemeyer, E.E. Bangs, S.H. Fritts, J.A. Fontaine, M.D. Jimenez, W.G. Brewster Feb 1994

Wolf Depredation Management In Relation To Wolf Recovery, Carter C. Niemeyer, E.E. Bangs, S.H. Fritts, J.A. Fontaine, M.D. Jimenez, W.G. Brewster

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

By 1930, wolves were extirpated from the western United States for livestock protection. In 1973, the Endangered Species Act protected wolves, and by 1980, wolf recolonization began in Montana. Confirmed livestock losses have been 17 cattle and 12 sheep with 16 wolves controlled as part of a program to enhance the recovery of non-offending wolves. ADC has: 1) controlled problem wolves, 2) improved communication with affected publics and governmental agencies, and 3) enhanced wolf recovery in Montana.

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An Overview Of Avian Predation And Management Techniques At Fish-Rearing Facilities, James A. Parkhurst Feb 1994

An Overview Of Avian Predation And Management Techniques At Fish-Rearing Facilities, James A. Parkhurst

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

As the aquaculture industry continues to expand in the United States, so too do the losses attributed to wildlife depredation. Because the industry is so diverse and the various types of culture are characterized by unique designs, operations, and arrays of cultured species, there is a need for corresponding uniqueness in predator management strategies and techniques. It is unlikely that, at any time in the near future, one universal method or approach will be developed to successfully resolve wildlife depredation problems in all facilities. However, numerous areas for improvement currently exist where potential reductions in the extent of loss can …

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Effective Period For Control Of The Brown Spiny Field Mouse (Mus Plantythrix) In Dry Land Crops, G. Govinda Raj Feb 1994

Effective Period For Control Of The Brown Spiny Field Mouse (Mus Plantythrix) In Dry Land Crops, G. Govinda Raj

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Information on breeding aspects of rodents is important to ensure control program timing necessary for effective pest management. Hence, studies on breeding aspects of the brown spiny field mouse (Mus platythrix), a known rodent pest in dry land crops were investigated including environmental factors influencing reproduction, from regular monthly collections made during the years 1990 and 1991. Field trapped rodents were classified to derive their population structure—percent juvenile, pre-pubertal and adult including prevalence of pregnancy—based on body weights and sexual conditions. The stage of pregnancy and sperm motility were confirmed by autopsy studies. The data were also analyzed …

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Hanta Viruses And Their Rodent Reservoirs In The United States, James E. Childs, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Pierre E. Rollesf, John W. Krebs, Sherif Zaki, Stuart T. Nichol, C.J. Peters, Gregory E. Glass Feb 1994

Hanta Viruses And Their Rodent Reservoirs In The United States, James E. Childs, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Pierre E. Rollesf, John W. Krebs, Sherif Zaki, Stuart T. Nichol, C.J. Peters, Gregory E. Glass

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Since 1993, three novel hantaviruses have been identified from the United States of which at least two can cause a severe respiratory disease termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Rodent reservoirs have been identified for two viruses; Peromyscus maniculatus is the primary host of Muerto Canyon Virus (MCV) in the western United States and genetic analyses have implicated Sigmodon hispidus as the probable host of a hantavirus in Florida. Of 813 P. maniculatus tested in the southwestern United States 30.4% were infected; 12 of 90 (13.3 %) S. hispidus from Florida were infected. The S. hispidus-associated virus has not been isolated …

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