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C. R. Henderson: Farm Boy, Athlete, And Scientist, L. Dale Van Vleck

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Charles R. Henderson was proud to be a product of a farm in Page County, Iowa. He was a one man track team in Coin, Iowa, and a brilliant student. He became a world class competitor in track at Iowa State College and, at the same time, compiled a top academic record. His early experiences set the stage for the exceptional contributions of his animal breeding career, which did not begin until he was nearly 40 yr of age, but which spanned 40 yr when he was the acknowledged leader in development of statistical methodology applied to animal breeding. His …

Use Of A Simulation Model To Evaluate The Influence Of Reproductive Performance And Management Decisions On Net Income In Beef Production, L. A. Werth, S. M. Azzam, Merlyn K. Nielsen, J. E. Kinder

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

A stochastic dynamic model of reproduction and a deterministic cow-herd economic simulation model were used to evaluate how management decisions and reproductive performance interact to influence net income in a cow-calf operation (1,000 cows) for 1 yr of production. The stochastic model was used to determine herd performance when length of breeding season (45, 70, or 120 d) interacted with three postpartum intervals of an estrus (48, 65, or 90 d) and three conception rates at first service (60, 70, or 80%). Short, moderate, and long postpartum intervals were used to reflect differences in reproductive performance. In addition, replacement heifers …

Diurnal Variation In Mass, Metabolic Rate, And Respiratory Quotient In Anna's And Costa's Hummingbirds, Donald R. Powers

Faculty Publications - Department of Biological & Molecular Science

To examine how hummingbirds that do not enter torpor at night store and utilize energy, open-circuit respirometry and a strain gauge were used to measure daily variation in 0 2 consumption (Vo2 ), C02 production, respiratory quotient (RQ), and body mass in Anna's hummingbird, Calypte anna, and Costa's hummingbird, Calypte costae. During the day, Vo2 was highly variable primarily because of dif ferences in activity among individuals. At night Vo2 varied little between individuals, but mean Vo2 was more than two times that predicted from body mass for resting, postabsorptive birds. F0.85), indicating the use of carbohydrate as a …

Survey Of The Damage Caused To Trees By Goats, Steve Gherardi, Dick Mills, Tim Johnson

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

The damage that goats can cause to trees is one of the major problems associated with their farming in the agricultural areas of Australia. It is also considered one of the main hindrances to the development of the goat industry. The Department of Agriculture s Goat Industry Development Unit surveyed mohair and cashmere producers to determine the prevalence of tree damage and its extent and severity; why producers believed goats damaged trees; and how producers minimised or prevented this damage.

Animal Production From Tagasaste Growing In Deep Sands In A 450 Mm Winter Rainfall Zone, Chris Oldham, Greg Allen, Peter Moore, Bruce Mattinson

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

In 1985, Martindale Pty Ltd, Sir James McCusker's family company, signed a unique research contract with Professor David Lindsay of the University of Western Australia. The aim of the Martindale Research Project was to study ways of increasing farm productivity in the sheep-wheat zone of south-western Australia. A primary focus was the high cost of grain or hay used to fill the autumn feed gap in grazing systems.

However, it was not clear how or if tagasaste might be economically used to replace the grain and/or hay traditionally fed by hand to sheep and cattle in autumn.

Supplementary Feeding Of Weaner Sheep At Esperance, Julian Gardner, Peter Doyle

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Cereal grains, particularly barley, have been the usual supplement fed to weaner sheep during summer and autumn along Western Australia's south coast. This area is a major barley producer, and weather-damaged and other feed quality grain have a ready use. High protein lupin seed, and to a lesser extent silage, have gained wide acceptance recently as alternative supplements. This article discusses the results of the first two of a series of supplementary feeding experiments at Esperance Downs Research Station.

Physicochemical And Macromolecular Properties Of Starch-Cellulose Fiber Extrudates, R. Chinnaswamy, M. A. Hanna

Food Structure

Three different pure cellulose fibers (James River Corporation, NJ) with lengths of 22, 60 and 110 pm were used at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% concentrations with normal corn starch. The fiber-starch mixtures were extruded (C.W. Brabender Laboratory Extruder) at moisture contents of 14, 18 and 22% (db), 140°C barrel temperature and 140 rpm screw speed. The expansion ratio of the starch-fiber extrudates varied from 5.0 to 13.3. The maximum expansion ratio of 13.3 was obtained with 2%-60 mm fiber and 14% (db) moisture content. Increasing fiber concentration and moisture content generally reduced the expansion volumes. Water solubility …

Structures And Properties Of Stabilized Vitamin And Carotenoid Dry Powders, Victor E. Colombo, Francoise Gerber

Food Structure

The development of special formulated forms of vitamin and carotenoid dry powders solved most of the technical problems encountered in handling the original pure crystalline or oily compounds. Various procedures to obtain stabilized products have been introduced on an industrial scale for feed , food and pharmaceutical purposes. Proven modes of manufacture of formulated dry powders includes the numerous spraying processes for emulsions, dispersions or solutions, and the production of adsorbates of fat-based products.

The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of stabilized vitamin and carotenoid dry powders. This contribution is intended to demonstrate the usefulness of …

Effect Of Chemical Modifications On The Microstructure Of Raw Meat Batters, Andre Gordon, Shai Barbut

Food Structure

The microstructure and stability of raw meat batters treated with five chemical agents were investigated by electron and light microscopy. Six batters were made with NaCI (2.5%). five of which were treated with either hydrogen peroxide (H,O,), B- mercaptoethanol (B-ME), ethylenediamine- tetraacetic acid (EDTA), urea or Tween 80. The Tween 80 treatment produced a highly unstable raw batter with significant (P > 0.05) fat and water losses. None of the other treatments produced an unstable raw batter.

Microstructural examination revealed that, except for Tween 80, the chemically-treated raw batters were stable and showed some similarity to the control in their microstructure …

Effect Of Irradiation And Dielectric Heating On Soybean Ultrastructure, Trypsin Inhibitor, And Lipoxygenase Activities, E. Kovacs, N. D. Lam, J. Beczner, I. Kiss

Food Structure

Scanning electron microscopy ( SEM) was used to observe the protein bodies of soybeans after irradiation (0 - 10 kGy dose range) , dielectric heating and storage . Microbiological changes , lip oxygenase and trypsin inhibit or activities and biological value were also studied after different treatments and storaee . There were no differences in the ultrastructure of control and irradiated ( 3, 6 and 10 kGy) soybeans immediately after irradiation . The effect of storage depended on whether whole or milled soybeans had been stored . There was no direct effect of dielectric he ating on soybeans ultrastruc ture …

Structure And Rheology Of Dairy Products: A Compilation Of References With Subject And Author Indexes, David N. Holcomb

Food Structure

No abstract provided.

Effect Of Extruder Die Temperature On Texture And Microstructure Of Restructured Mechanically Deboned Chicken And Corn Starch, V. B. Alvarez, D. M. Smith, S. Flegler

Food Structure

Proximate composition, textural properties and microstructural changes of mechanically deboned chicken/15% corn starch extrudates were evaluated when restructured at die temperatures of 25, 71, 82, 93 , 104 and ll5°C in a twin-screw extruder. Total sol ids and fat content decreased, whereas protein content increased die temperatures were increased. When die temperature was increased from 71°C to 104°C, apparent stress at failure of extrudates increased by 44 kPa , but decreased at a die temperature of 115°C. Changes in the protein matrix, fat globules and starch granules due to changes i n extruder die temperature were observed by scanning electron …

Relationship Between Microstructure And In Vitro Digestibility Of Starch In Precooked Leguminous Seed Flours, Juscelino Tovar, Alicia De Francisco, Inger Bjorck, Nils-Georg Asp

Food Structure

Precooked flours (PCFs) were prepared by milling boiled and freeze-dried red kidney beans, white beans and lentils. As demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy, PCFs were rich in relatively large particles which contained cell structures filled with starch. In contrast, flours from raw seeds contained a large number of free starch granules. The in vitro a-amylolysis rate ofPCFs was remarkably low, but increased after physical and chemical treatments of the flours. Homogenization resulted in the largest increase of hydrolysis rate. The susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis was also enhanced when PCFs were preincubated with pepsin or submitted to additional boiling. These treatments …

Potential Impacts Of Biomass Production In The United States On Biological Diversity, James H. Cook, Jan Beyea, Kathleen H. Keeler

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Biomass could be a renewable source of energy and chemicals that would not add CO₂ to the atmosphere. It will become economically competitive as its cost decreases relative to energy costs, and biotechnology is expected to accelerate this trend by increasing biomass productivity. Pressure to slow global warming may also make biomass more attractive. Substantial dependence on biomass would entail massive changes in land use, risking serious reductions in biodiversity through destruction of habitat for native species. Forests could be managed and harvested more intensively, and virtually all arable land unsuitable for high-value agriculture or silviculture might be used …

Practical Methods For Identification Of Rice Endosperm Protein Bodies And Fecal Protein Particles In Light Microscopy, D. L. Barber, J. N. A. Lott, D. A. Harris

Food Structure

Indigestible 1-3 ~m protein 'cores', particles that originate from protein bodies of rice endosperm, were examined in bright-field and fluorescence microscopy, using a variety of histological and histochemical procedures. Our application of histological, histochemical and chemical approaches to a study of the feces of aoimals fed rice-containing diets has resulted in the development of methods for routine identification of insoluble rice fecal protein particles. For the specific identification of rice endosperm storage protein, whether protein bodies, cores or fecal protein particles, aqueous eosin Y stain in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy, and a combination of orange G + aniline blue in …

Textural And Microstructural Properties Of Frozen Fish Mince As Affected By The Addition Of Nonfish Proteins And Sorbitol, K. S. Yoon, C. M. Lee, L. A. Hufnagel

Food Structure

Changes in textural and microstructural properties of washed and unwashed frozen fish mince were studied as affected by the addition of non fish proteins (soy protein isolate, milk protein isolate, egg white, and wheat gluten at 2 , 4 or 6%) and 6% crystalline sorbitol. Soy and milk proteins and sorbitol reduced the hardness of frozen fish mince, while egg white and wheat gluten made the texture firmer without rubberiness developing after frozen storage. All nonfish proteins and sorbitol stabilized the myofibrillar organization by reducing freeze-induced contraction of myofibrils.

The mechanisms of reducing texture hardening appear to be different between …

Extrusion-Cooking Of Pea Flour: Structural And Immunocytochemical Aspects, Hassane Ben-Hdech, Daniel J. Gallant, Brigitte Bouchet, Jacques Gueguen, Jean-Pierre Melcion

Food Structure

Pea flour was submitted to extrusion-cooking under various conditions. The progressive structural transformation was investigated by light microscopy and immuno- gold transmission electron microscopy. Each of the three major compounds, i.e., starch granules, protein bodies, and cell wall fragments, develop a specific, independent structure. Protein bodies aggregate and fuse giving a protein matrix. Starch granules swell, deform, come into contact with each other, and ultimately also fuse together. The resulting gel expands giving a honeycombed structure. Consequently, the protein matrix is arranged into dense strata, i.e,. protein fibers in cross or longitudinal sections, disrupted by the expanded starch gel. Cell …

Feeding Value Of Grain Sorghum For The Lactating Sow, G. F. Louis, A. J. Lewis, E. R. Peo, Jr.

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of a corn-soybean meal (CSBM) and a sorghum-soybean meal (S-SBM) diet on reproductive performance and nutrient utilization by sows. In Exp. 1,75 sows (39 gilts; 36 primiparous) were fed either a C-SBM or a S-SBM gestation diet from breeding to d 109, On d 110, sows were assigned to lactation diets; half of the sows from each dietary treatment were assigned to a lactation diet based on the opposite grain. Sow weight change from d 54 to farrowing was greater (P < .06) for sows fed S-SBM than for sows fed C-SBM. There was no difference (P > SO) in weight change of sows during lactation. Feed consumption during …

Wpa News 31 (1991), World Pheasant Association

Galliformes Specialist Group and Affiliated Societies: Newsletters

WPA News (January 1991), number 31

Published by the World Pheasant Association

Nf91-21 Cutting Family Living Food Expenses, Kathy Prochaska-Cue

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebFact discusses reducing family food expenses.

G91-1010 Managing Corn And Sorghum Residues During The Ecofarming Fallow Period, Robert N. Klein, Gail A. Wicks

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide explains how to maintain an appropriate residue cover with ecofarming in the fallow period before winter wheat to reduce soil erosion and conserve soil moisture. Ecofarming is a system of controlling weeds and managing crop residues throughout a crop rotation with minimum use of tillage. This will reduce soil erosion and production costs while increasing weed control, water infiltration, moisture conservation and crop yields. In the winter wheat-ecofallow corn or grain sorghum-fallow rotation, corn or grain sorghum is no-till planted into winter wheat stubble in May. During the previous summer or fall the winter wheat stubble was treated …

G91-1034 Evaluating The Feeding Value Of Fibrous Feeds For Dairy Cattle, Rick J. Grant

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide describes what makes fiber unique as a nutrient, how it's measured, and the impact different dietary fiber levels have on milk production and feed intake.

Fiber content of feed or forage affects its feeding value. Understanding fiber and how it is used is necessary to properly feed dairy cows. Each of the following topics will be addressed to better understand fiber nutrition in the dairy cow:

1. What is fiber?

2. How will too little or too much fiber in the diet affect the cow's metabolism and subsequent production?

3. What are optimal levels of fiber in the …

G91-1027 Protein And Carbohydrate Nutrition Of High Producing Dairy Cows, Rick J. Grant

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide discusses the protein and carbohydrate requirements for milk production by dairy cows, and feeding guidelines to meet those requirements.

Crude protein makes up 14 to 19 percent, and carbohydrates 65 to 75 percent of the total ration dry matter in common dairy cow diets. As milk production per cow increases above 19,000 to 20,000 pounds per year, understanding how these nutrients are used by the dairy cow for milk production allows the formulation of diets that optimize solids-corrected milk production.

G91-1041 Feeding The Bovine Somatotropin (Bst) Treated Dairy Cow, Rick J. Grant, Jeffrey F. Keown

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

Proper feeding management of dairy cows treated with bovine somatotropin is emphasized.

When dairy producers decide to use bovine somatotropin (BST) in their herds, proper nutritional management is critical to its success.

The final decision to use BST is likely an economic one: will the use of BST in a producer's operation generate a positive cash flow?

Nf91-34 Food Safety For Farmers' Market Vendors, Julie A. Albrecht

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebFact discusses food safety issues for farmers' market vendors.

Nf91-33 Handling Eggs Safely At Home, Julie A. Albrecht, Alice Henneman

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebFact discusses egg handling safely.

Getting The Best Out Of Weaner Sheep In The Eastern Wheatbelt, Sally Revell

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

A study of the growth of Merino weaner flocks over summer and autumn in Western Australia 's eastern wheatbelt during 1989 and 1990 has identified efficient weaner management strategies, and provided a basis for future research and extension needs of this area. The average liveweight of several weaner flocks was unexpectedly low at the start of summer. Weaner flocks may need to be supplemented before the start of summer to prevent undue weight loss at this time.

Veterinary Consultancy Boosts Piggery Profits, Ashley Mercy

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

A pilot Pig Herd Health Management Scheme co-ordinated by the Department of Agriculture has stimulated much increased involvement of veterinarians in the Western Australian pig industry. Co-ordinated by Ashley Mercy, principal veterinary officer (epidemiology) horn 1985 to 1989, the scheme demonstrated the value of having regular visits from veterinary consultants and in implementing programs to prevent disease and production problems occurring in herds.

The Role Of Mechanical Injury In An Experimental Transmission Of Flexibacter Columnaris To Fingerling Walleye, Manzoor Hussain, Robert C. Summerfelt

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

The role of mechanical injury in transmission of Flexibacter columnaris to walleye fingerlings (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) was investigated. Two groups (1 and 2) of 10 fish each, 7 to 9 cm total length, were exposed to a suspension of F lexibacter columnaris containing 3 X 105 cfu/ mL; fish in group 1 were injured with a scratch along their flank; fish in group 2 were not injured. Two control groups (3 and 4) of 5 fish each were exposed to a sterile broth; group 3 was injured with a scratch and group 4 was not. In 72 h, morbidity was …

The Effect Of Cimaterol And Its Withdrawal On Carcass Composition And Meat Tenderness Of Broiler Chickens, B. L. Gwartney, Chris R. Calkins, Steven J. Jones

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

To examine the effects of cimaterol (CIM) and its withdrawal on meat tenderness and carcass composition, 214-old broiler chickens (n = 288) were randomly assigned to one of nine treatments. For Treatments 1 through 6, bids were fed a control diet or a diet containing 1 ppm CIM until slaughter at 35, 42, or 49 d of age. Treatments 7 and 8 consisted of birds fed the CIM diet for 14 d and then withdrawn from CIM for either 7 or 14 d before slaughter (42 or 49 d of age). In Treatment 9, birds were fed the CIM diet …