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Molecular Approaches For Control Of Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus, H. B. Scholthof, M. Borja, Thomas Jack Morris, A. O. Jackson

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

I N this overview strategies are discussed that are currently being tested in our laboratory in an effort to engineer resistance against tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) in plants. TBSV is chosen as a model-system since this is an economically important RNA virus that is well characterized at the molecular level and the virus has some interesting and potentially useful features that can be exploited to produce resistant plants. Moreover, we anticipate that the information derived from our studies with TBSV will be applicable in developing resistance to other plant viruses. Some approaches that we are attempting to apply to …

Charles Eric "Chuck" Dawson, 1922-1993 [In Memoriam], Robin M. Overstreet, Stuart G. Poss

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Obituary of Charles Eric "Chuck" Dawson, 1922-1993, American marine ichthyologist.

Three New Species Of Nematodes Associated With Endemic Grape (Vitis) In California, Luma Al-Banna, Scott Lyell Gardner

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Three new species of nematodes were encountered during a study of natural diversity of nematode associates of native species of Vitis L. in California. Achromadora walkeri sp. n. was found in rhizosoil of the native California grape Vitis californica Bentham and is characterized by the position of the amphid (within the vicinity of both dorsal and ventral teeth), a relatively long stoma, and the absence of a prerectum. The other 2 species were plant parasitic criconematids: Criconemoides featherensis sp. n., found in association with roots of V. californica, is characterized by possessing strongly retrose annuli posterior to the vulva, …

Experimental Immunity Against Trypanosomiasis In Rabbits, Curtis Powell

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Rabbits were immunized with specially prepared subcellular fractions of a cloned Trypanosoma brucei brucei stock 427. One fraction was found to be highly immunoprophylactic in rabbits exposed to the vector fly genus Glossina m. morsitans (tsetse flies) infected with EATRO Trypanosoma brucei brucei 1969. The most immunoprotective fraction IPFA from T. b. brucei 427 gave 75% protection to animals challenged by EATRO T. b. brucei 1969. IPFA also showed the highest IgG antibody titre against the heterologous and homologous strains. In in vitro studies, the sera from these immunized rabbits killed different strains of parasites, T. b. brucei strains 1969 …

Purification And Ligand Binding Of A Soluble Class I Mhc Molecule Consisting Of The First Three Domains Of H-2kd Fused To B2-Microglobulin Expressed In The Baculovirus/Insect Cell System, Francois Godeau, Immanuel F. Luescher, David M. Ojcius, Cecile Saucier, Estelle Mottez, Lucien Cabanie, Philippe Kourilsky

All Dugoni School of Dentistry Faculty Articles

A recombinant baculovirus encoding a single-chain murine major histocompatibility complex class I molecule in which the first three domains of H-2Kd are fused to beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) via a 15-amino acid linker has been isolated and used to infect lepidopteran cells. A soluble, 391-amino acid single-chain H-2Kd (SC-Kd) molecule of 48 kDa was synthesized and glycosylated in insect cells and could be purified in the absence of detergents by affinity chromatography using the anti-H-2Kd monoclonal antibody SF1.1.1.1. We tested the ability of SC-Kd to bind antigenic peptides using a direct binding assay based on photoaffinity labeling. The photoreactive derivative …

Dynamics Of The Arctic Fox Population On St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea, Francis H. Fay, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

English abstract: We hypothesized that the arctic fox, Alopex lagopus (Linnaeus), population on St. Lawrence Island was cyclic and that its fluctuations in size. structure, and productivity were correlated with the relative size of the population of northern voles, Microtus oeconomus Pallas, the primary prey. Based on a nine-year study, we determined that the variations in size of the fox and vole populations were similar, but they both were of low amplitude and not closely correlated. The high pregnancy rate (mean, 86%/yr) and numbers of young conceived (mean, 11.5/pregnancy) did not vary significantly among years, probably because of the consistently …

Profile: Gerald D. Schmidt (1934-1990), Scott Lyell Gardner, John E. Ubelaker

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Gerald D. Schmidt was born March 12, 1934 in Greeley, Colorado. After finishing his undergraduate degree in Biology at Colorado College in Greeley (now the University of Northern Colorado) Dr. Schmidt went on to receive his masters degree from Colorado State University (CSU) in 1962 and his PhD in 1964 also from CSU. While At CSU he worked under Dr. O. W. Olsen, first on the helminth parasites of the common snipe, and then, for his doctorate, he studied the embryological development of the Acanthocephala. He became a member of the faculty of UNC in Greeley In 1966. His collaboration …

Dynamics Of The Parasite Assemblage Of Pimephales Promelas In Nebraska, Mary Ann Mcdowell, Michael T. Ferdig, John J. Janovy Jr.

John J. Janovy, Jr. Publications

Present theory states that in species-poor assemblages interactions among species are negligible and assemblage structure is a result of host/parasite interactions. A corollary to this theory is that parasite species assemblages should behave as accumulations of multiple-kind items drawn from a population in which only the relative probability of drawing each kind varies. This study was designed to test this prediction by comparing descriptor values, including diversity indices, species density values, equitability, and prevalence to those obtained from data produced by a Monte Carlo simulation model. The parasite assemblage consisted of 7 parasite species or types found in the fathead …

Larids, Scolopacids, And Passerines Exploiting Ephemeral Prey At Talan Island, Russia, Eric P. Hoberg, Alexander I. Kondratiev, Alexander S. Kitaysky

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

We report an unusual multispecies foraging assemblage that included larids, shorebirds and passerines which exploited a highly concentrated and ephemeral prey source over a period of three days in July and August 1988. During studies of breeding biology, food-habits and host-parasite ecology among a diverse colonial avifauna at Talan Island in the northern Sea of Okhotsk (59°18'N; 149°02'E) we observed the formation of mixed-species flocks during extreme high tides of July 31, August 1, and August 13, 1988.

The U.S. National Parasite Collection--A Century Of Service, J. Ralph Lichtenfels, P. A. Pilitt, Eric P. Hoberg

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The U.S. National Parasite Collection will complete its first century of service to the field of animal parasitology in 1992. A brief history of the collection and a description of current policies on deposit and loan of specimens are provided. The collection, started in 1892 by Charles Wardell Stiles and Albert Hassall, now includes several constituent collections: The USNM Helminthological Collection, The USDA Parasite Collection, The Hoffman-Bangham Collection of Parasites of Freshwater Fish, and The Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Diseases Study Collection of Parasites of White-tailed Deer. Major personal collections have been donated by F. W. Douvres, J. H. Fischthal, A. …

A New Species Of Linstowia (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) From Marsupials In Bolivia, Scott Lyell Gardner, Mariel L. Campbell

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A new species of cestode of the genus Linstowia (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) is described from marsupials of the genera Thylamys and Monodelphis. The new species (Linstowia schmidti) differs from L. iheringi Zschokke, 1904, in having a much smaller strobila and reduced number of proglottids, and in the distribution of the eggs in gravid proglottids. In Bolivia, cestodes of the genus Linstowia appear to have a restricted geographic distribution, occurring in marsupials only in southeastern Bolivia near the western margin of the Chaco. This host-parasite association may represent an ecological-historical relict.

Critical Comment: Designation And Curatorial Management Of Type Host Specimens (Symbiotypes) For New Parasite Species, Jennifer K. Frey, Terry L. Yates, Donald Duszynski, William L. Gannon, Scott Lyell Gardner

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The accurate identification of a host organism is an important component in the taxonomic recognition of a new species of parasite. Correct identification, curatorial management, and safekeeping of the host specimen from which a parasite type specimen is collected is also desirable. We recommend that the host from which the type of a new parasite species is described should be designated as a symbiotype.

Gerald D. Schmidt From The Perspective Of A Graduate Student, Scott Lyell Gardner

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A commemoration of Gerald D. Schmidt (1934-October 20, 1990), University of Northern Colorado professor and recipient of the Henry Baldwin Ward Medal.

Parasites Of The Extinct Shasta Ground Sloth, Nothrotheriops Shastensis, In Rampart Cave, Arizona, Gerald D. Schmidt, Donald W. Duszynski, Paul S. Martin

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Of 7 dissected dung balls of the extinct Shasta ground sloth (Edentata) from Rampart Cave, Arizona, 4 (57%) were found to contain nematode juveniles, helminth eggs, and/or coccidian oocysts. One dung ball was radiocarbon dated at 10,500 ± 180 yr, about the time of ground sloth extinction. It is supposed that the parasites also are extinct. Agamofilaria oxyura n. sp. is proposed for first-stage juveniles of an oxyurid. These juveniles measured 13-20 x 126-198 (16.8 x 159) μm. Strongyloides shastensis n. sp. is reported as first-stage juveniles, some of which clearly are molting. These juvenile worms were 23-27 …

New Distribution Records For Bunodera Eucaliae And Bunodera Inconstans N. Comb. (Digenea: Allocreadiidae: Bunoderinae) With Discussion Of Their Phylogenetic Relationships, Daniel R. Brooks

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Bunodera eucaliae inhabits Culaea inconstans from eastern Ontario and western Nebraska, both new geographic distribution records. Culaeatrema inconstans inhabits Culaea inconstans from eastern Ontario, also a new distribution record. Comparison of Culaeatrema inconstans with species of Paracreptotrematina, Bunoderella, Bunodera, and Crepidostomum within a phylogenetic context suggests that it is the sister species of B. eucaliae. Accordingly, it is transferred to Bunodera, although the monophyly of Bunodera as a group has not yet been established because there is no synapomorphy linking Bunodera luciopercae with the clade containing Bunodera mediovitellata, Bunodera sacculata, B. eucaliae, …

Resource Tracking In North American Telorchis Spp. (Digenea: Plagiorchiformes: Telorchidae), Alison Radtke, Deborah A. Mclennan, Daniel R. Brooks

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

We examine the evolution of host specificity for species of Telorchis, using the methods developed by researchers studying phytophagous insect-plant systems. Optimization of "generalist" compared with "specialist" onto the phylogeny for Telorchis revealed ambiguous patterns, depending on how the two terms were defined. Regardless of that definition, most of the evolutionary diversification of this group has been carried out within eucryptodiran turtles, the ancestral host group. From that plesiomorphic background, there appears to have been two episodes of specialization by way of a host switch into caudates (ancestor of T. stunkardi + T. sirenis) and snakes (T. …

Gerald D. Schmidt, Helminthologist, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Obituary of Gerald D. Schmidt, helminthologist.

Worm Control In Sheep In Western Australia. Crack Down On Worms: An Information Guide For Advisers, Consultants, Livestock Personnel And Farmers, Department Of Agriculture, Western Australia

Animal production and livestock published reports

In Western Australia’s winter rainfall areas, the control of gastro-intestinal sheep worms is based on the strategic timing of drenches.

Sheep are drenched at a time that reduces the contamination of pastures with worm eggs and larvae in late summer and autumn. The timing of the drenches is particularly important for the control ofbrown stomach worms (Ostertagia species) and black scour worms (Trichostrongylus species)

Drenches given in late spring, when pasture is starting to dry off, and again in summer, successfully reduce pasture contamination in mid summer and autumn. A faecal egg count will determine the need and timing of …

The Roles Of Ecological And Evolutionary Influences In Providing Structure To Parasite Species Assemblages, John J. Janovy Jr., Richard E. Clopton, Tamara J. Percival Cook

John J. Janovy, Jr. Publications

Parasite species assemblages currently are thought to range from isolationist to interactive, their dynamic properties being related to the number of species and types of hosts involved. The literature contains few experimental tests of this concept, however, and many of the host/parasite systems studied to date are not amenable to experimental manipulation. In this review, the presence of a parasite species, in a sample of host individuals, is considered to be an evolutionary phenomenon, but the parasite's population structure is considered to be an ecological one. Studies that allow evaluation of these two influences are comparative in nature and include …

Parasites As Probes For Biodiversity, Scott Lyell Gardner, Mariel L. Campbell

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Cestodes of the genus Linstowia, parasitic in marsupials, show patterns of coevolution and ancient historical-ecological connections. Correlated with the breakup of the austral landmasses (Gondwanaland) of the Neotropical and Australian regions from the Antarctic continent, the age of this host-parasite community is estimated to be between 60 and 70 million years old. Based on the data from the survey of parasites of mammals from throughout Bolivia and from the phylogenetic analysis of the cestodes, we urge the planners of biodiversity preserves in the neotropics to consider the Yungas of Bolivia as a region that supports an ancient ecological community …

Origins, Diversification, And Historical Structure Of The Helminth Fauna Inhabiting Neotropical Freshwater Stingrays (Potamotrygonidae), Daniel R. Brooks

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Members of the freshwater stingray family Potamotrygonidae occur throughout the major river systems of eastern South America that empty into the Atlantic Ocean. Ichthyologists have tended to assume that the ancestor of the potamotrygonids was an Atlantic marine or euryhaline stingray that dispersed into freshwater, presumably during the last marine ingression 3-5 million years ago. The helminth parasites that inhabit potamotrygonids suggest an alternative perspective on their origin. Phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of the helminths inhabiting potamotrygonids suggest that the hosts are derived from an ancestral Pacific urolophid stingray that was trapped in freshwater by the uplifting of the Andes …

Introduction To The Von Ihering Centenary Symposium, Daniel R. Brooks

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Introduction to the von Ihering Centenary Symposium, on parasite biogeography and coevolution, presented at the 1991 annual meeting of the American Society of Parasitologists.

Parasiticidal Effect Of Chemotherapy In Alveolar Hydatid Disease: Review Of Experience With Mebendazole And Albendazole In Alaskan Eskimos, J. F. Wilson, Robert L. Rausch, B. J. Mcmahon, P. M. Schantz

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Evidence that the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis in humans is killed by chemotherapy is presented in a review of our 17-year experience with treatment of alveolar hydatid disease in Alaska. The efficacy of chemotherapy was assessed with use of an in vivo assay of parasite viability by means of inoculation of voles, immunohistochemical tests, and histopathologic findings. Of 14 tests performed for nine patients, 12 in vivo assays (86%) were negative after chemotherapy, while only two (17%) of 12 vole tests for seven untreated patients were negative. Regression or arrest of growth of metastatic and primary hepatic lesions, together …

Congruent And Synchronic Patterns In Biogeography And Speciation Among Seabirds, Pinnipeds, And Cestodes, Eric P. Hoberg

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Congruence in biogeographic patterns among diverse assemblages of taxa indicates uniformity in the historical determinants of biotic distributions. Comparisons of host and parasite phylogenies and the elucidation of distributional area relationships are requisite components of analyses in historical biogeography. Host-parasite associations with broad geographic ranges are often archaic and have been structured largely by coevolutionary processes. In contrast, the origins and radiation of the primary cestode faunas of some seabirds (Alcataenia spp./Alcidae) and pinnipeds (Anophryocephalus spp./Phocidae and Otariidae) are associated with colonization. These young colonizing faunas, in the Holarctic Region, were influenced by a common history during the …

Immune Responses Of Systemic And Mucosal Lymphoid Organs To Pnu-Imune Vaccine As A Function Of Age And The Efficacy Of Monophosphoryl Lipid A As An Adjuvant, Manju Garg, Subbarao Bondada

Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications

A murine model system was established to study immune responses to the Pnu-Imune vaccine, which is made up of 23 different pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides. In this animal model, antibody-forming cell responses to 21 of 23 individual polysaccharides in the vaccine were detected. The Pnu-Imune vaccine elicited good antibody responses from the spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of young mice, whereas a variety of other peripheral lymph nodes were unresponsive. The immunoglobulin M plaque-forming cell (PFC) response in the spleen to the Pnu-Imune vaccine (given intraperitoneally or subcutaneously) decreased dramatically with increasing age. However, the spleen and MLN differed in …

Biological Collections At The University Of California, Davis: Scope, Status, And Needs, Scott Lyell Gardner, Lynn S. Kimsey, Marilyn S. Warburton, Patrick E. Mcguire

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The rich heritage of agricultural and biological research and teaching on the Davis campus of the University of California is reflected in its vast holdings of scientific collections of living and nonliving preserved biological materials. More recently, as the campus expanded, important collections were developed to support research and educational programs in human and veterinary medicine, anthropology, and geology. A task force reviewed the results of campus-wide surveys and its findings are reported here. Recommendations for future activities are put forth.

Cross-Transmission Studies With Eimeria Arizonensis-Like Oocysts (Apicomplexa) In New World Rodents Of The Genera Baiomys, Neotoma, Onychomys, Peromyscus, And Reithrodontomys (Muridae), Steve J. Upton, Chris T. Mcallister, Dianne B. Brillhart, Donald W. Duszynski, Constance D. Wash

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Cross-transmission experiments were performed using oocysts of an Eimeria arizonensis-like coccidian from Peromyscus leucopus and Peromyscus truei, an E. arizonensis-like coccidian from Reithrodontomys fulvescens, Eimeria baiomysis and Eimeria taylori from Baiomys taylori, Eimeria albigulae from Neotoma albigula, and Eimeria onychomysis from Onychomys spp., between representatives of the above host genera. The E. arizonensis-like coccidian from R. fulvescens infected Reithrodontomys megalotis, Reithrodontomys montanus, and Peromyscus leucopus. Oocysts of E. arizonensis from P. leucopus could be transmitted to both P. leucopus and R. megalotus. Oocysts of E. baiomysis and E. taylori …

Cestode Parasites In Potamotrygon Motoro (Natterer) (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) From Southwestern Brazil, Including Rhinebothroides Mclennanae N. Sp. (Tetraphyllidea: Phyllobothriidae), And A Revised Host-Parasite Checklist For Helminths Inhabiting Neotropical Freshwater Stingrays, Daniel R. Brooks, Jose F.R. Amato

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Specimens of five species of cestodes were collected in 6 specimens of the freshwater stingray species Potamotrygon motoro (Natterer), collected in the vicinity of Corumba, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Acanthobothrium regoi, Potamotrygonocestus orinocoensis, Rhinebothroides venezuelensis, and Rhinebothrium paratrygoni are reported from P. motoro and from southwestern Brazil for the first time. Rhinebothroides mclennanae n. sp. appears to be the sister species of Rhinebothroides glandularis, the only other member of the genus exhibiting darkly staining glandular cells lying free in the parenchyma surrounding the terminal genitalia. The new species resembles Rhinebothroides glandularis, Rhinebothroides freitasi, …

The Evolutionary Origin Of Plasmodium Falciparum, Daniel R. Brooks, Deborah A. Mclennan

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Among species of Plasmodium, P. falciparum is an enigma. It is unusually pathogenic and is not characterized by the relapsing episodes characteristic of other species. Its primary vector is a species of mosquito that is highly anthropophilic (Anopheles gambiae), and which shows evidence of rapid genetic change apparently coincident with the rise of human agriculture. Plasmodium falciparum has no alternative vertebrate reservoir hosts, and if the number of human infections drops below a threshold level, the species is unable to maintain itself. All of these observations suggested a novel hypothesis to Boyd (1949, cited in Waters et …

Host Stadium Specificity In The Gregarine Assemblage Parasitizing Tenebrio Molitor, Richard E. Clopton, John J. Janovy Jr., Tamara J. Percival Cook

John J. Janovy, Jr. Publications

Reciprocal cross-stadia experimental infections were used to demonstrate stadium specificity within the gregarine assemblage parasitizing Tenebrio molitor, the yellow mealworm. Gregarina cuneata, Gregarina polymorpha, and Gregarina steini are characteristic parasites of larval T. molitor. Gregarina niphandrodes is a characteristic parasite of adult T. molitor. Experimental infections were produced in all homologous host-parasite combinations. No infection was produced in heterologous or cross-stadia combinations. This study introduces the concept of separate, distinct parasite niches corresponding to separate life cycle stages and established by known, predictable life cycle events within a single host species.