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Weed Control Methods Handbook: Tools & Techniques For Use In Natural Areas, Mandy Tu, Callie Hurd, John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy Apr 2001

Weed Control Methods Handbook: Tools & Techniques For Use In Natural Areas, Mandy Tu, Callie Hurd, John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

Invasive non-native plants are a serious threat to native species, communities, and ecosystems in many areas around the world. They can compete with and displace native plants, animals, and other organisms that depend on them, alter ecosystem functions and cycles significantly, hybridize with native species, and promote other invaders. The good news is that many plant invasions can be reversed, halted or slowed, and in certain situations, even badly infested areas can be restored to healthy systems dominated by native species. In most instances this requires taking action to control and manage those invasive plants. This handbook provides you with …

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Water Resources Review - Spring 2001 Vol 14 No 1, Annis Water Resources Institute Apr 2001

Water Resources Review - Spring 2001 Vol 14 No 1, Annis Water Resources Institute

AWRI Reviews

No abstract provided.

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Scwds Briefs: Volume 17, Number 1 (April 2001) Apr 2001

Scwds Briefs: Volume 17, Number 1 (April 2001)

Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study: Publications


• Concern for FMD Increases: As of April 30, 2001, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks had occurred in the United Kingdom (UK), The Netherlands, France, Republic of Ireland, Colombia, Argentina, and other countries. FMD also is present in South America and in some areas of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.
• Keep FMD out of America!
• APHIS Policies for Wildlife in an FMD Emergency
• What if FMD Hits?
• Georgia’s Ossabaw Island has the distinction of being the only confirmed enzoootic focus of the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-NJ) in the United States, and the …

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Water Current, Volume 33, No. 2. April 2001 Apr 2001

Water Current, Volume 33, No. 2. April 2001

Water Current Newsletter

• Simple Sampler Assesses Buffer Strip Effectiveness by Steve Ress

• From the Director

• Meet the Faculty

• CLEAR Offers Help Restoring Community Lakes by Steve Ress

• UNL Water Lab Participates in NRD Water Programs Conference

• Summer Water and Natural Resources Tour Looks at Urban Water Quality and Quantity Concerns by Steve Ress

• 30th Annual Water Conference Held at Grand Island’s I-80 Holiday Inn by Steve Ress

• On the Subject of Lawns

• Irrigation, by the Numbers

• Water News Briefs

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M-44 User Tips Apr 2001

M-44 User Tips

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

CONTENTS:

The M-44 Sodium Cyanide Ejector Mechanism
M-44 Cyanide Capsules
Capsule Storage
Sealants
Carrying Capsules for Use in the Field
Checking Capsules
Ejectors
Stakes
Driving Stakes
Keeping Dirt and Sand Out
Safety
Antidote Kits
Sources of Information

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Effects Of Human Disturbances On The Behavior Of Dabbling Ducks, Melissa Lynn Pease Apr 2001

Effects Of Human Disturbances On The Behavior Of Dabbling Ducks, Melissa Lynn Pease

Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations

Disturbance of wintering and migrating birds by human activities can cause birds to expend energy in avoidance of humans and reduces the time available for resting and feeding at a time in the annual cycle when fat deposition and energy conservation are important. Also, human disturbances can effectively cause habitat loss by displacing birds from feeding or resting habitat. Managers of natural resources are increasingly faced with decisions about the types and amounts of public use that should be allowed without lowering the value of the resource for wildlife. In order for managers to make decisions about how to minimize …

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Drc-1339 (Starlicide) Apr 2001

Drc-1339 (Starlicide)

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

DRC-1339 (3-chloro-4-methyl benzenamine HCI, Chemical Abstract Service Reg. No. 7745-89-3) is a slow-acting avicide that is registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the control of several species of pest birds, including blackbirds, starlings, pigeons, crows, ravens, magpies, and gulls. Technical DRC-1339 (Starlicide Technical, EPA Reg. No. 602-134) contains 97 percent DRC-1339. Starlicide products and DRC- 1339 were developed jointly by Ralston Purina, Inc., Purina Mills, Inc., and the National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Registrations are maintained by PM Resources, Inc., Earth City Resources, and APHIS.

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Compound Drc- 1339 Concentrate-Staging Areas (Epa Reg. No. 56228-30) Apr 2001

Compound Drc- 1339 Concentrate-Staging Areas (Epa Reg. No. 56228-30)

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

DRC-1339 (3-chloro-4-methyl benzenamine HCI, Chemical Abstract Service Reg. No. 7745-89-3) is a slow- acting avicide that is registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the control of several species of pest birds including blackbirds, starlings, pigeons, crows, ravens, magpies, and gulls. Technical DRC-1339 (Starlicide Technical, EPA Reg. No. 602-1 34) contains 97 percent DRC-1339. DRC-1339 was developed jointly by Ralston Purina, Inc., Purina Mills, Inc., and the National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) of the U. S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Wildlife Service's (WS) program.

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Compound Drc-1339 Concentrate- Feedlots Apr 2001

Compound Drc-1339 Concentrate- Feedlots

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

DRC-1339 is a slow-acting avicide registered by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service's (APHIS) Wildlife Services (WS) program for the control of blackbirds, starlings, pigeons, crows, ravens, magpies, and gulls. Only WS certified applicators, or persons working under their direct supervision, can apply this avicide. WS has five DRC-1339 products registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to use for bird problems that cannot be resolved by Starlicide Complete (EPA Reg. No. 67517-8) or other commercially available products. The Compound DRC-I 339 Concentrate-Feedlots (1339-FL) registration provides alternate baits for controlling blackbird and starling problems at feedlots and allows …

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Egg Oil: An Avian Population Control Tool Apr 2001

Egg Oil: An Avian Population Control Tool

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service's Wildlife Services (WS) program uses many methods to manage populations of gulls, waterfowl, and other birds in areas where they create problems. Methods include trapping and relocation, surgical sterilization, mechanical scare devices, repellents, and hunting. However, these methods, and others that reduce or prevent eggs from hatching-such as shaking, freezing, addling, nest destruction, and egg removal-are labor intensive and may not be effective in operational programs.

The application of various oils (of mineral and vegetable origin) to eggs during the nesting season to prevent hatching is less labor intensive. In addition, this method …

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Compound Drc-1339 Concentrate-Livestock, Nest, And Fodder Depredations (Epa Reg. No. 56228-29) Apr 2001

Compound Drc-1339 Concentrate-Livestock, Nest, And Fodder Depredations (Epa Reg. No. 56228-29)

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

DRC-1339 is an avicide registered by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service's (APHIS) Wildlife Services (WS) program for the control of blackbirds, starlings, pigeons, crows, ravens, magpies, and gulls. Only certified applicators working for WS, or persons under their direct supervision, can apply this avicide. APHIS/WS has five DRC-1339 products registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to use for bird problems that cannot be resolved by other commercially available products. The Compound DRC-1339 Concentrate- Livestock, Nest, and Fodder Depredations registration (1 339-COR) provides for the use of egg or meat baits to control damage to livestock, wildlife …

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Disease Emergence In Birds: Challenges For The Twenty-First Century, Milton Friend, Robert G. Mclean, F. Joshua Dein Apr 2001

Disease Emergence In Birds: Challenges For The Twenty-First Century, Milton Friend, Robert G. Mclean, F. Joshua Dein

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) conjunctivitis is an example of the rapid geographic spread that can result from disease emergence in naive populations. That event was neither novel nor transient relative to its occurrence or effects. Disease emergence and reemergence are hallmarks of the latter part of the twentieth century (Center for Disease Control 1994, Levins et al. 1994, DaSilva and Laccarino 1999, Gratz 1999). Current examples involving domestic animals include the problems in Europe with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or ‘‘mad cow disease’’) (Brown 2001) and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) (Kitching 1999). Human health has been affected by diseases caused …

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Impacts Of Supplemental Feeding On The Nutritional Ecology Of Black Bears, Steven T. Partridge, Dale L. Nolte, Georg J. Ziegltrum, Charles T. Robbins Apr 2001

Impacts Of Supplemental Feeding On The Nutritional Ecology Of Black Bears, Steven T. Partridge, Dale L. Nolte, Georg J. Ziegltrum, Charles T. Robbins

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Black bear (Ursus americanus) damage to managed conifer stands during the spring in the U.S. Pacific Northwest is a continuing management concern. Because bear damage to managed conifers may reflect the limited availability of nutritious foods, supplemental feeding has been used to decrease damage. Highly palatable, pelleted feed is provided ad libitum from April until late June when berries ripen and such damage stops. We examined black bear use of supplemental feed during the spring and summer of 1998 and 1999 in western Washington. Bears were captured in areas where supplemental feed was provided and in control areas …

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Comparison Of Primary And Secondary Repellents For Aversive Conditioning Of European Starlings, Roger W. Sayre, Larry Clark Mar 2001

Comparison Of Primary And Secondary Repellents For Aversive Conditioning Of European Starlings, Roger W. Sayre, Larry Clark

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Secondary repellents have been demonstrated to effectively reduce avian crop depredation. However, these compounds frequently are toxins and there are concerns about environmental safety. Many primary repellents are toxicologically and environmentally safer, but these chemicals are not as effective when traditional delivery methods are used. We set out to determine whether the difference in efficacy of primary vs. secondary repellents was due to differences in potency of the chemical classes or site of action within the animal. We hypothesized that the efficacy of primary repellents could be enhanced if they could be delivered directly to the gastrointestinal system, thus by-passing …

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Using Iophenoxic Acid Injections Of Prey To Identify Mammals That Feed On Them, Frederick F. Knowlton, Stanley R. Olmstead Mar 2001

Using Iophenoxic Acid Injections Of Prey To Identify Mammals That Feed On Them, Frederick F. Knowlton, Stanley R. Olmstead

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Identifying species or individuals that feed upon other species of animals is an important aspect of some predation studies. We evaluated the effectiveness with which the biomark associated with iophenoxic acid (IA) injections was transferred from domestic goats to coyotes (Canis latrans) that fed on them. We injected doses of 100, 300, or 1,000 mg of IA into goats to raise serum iodine levels, fed meat from the injected goats to coyotes, and monitored serum iodine levels in both species for about I20 days. Within 3 days, mean serum iodine levels in goats increased from 5.33 mcg/I 00 ml to …

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Dogs Increase Recovery Of Passerine Carcasses In Dense Vegetation, H. Jeffrey Homan, George M. Linz, Brian D. Peer Mar 2001

Dogs Increase Recovery Of Passerine Carcasses In Dense Vegetation, H. Jeffrey Homan, George M. Linz, Brian D. Peer

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Wildlife managers use carcass searches to assess mortality resulting from biological (e.g., diseases) and physical (e.g., structure collisions) sources. Carcass searches may occur over large areas and need to be completed rapidly because of scavenging and decomposition. However, small carcasses are often missed when dense vegetation is searched. We placed carcasses of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in dense cover of residual and newly grown vegetation and compared searching efficiency of humans and canines. Dogs received no special training in searching for passerine carcasses. In 36 trials conducted in 5 x 40-m plots, human searchers found 45% (SD=19) of the carcasses …

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Comparison Of Active Ingredients And Delivery Systems In Deer Repellents, Kimberly K. Wagner, Dale L. Nolte Mar 2001

Comparison Of Active Ingredients And Delivery Systems In Deer Repellents, Kimberly K. Wagner, Dale L. Nolte

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

In some situations chemical repellents are a socially appealing nonlethal alternative to reduce deer (Odocoileus spp.) damage to plants. New products are continually becoming available, but their ability to repel deer is very variable. We tested 20 repellents representing 4 modes of action (fear, pain, taste, and aversive conditioning) and 2 delivery systems (topical applications and area repellents [scent packets]) to evaluate current products and identify trends that could be used to predict efficacy of future products. During fall 1998, we placed treated western red cedar (Thuja plicata) seedlings in pastures with black-tai led deer (Odocoileus …

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Integrated Management Tactics To Assess Risk And Reduce Damage To Conifer Reforestation By Pocket Gophers, Richard M. Engeman, Gary W. Witmer Mar 2001

Integrated Management Tactics To Assess Risk And Reduce Damage To Conifer Reforestation By Pocket Gophers, Richard M. Engeman, Gary W. Witmer

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

In the western United States, pocket gophers pose an acute and chronic problem for forest managers to overcome. Gophers cause extensive damage to seedlings and can delay reforestation for decades.. Here we examine the predictive factors for assessing the risk for damage and the available control tools and damage control strategies. The information is reviewed and summarized so that an integrated damage reduction plan can be developed in a logical, cost-effective, and environmentally responsible fashion..

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Pulp Cavity-Tooth Width Ratios From Known-Age And Wild-Caught Coyotes Determined By Radiography, Frederick F. Knowlton, Susan L. Whittemore Mar 2001

Pulp Cavity-Tooth Width Ratios From Known-Age And Wild-Caught Coyotes Determined By Radiography, Frederick F. Knowlton, Susan L. Whittemore

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Although the relative sizes of pulp cavities in teeth are used frequently to identify various age classes of carnivores, validation of the technique has received little attention. We measured the pulp cavities and tooth widths based on radiographs of canine and premolar teeth from a large sample of known-age, pen-reared coyotes (Canis latrans) and from samples of wild-caught coyotes of unknown age. The ratio of pulp cavity to tooth width decreased rapidly through the first year of life. Although canine tooth ratios of juvenile, yearling, and adult coyotes differed, variations within yearling and adult groups precluded accurate assignment …

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Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2001 Annual Report Mar 2001

Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2001 Annual Report

Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery: Annual Reports

Wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains (Idaho, Montana and Wyoming) continue to increase in distribution and numbers (Figures 1,5). Estimates of wolf numbers at the end of 2001 were 261 wolves in the Central Idaho Recovery Area, 218 in the Greater Yellowstone Recovery Area, and 84 in the Northwest Montana Recovery Area (Figure 1, Tables 1,2,3,4). By state boundaries, there were an estimated 251 wolves in the state of Idaho, 189 in Wyoming and 123 in Montana. Of the 63 groups of 2 or more wolves, at least 34 wolf packs met the definition of “breeding pair,” an adult male …

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Black Bear Forest Damage In Washington State, Usa: Economic, Ecological, Social Aspects, Georg J. Ziegltrum, Dale L. Nolte Mar 2001

Black Bear Forest Damage In Washington State, Usa: Economic, Ecological, Social Aspects, Georg J. Ziegltrum, Dale L. Nolte

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Black bear (Ursus americanus) damage to coniferous forests can be detrimental to the forest products industry in Washington state. Value of timber damage, west of the Cascade Mountains is millions of dollars every year. The Washington Forest Protection Association’s (WFPA) Animal Damage Control Program (ADCP) manages bear damage in cooperation with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW). Bears can significantly affect the viability of other wildlife, for example, elk (Cervus elaphus) calf predation on calving sites. Conversely, bear-damaged trees add to the snags and dead wood on the ground, which provide important habitat and …

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Monitoring Of Terrestrial Carnivore Populations, Eric M. Gese Mar 2001

Monitoring Of Terrestrial Carnivore Populations, Eric M. Gese

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

There is increasing concern about the status and distribution of terrestrial carnivore populations throughout the world (Schaller, 1996). Changes in land-use practices, habitat loss and fragmentation, sanctioned human persecution, declines in natural prey, disease, illegal poaching, and increased competition within carnivore guilds have brought about a general decline in several carnivore populations with some species now occupying a fragment of their former range. The continued loss of suitable habitat due to an ever expanding human population has placed the issue of conservation and protection of some carnivores as a top environmental priority and/or controversy for many agencies and organizations. Paramount …

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Porcine Zona Pellucida Immunocontraception: Long-Term Health Effects On White-Tailed Deer, Lowell A. Miller, Ken Crane, Stan Gaddis, Gary J. Killian Mar 2001

Porcine Zona Pellucida Immunocontraception: Long-Term Health Effects On White-Tailed Deer, Lowell A. Miller, Ken Crane, Stan Gaddis, Gary J. Killian

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

As part of a 9-year study on the contraceptive effects of Porcine Zona Pellucida (PZP) on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), we analyzed serum chemistry panels during the first 4 years. This included the first 2 years when does were being actively immunized, and 2 years post-immunization. The chemistry panel was designed to detect pathologies that might result from the immunization of the deer. Blood chemistry results did not suggest any pathological changes resulting from the immunization. Seasonal differences in serum cholesterol were similar in both the control and PZP-treated groups. Seasonal changes in the mean body weights of …

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Impacts Of Supplemental Feeding On The Nutritional Ecology Of Black Bears, Steven T. Partridge, Dale L. Nolte, Georg J. Ziegltrum, Charles T. Robbins Mar 2001

Impacts Of Supplemental Feeding On The Nutritional Ecology Of Black Bears, Steven T. Partridge, Dale L. Nolte, Georg J. Ziegltrum, Charles T. Robbins

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Black bear (Ursus americanus) damage to managed conifer stands during the spring in the U.S. Pacific Northwest is a continuing management concern. Because bear damage to managed conifers may reflect the limited availability of nutritious foods, supplemental feeding has been used to decrease damage. Highly palatable, pelleted feed is provided ad libitum from April until late June when berries ripen and such damage stops. We examined black bear use of supplemental feed during the spring and summer of 1998 and 1999 in western Washington. Bears were captured in areas where supplemental feed was provided and in control areas …

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Effect Of Primary And Secondary Repellents On European Starlings: An Initial Assessment, Roger W. Sayre, Larry Clark Mar 2001

Effect Of Primary And Secondary Repellents On European Starlings: An Initial Assessment, Roger W. Sayre, Larry Clark

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Wildlife managers need chemical repellents that are effective at deterring damage by birds, but these repellents must be environmentally and toxicologically safe. The number of commercially available bird repellents has been reduced because of concerns about environmental safety. Currently, there are 2 categories of avian repellents. Chemicals that are reflexively avoided by birds because they irritate the peripheral chemical senses are referred to as primary repellents. Chemicals that cause gastrointestinal illness and learned avoidance of ancillary sensory cues that are paired with the illness are known as secondary repellents. Secondary repellents most often identified as the most effective avian repellents …

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Use Of Acetaminophen For Large-Scale Control Of Brown Treesnakes, Peter J. Savarie, John A. Shivik, Gary C. White, Jerome C. Hurley, Larry Clark Mar 2001

Use Of Acetaminophen For Large-Scale Control Of Brown Treesnakes, Peter J. Savarie, John A. Shivik, Gary C. White, Jerome C. Hurley, Larry Clark

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Because the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) has virtually extirpated the avifauna on Guam and is a threat to other Pacific islands, the development of alternative and efficient control methods is required. Therefore, we performed a large-scale field experiment to determine whether the acetaminophen baits we developed could be used to reduce population levels of brown treesnakes on Guam. Toxic baits were made by inserting 80 mg of acetaminophen into dead neonatal mice, and these mouse baits were used to treat plots. Reference plots were baited with unadulterated baits. We used mark-recapture methods to estimate snake abundance on plots …

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Evolution Of River Dolphins, Healy Hamilton, Susana Caballero, Allen G. Collins, Robert L. Brownell Jr. Mar 2001

Evolution Of River Dolphins, Healy Hamilton, Susana Caballero, Allen G. Collins, Robert L. Brownell Jr.

United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications

The world's river dolphins (Inia, Pontoporia, Lipotes and Platanista) are among the least known and most endangered of all cetaceans. The four extant genera inhabit geographically disjunct river systems and exhibit highly modified morphologies, leading many cetologists to regard river dolphins as an unnatural group. Numerous arrangements have been proposed for their phylogenetic relationships to one another and to other odontocete cetaceans. These alternative views strongly affect the biogeographical and evolu- tionary implications raised by the important, although limited, fossil record of river dolphins. We present a hypothesis of river dolphin relationships based on phylogenetic analysis of three …

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Field Evaluation Of A Visual Barrier To Discourage Gull Nesting, P. A. Pochop, J.L. Cummings, R. M. Engeman Mar 2001

Field Evaluation Of A Visual Barrier To Discourage Gull Nesting, P. A. Pochop, J.L. Cummings, R. M. Engeman

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis and California Gull L. californicus populations have increased throughout the western United States in close association with human settlement (Conover 1983; Ryder 1993). On Upper Nelson Island in the Columbia River, the number of Ring-billed and California Gull nests increased from 4 600 in 1978 to 21 000 in 1999 (Thompson and Tabor 1981; Pochop, this manuscript). Agriculture and landfills provided food sources, and construction of reservoirs increased island nest sites for gulls (Ryder 1993). Gulls gather below hydroelectric facilities in the spring to feed on migrating juvenile salmonids (Steuber et al. 1995). Also, increased gull …

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The Other Tools For Wolf Management, John A. Shivik Mar 2001

The Other Tools For Wolf Management, John A. Shivik

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Non-lethal options are being studied by researchers at the National Wildlife Research Center. But do they really work?

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Great Egret Preference For Catfish Size Classes, Scott J. Werner, Mark E. Tobin, Paul B. Fioranelli Mar 2001

Great Egret Preference For Catfish Size Classes, Scott J. Werner, Mark E. Tobin, Paul B. Fioranelli

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Several species of fish-eating birds are commonly observed near aquaculture facilities in the southern United States. An understanding of the relationships between these birds and specific commodities is needed to interpret and manage bird impacts to aquacultural production. We conducted two foraging experiments to evaluate the preference o f Great Egrets (Ardea alba) for three specific size classes of Channel Catfish (Zctalurus punctatus). During six no-choice feeding trials, egrets consumed significantly more small (7.5-10 cm) fingerlings than medium (13- 18 cm) or large (23-23 cm) catfish. Egrets captured 19 large catfish, and ingested only two, even …

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