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Articles 10591 - 10620 of 34437
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Modulation Of Ros In Nanosecond-Pulsed Plasma-Activated Media For Dosage-Dependent Cancer Cell Inactivation In Vitro, Chunqi Jiang, Esin Bengisu Sozer, Shutong Song, Nicola Lai, P. Thomas Vernier, Sigi Guo
Modulation Of Ros In Nanosecond-Pulsed Plasma-Activated Media For Dosage-Dependent Cancer Cell Inactivation In Vitro, Chunqi Jiang, Esin Bengisu Sozer, Shutong Song, Nicola Lai, P. Thomas Vernier, Sigi Guo
Bioelectrics Publications
Dosage control of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) is critical to low-temperature plasma applications in cancer therapy. Production of RONS by atmospheric pressure, nonequilibrium plasmas in contact with liquid may be modulated via plasma conditions including plasma treatment time and pulse voltage and repetition frequency. In this study, a terephthalic acid-based probe was used to measure hydroxyl radicals [OHaq] in water exposed to plasma and to demonstrate that the OHag concentration increases linearly with treatment time. Fluorometric measurements of hydrogen peroxide concentration in plasma-activated water show a linear relationship between the H2O2 production …
Single-Particle Chemical Force Microscopy To Characterize Virus Surface Chemistry, Xue Mi, Caryn L. Heldt
Single-Particle Chemical Force Microscopy To Characterize Virus Surface Chemistry, Xue Mi, Caryn L. Heldt
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Two important viral surface characteristics are the hydrophobicity and surface charge, which determine the viral colloidal behavior and mobility. Chemical force microscopy allows the detection of viral surface chemistry in liquid samples with small amounts of virus sample. This single-particle method requires the functionalization of an atomic force microscope (AFM) probe and covalent bonding of viruses to a surface. A hydrophobic methyl-modified AFM probe was used to study the viral surface hydrophobicity, and an AFM probe terminated with either negatively charged carboxyl acid or positively charged quaternary amine was used to study the viral surface charge. With an understanding of …
Planar Corrugated Electrode Configuration For Manipulation Of Micro-Scale Entities In Dielectrophoretic Microfluidic Devices, Alia Mohammed Alblooshi
Planar Corrugated Electrode Configuration For Manipulation Of Micro-Scale Entities In Dielectrophoretic Microfluidic Devices, Alia Mohammed Alblooshi
Mechanical Engineering Theses
This thesis conceptualizes the design of a planar electrode for employment in microfluidic devices to achieve dielectrophoretic focusing and separation of micro-scale entities. The planar electrode has corrugations with two such electrodes placed parallelly to form a pair and the electric field is generated between them; the presence of corrugations enhances the non-uniformity of the electric field. For purposes of 3D focusing, two pairs of electrodes are used with each pair on both sides of the microchannel. When the applied electric voltages are equal, the micro-scale entity is focused at the center of the microchannel and when the applied electric …
Writing Standards-Based Lesson Plans To Standards For Technological And Engineering Literacy, Scott Bartholomew, Thomas Loveland, Vanessa Santana
Writing Standards-Based Lesson Plans To Standards For Technological And Engineering Literacy, Scott Bartholomew, Thomas Loveland, Vanessa Santana
Faculty Publications
While written lesson plans may seem like a lot of work, with little purpose or benefit to new teachers, a well-written lesson plan is quite valuable for many reasons. The process of writing lesson plans at the beginning of one’s teaching career can be very time-consuming (Arnett-Hartwick and Cannon, 2019); however, the development of sequenced lessons that result in effective learning must be organized and articulate, not done haphazardly. Designing a lesson through a written document can help a teacher see the pattern, flow, and implications of a lesson and how it will help all students; this can be especially …
Comparative Transport Of Legionella And E. Coli Through Saturated Porous Media In A Two-Dimensional Tank, Indrayudh Mondal, Jazlyn Acosta, Absar Alum, Brooke K. Mayer, Paul Dahlen, Morteza Abbaszadegan
Comparative Transport Of Legionella And E. Coli Through Saturated Porous Media In A Two-Dimensional Tank, Indrayudh Mondal, Jazlyn Acosta, Absar Alum, Brooke K. Mayer, Paul Dahlen, Morteza Abbaszadegan
Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications
This study investigated bacterial transport in a two-dimensional (2-D) tank to evaluate the bacterial behavior of Legionella pneumophila as compared to Escherichia coli under saturated flow to simulate aquifer conditions. The experiments were performed in a 2-D tank packed with 3700 in3 (60,632 cm3) of commercially available bagged play sand under saturated conditions. The tank was disinfected by backwashing with 10% chlorine solution and subsequently neutralized by backwashing with tap water containing sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) to ensure no chlorine residual. Bacterial transport was measured using samples collected from ports located at …
Deep-Sea Water Collector, Chandler Jones, Jenny Verheul, Michael Di Giorgio
Deep-Sea Water Collector, Chandler Jones, Jenny Verheul, Michael Di Giorgio
Mechanical Engineering
Properties such as nutrients, DNA, pH levels, and primary productivity are difficult to measure onboard an Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicle (UROV) as mobile submarine sensors are highly expensive and conventional water capture devices are too large to be equipped. However, these properties provide an integral view into our oceans, the species that inhabit them, and our influence on the environment. Collected samples of seawater taken back to labs allow researchers to see a clearer picture of ecosystems’ inhabitants and lifecycle with the analysis of Environmental DNA (eDNA) among many other properties. The scope of this project is to design a …
Calcium Sulfate-Containing Glass Polyalkenoate Cement For Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty Fixation, Leyla Hasandoost, Adel Alhalawani, Omar Rodriguez, Alireza Rahimnejad Yazdi, Paul Zalzal, Emil H. Schemitsch, Stephen D. Waldman, Marcello Papini, Mark R. Towler
Calcium Sulfate-Containing Glass Polyalkenoate Cement For Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty Fixation, Leyla Hasandoost, Adel Alhalawani, Omar Rodriguez, Alireza Rahimnejad Yazdi, Paul Zalzal, Emil H. Schemitsch, Stephen D. Waldman, Marcello Papini, Mark R. Towler
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement is used as a minor void filler in revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA). The application of PMMA is indicated only for peripheral bone defects with less than 5 mm depth and that cover less than 50% of the bone surface. Treating bone defects with PMMA results in complications as a result of volumetric shrinkage, bone necrosis, and aseptic loosening. These concerns have driven the development of alternative bone cements. We report here on novel modified glass polyalkenoate cements (mGPCs) containing 1, 5 and 15 wt% calcium sulfate (CaSO4) and how the modified …
2020 (Fall) Ensi Informer Magazine, Morehead State University. Engineering Sciences Department
2020 (Fall) Ensi Informer Magazine, Morehead State University. Engineering Sciences Department
ENSI Informer Magazine Archive
The ENSI Informer Magazine published in the fall of 2020.
Strain And Stress Relationships For Optical Phonon Modes In Monoclinic Crystals With Β-Ga2O3 As An Example, Rafal Korlacki, Megan Stokey, Alyssa Lynn Mock, Sean Knight, Alexis Papamichail, Vanya Darakchieva, Mathias Schubert
Strain And Stress Relationships For Optical Phonon Modes In Monoclinic Crystals With Β-Ga2O3 As An Example, Rafal Korlacki, Megan Stokey, Alyssa Lynn Mock, Sean Knight, Alexis Papamichail, Vanya Darakchieva, Mathias Schubert
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications
Strain-stress relationships for physical properties are of interest for heteroepitaxial material systems, where strain and stress are inherent due to thermal expansion and lattice mismatch. We report linear perturbation theory strain and stress relationships for optical phonon modes in monoclinic crystals for strain and stress situations which maintain the monoclinic symmetry of the crystal. By using symmetry group analysis and phonon frequencies obtained under various deformation scenarios from density-functional perturbation theory calculations on β-Ga2O3, we obtain four strain and four stress potential parameters for each phonon mode. We demonstrate that these parameters are sufficient to …
Effects Of Marathon Training On Male And Female Femoral Stress Fracture Risk, Clara Lin
Effects Of Marathon Training On Male And Female Femoral Stress Fracture Risk, Clara Lin
Master's Theses
Marathon runners are prone to femoral stress fractures due to the high magnitudes and frequencies of lower extremity loads during training. Female runners tend to have a greater incidence of stress fracture compared to male runners. Sex-specific differences in body structure, joint pressure, and muscle activation patterns that influence bone remodeling may cause this observed difference in stress fracture occurrence. The goal of this thesis was to develop a finite element model of the femur during marathon training, then determine if marathon training affected bone properties of male and female runners differently. To achieve this goal, a finite element femur …
An Empirical Investigation Of The Dimensions Of Product Similarity Used In Design By Analogy Of Electromechanical Products, Arnold Nkoane Tsoka
An Empirical Investigation Of The Dimensions Of Product Similarity Used In Design By Analogy Of Electromechanical Products, Arnold Nkoane Tsoka
Theses and Dissertations
Analogical reasoning is known to be a core cognitive mechanism behind creative human tasks including the creativity in engineering design. Research shows that during product ideation, designers use analogy to transfer information from prior designs stored in their memory (the source of the analogy) to the task in hand (target of analogy). However, similar to any search process, the source product must be first identified as a potential candidate for analogy before this information transfer can take place. Two products can be similar along multiple dimensions such as their form, function, etc. The dimensions of similarity between two products that …
Growth Of Microalgae For Simultaneous Treatment Of Industrial Wastewater And Biodiesel Production, Mohammed Ahmad Tawfiq Abujayyab
Growth Of Microalgae For Simultaneous Treatment Of Industrial Wastewater And Biodiesel Production, Mohammed Ahmad Tawfiq Abujayyab
Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Theses
The treatment of industrial wastewater contaminated with phenols is among the main challenges in the chemical, and particularly the petrochemical industry. Phenols, which present in considerable amounts in industrial wastewater, are toxic even at low concentrations. Therefore, it is essential to reduce their concentrations in water to harmless levels before being discharged. On the other hand, the dependence on the conventional fossil sources of energy, which is non-renewable, is not sustainable and can cause harmful environmental impacts. Therefore, in this work, the dual utilization of microalgae as a cheap and efficient means to remove phenolic compounds commonly found in refinery …
Geospatial-Based Environmental Modelling For Coastal Dune Zone Management, Chen Suo
Geospatial-Based Environmental Modelling For Coastal Dune Zone Management, Chen Suo
Doctoral
Tomaintain biodiversity and ecological functionof coastal dune areas, itis important that practical and effective environmentalmanagemental strategies are developed. Advances in geospatial technologies offer a potentially very useful source of data for studies in this environment. This research project aimto developgeospatialdata-basedenvironmentalmodellingforcoastaldunecomplexestocontributetoeffectiveconservationstrategieswithparticularreferencetotheBuckroneydunecomplexinCo.Wicklow,Ireland.Theprojectconducteda general comparison ofdifferent geospatial data collection methodsfor topographic modelling of the Buckroney dune complex. These data collection methodsincludedsmall-scale survey data from aerial photogrammetry, optical satellite imagery, radar and LiDAR data, and ground-based, large-scale survey data from Total Station(TS), Real Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Positioning System(GPS), terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) and Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS).The results identifiedthe advantages and disadvantages of …
Calcium Phosphate/Ionic Liquid Ptfe Composite Membrane For Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications, Ahmad Ibrahim Hasan Ka’Ki
Calcium Phosphate/Ionic Liquid Ptfe Composite Membrane For Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications, Ahmad Ibrahim Hasan Ka’Ki
Theses
The dependence on fossil fuels can be possibly reduced by the utilization of renewable energy sources. Fuel cells offer a promising alternative for renewable power generation. Among the various types of fuel cells, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is recently attracting attention due to its several advantages of high-power density, all solid structure, and silent operation. The diverse types of materials used in this type of fuel cell raised drawbacks related to fuel cell cost and durability. By far, Nafion of DuPont is still the current state-of-the-art membrane for PEMFCs. It is known for its high ionic conductivity and …
A New Green Composite Based On Polylactic Acid Mixed With Biomass From Uae Date Palm Waste For Cutlery And Food Packaging Applications, Noran Hussein Awad Elsayed Mousa
A New Green Composite Based On Polylactic Acid Mixed With Biomass From Uae Date Palm Waste For Cutlery And Food Packaging Applications, Noran Hussein Awad Elsayed Mousa
Theses
Petroleum-based plastic cutlery is widely used and due to its non-biodegradable properties, they cause serious threats to the environment. Therefore, there is a need to fabricate such products from biodegradable material. Date Palm Rachis (DPR) waste was used as a filler in three levels of 30 wt%, 40 wt% and 50 wt% for cost-performance optimization balance and to improve the thermal behaviours of the biodegradable Polylactic Acid (PLA). The preparation of biodegradable PLA/date palm waste composites was done using a melt mixing extruder at 180°C by varying parameters such as mixing time, the composition of date palm waste biomass, biomass …
Extending The Functional Subnetwork Approach To A Generalized Linear Integrate-And-Fire Neuron Model, Nicholas Szczecinski, Roger Quinn, Alexander J. Hunt
Extending The Functional Subnetwork Approach To A Generalized Linear Integrate-And-Fire Neuron Model, Nicholas Szczecinski, Roger Quinn, Alexander J. Hunt
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations
Engineering neural networks to perform specific tasks often represents a monumental challenge in determining network architecture and parameter values. In this work, we extend our previously-developed method for tuning networks of non-spiking neurons, the “Functional subnetwork approach” (FSA), to the tuning of networks composed of spiking neurons. This extension enables the direct assembly and tuning of networks of spiking neurons and synapses based on the network’s intended function, without the use of global optimization ormachine learning. To extend the FSA, we show that the dynamics of a generalized linear integrate and fire (GLIF) neuronmodel have fundamental similarities to those of …
Biomechanical And Biophysical Properties Of Breast Cancer Cells Under Varying Glycemic Regimens, Diganta Dutta, Xavier-Lewis Palmer, Jose Ortega-Rodas, Vasundhara Balraj, Indrani Ghosh Dastider, Surabhi Chandra
Biomechanical And Biophysical Properties Of Breast Cancer Cells Under Varying Glycemic Regimens, Diganta Dutta, Xavier-Lewis Palmer, Jose Ortega-Rodas, Vasundhara Balraj, Indrani Ghosh Dastider, Surabhi Chandra
Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications
Diabetes accelerates cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, particularly for cancers of the pancreas, liver, breast, colon, and skin. While pathways linking the 2 disease conditions have been explored extensively, there is a lack of information on whether there could be cytoarchitectural changes induced by glucose which predispose cancer cells to aggressive phenotypes. It was thus hypothesized that exposure to diabetes/high glucose alters the biomechanical and biophysical properties of cancer cells more than the normal cells, which aids in advancing the cancer. For this study, atomic force microscopy indentation was used through microscale probing of multiple human breast cancer cells (MCF-7, …
Level Of Science Achievement: Basis For The Production Of Strategic Intervention Materials (Sims), Febbie C. Verano, Sheena Mae T. Comighud
Level Of Science Achievement: Basis For The Production Of Strategic Intervention Materials (Sims), Febbie C. Verano, Sheena Mae T. Comighud
UBT International Conference
This research used the descriptive method to determine the level of Science Achievement of Grade VI Pupils: Basis for Production of Strategic Intervention Materials in Bayawan City East Central School, Bayawan City Division during the SY 2019-2020. The quantitative data were gathered from 134 pupils of Bayawan City East Central School, Bayawan City Division during the SY 2019-2020. Also, the researcher conducted a survey questionnaire. Descriptive method was used in this study. The statistical tools used in the analysis of the data were percentage, frequency, mean, weighted mean, and z-test. The study found out that the level of Science Achievement …
Awareness And Implementation Of Solid Waste Management (Swm) Practices, Emerson N. Lalamonan, Sheena Mae T. Comighud
Awareness And Implementation Of Solid Waste Management (Swm) Practices, Emerson N. Lalamonan, Sheena Mae T. Comighud
UBT International Conference
This research used the descriptive-correlational method to determine the level of respondents’ awareness and extent of implementation of Solid Waste Management (SWM) Practices in District 2, Bayawan City Division, Negros Oriental, Philippines for SY 2018-2019 in terms of the areas of segregation, reduce, reuse, recycle, and disposal. The quantitative data were gathered from 81 teachers and 189 students. Also, a survey questionnaire was utilized by the researcher. The statistical tools used in the analysis of the data were weighted mean, mean, and spearman rank correlation. The results revealed that the level of respondents’ awareness on SWM Practices as both perceived …
Water Reuse In Collective And Business Buildings, Blertë Retkoceri, Skender Bublaku
Water Reuse In Collective And Business Buildings, Blertë Retkoceri, Skender Bublaku
UBT International Conference
Kosovo is estimated to have limited surface and subsurface water resources and is classified as such in a group of water stress states. To meet the shortages of these resources but also for environmental and economic reasons, water reuse is now considered as a good opportunity to meet the shortages. Reuse is defined as the reuse of water used by objects, water that can be collected from roofs, other surface and groundwater in and around objects. This paper deals with Object IV on the UBT Campus in Lipjan and analyzes the feasibility of meeting the water requirement from the facility's …
Diversity And Inclusion In Automation, Ines Bula, Mary Doyle Kent, Peter Kopacek
Diversity And Inclusion In Automation, Ines Bula, Mary Doyle Kent, Peter Kopacek
UBT International Conference
Diversity and inclusion are the vital to the long-term success of any business. In Industry 4.0 and 5.0 there is a requirement that engineering firms have the best talent to foster innovation, entrepreneurship and growth. The best talent means offering engineering education to all members of society, including minority groups. Traditionally automation is not an engineering sector that attracts a diverse cohort. This paper looks at why science, technology engineering and math (STEM) in general, and automation in particular, flourishes when opened up to a more diverse and inclusive community and it offers insight as to how to attract this …
Water Quality Analysis In Batllava Lake With Physico - Chemical Methods And Organic Materials, Florent Dobroshi, Faton Maloku, Krenar Dobroshi
Water Quality Analysis In Batllava Lake With Physico - Chemical Methods And Organic Materials, Florent Dobroshi, Faton Maloku, Krenar Dobroshi
UBT International Conference
Water is one of the most important sources of life that cannot be replaced by other matter, so without water no form of living on our planet can be thought of. Worldwide demand for potable water rises by 4%, which challenges not only quantity but also quality. Depending on the origin, natural waters have different characteristics. In addition to meeting the needs in many vital processes, biological and physiological needs of the organism, water is an essential substance for the development of industry. There are almost no industries that for one reason or another do not use water. Water is …
Waste Pollution Analysis Medical In Rural Parts Of Kosovo, Faton Maloku, Florent Dobroshi, Besa Veseli
Waste Pollution Analysis Medical In Rural Parts Of Kosovo, Faton Maloku, Florent Dobroshi, Besa Veseli
UBT International Conference
Medical waste poses a greater risk to human health compared to other types of waste. Environmental pollution caused by medical waste can be large and can spread various diseases and epidemics, but pollution can be classified according to the most important components of the environment that are polluted and as the main component are: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution. The practical work was carried out in the regional general hospital of Gjilan, hazardous waste that is generated in rural areas is managed in a controlled manner in the waste management plant which is also within the city hospital. In …
The Production Of Biodiesel Using Waste Cooking Oil In Kosovo, Laura Nushi, Sami Makolli, Agron Millaku
The Production Of Biodiesel Using Waste Cooking Oil In Kosovo, Laura Nushi, Sami Makolli, Agron Millaku
UBT International Conference
The need for energy, fossil fuels and the emissions generated from these fuels are increasing daily. In recent years, biodiesel has attracted significant attention from worldwide researchers, governments, and industries as a renewable, biodegradable, and non-toxic fuel. Its production from waste cooking oil (WCO) provides an alternative energy means of producing liquid fuels from biomass for transport uses. Biodiesel production by recycling WCO and methanol in the presence of kaliumhydroxide (KOH), offers several benefits such as economic, environmental and waste management. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the pre-treatment and the usage of WCO for the production of biodiesel …
International Conference On Energy Efficiency Engineering, University For Business And Technology - Ubt
International Conference On Energy Efficiency Engineering, University For Business And Technology - Ubt
UBT International Conference
UBT Annual International Conference is the 9th international interdisciplinary peer reviewed conference which publishes works of the scientists as well as practitioners in the area where UBT is active in Education, Research and Development. The UBT aims to implement an integrated strategy to establish itself as an internationally competitive, research-intensive university, committed to the transfer of knowledge and the provision of a world-class education to the most talented students from all background. The main perspective of the conference is to connect the scientists and practitioners from different disciplines in the same place and make them be aware of the recent …
Modeling The Load Of Sars-Cov-2 Virus In Human Expelled Particles During Coughing And Speaking, Yang Wang, Guang Xu, Yue-Wern Huang
Modeling The Load Of Sars-Cov-2 Virus In Human Expelled Particles During Coughing And Speaking, Yang Wang, Guang Xu, Yue-Wern Huang
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Particle size is an essential factor when considering the fate and transport of virus-containing droplets expelled by human, because it determines the deposition pattern in the human respiratory system and the evolution of droplets by evaporation and gravitational settling. However, the evolution of virus-containing droplets and the size-dependent viral load have not been studied in detail. The lack of this information leads to uncertainties in understanding the airborne transmission of respiratory diseases, such as the COVID-19. In this study, through a set of differential equations describing the evolution of respiratory droplets and by using the SARS-CoV-2 virus as an example, …
Honokiol Loaded Mpeg-Pcl Micelles For The Treatment Of Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Amna Shahid
Honokiol Loaded Mpeg-Pcl Micelles For The Treatment Of Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Amna Shahid
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Age related Macular Degeneration (AMD), a multi-factorial age-related retinal hypoxic disorder resulting in irreversible loss of vision is the foremost cause of blindness in United States. Current treatment strategies used to treat disease involve multiple intraocular injections of Anti – VEGF agents into the vitreous of eye. In addition to the issues of drug localization and targeted delivery, the need to frequently inject drug into the eye raise patient compliance issues. These challenges call for sustained drug delivery system. In this study, a sustained drug delivery system was prepared by loading an anti- HIF agent, honokiol into MPEG-PCL polymer. These …
Convergence Of Auditory Nerve Fibers Onto Globular Bushy Cells, Matthew Kersting
Convergence Of Auditory Nerve Fibers Onto Globular Bushy Cells, Matthew Kersting
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Globular bushy cells (GBCs) of the cochlear nucleus are specialized neurons that encode the temporal features of sound. Multiple auditory nerve inputs are known to synapse onto a single GBC, but the exact number and sizes of these inputs have not been systematically investigated in adult mice. To gain a high-resolution and unbiased look at the auditory inputs contacting GBCs, our lab utilized Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy. Specifically, 21 GBCs and all their large inputs were reconstructed at nanometer resolution. To produce the most precise results, we applied careful attention to the reconstruction and implemented cutting-edge meshing algorithms. We …
Characterizing The Biophysical Properties And Origin Of Extracellular Matrix In The Breast Tumor Microenvironment, Connor T. King
Characterizing The Biophysical Properties And Origin Of Extracellular Matrix In The Breast Tumor Microenvironment, Connor T. King
LSU Master's Theses
Tumors derived from breast tissue possess the ability to manipulate and permanently alter their surrounding tissue. Studies demonstrate that tissues surrounding breast tumors have differences in secreted factors as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and structure. However, some fundamental gaps exist within this paradigm: specifically, what exacerbates this transformation and are these changes maintained between the subtypes of breast tumors? Therefore, a targeted evaluation of the effects of the tumor on the stromal microenvironment in a subtype specific manner will be invaluable. To determine if tumor aggressiveness and subtype differentially regulate the tumor microenvironment, a model must be constructed …