Digital Commons Network^™

Perceptions Of Ice Hockey Season Ticket Holders On The Implementation Of A Donor-Based Seating Model At Miami University, A Public Midwestern Mid-Major Institution, David Coleman Barnes Jr.

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Intercollegiate athletics is a $10 billion marketplace (Suggs, 2012), with some Division I athletics operating budgets approaching $200 million. College athletics programs are charged with maximizing revenues in an effort to support and enhance the student-athlete experience. This study provides an examination of the perceptions of ice hockey season ticket holders on the implementation of a donor-based seating model at Miami University. Miami ice hockey consistently fills its venue and generates crucial revenues for the athletics department. As the cost to compete for championships continues to increase, schools like Miami must be creative in identifying ways to maximize revenues. The …

Aligning Talent Development Performance Outcomes With Organizational Objectives, Iris Ware

Wayne State University Dissertations

*The value proposition for learning and talent development (LTD) is often challenged due to human resources’ inability to demonstrate meaningful outcomes in relation to organizational needs and return-on-investment. The primary role of human resources (HR) and the learning and talent development (LTD) function is to produce meaningful outcomes to support organizational change, performance improvement and organizational impact.

This study proposes an empirically-based descriptive process model to align LTD performance outcomes with organizational objectives. This study builds on the knowledge base of previous studies and seeks to enhance the application of research and theory. This study supports multidisciplinary knowledge enhancement and …

Examining Leadership Approaches Of Community College Administrators: Understanding Leadership And Change Processes, Jametoria Lynette Houston Burton

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This purpose of the study was to explore the personal perspectives of three select state college administrators regarding their purpose, values, and beliefs they inherently espouse about leadership, developmental education and academic success. The researcher examined the ways in which community college administrators used communication strategies to lead change processes within their organizations. The researcher identified the administrators’ leadership approaches in leading a major redesign of a developmental education program at a large community college in Florida. The following primary research question was explored: What are the strategies adopted by the select state college administrators leading a major developmental education …

The Advising Palaver Hut: Case Study In West African Higher Education, Jobila Williams Sy

All Works

Although international research regarding advising is burgeoning, most of the research on the role of and advantages related to academic advising has been limited to U.S. colleges and universities. This ethnographic case study conducted at a Liberian university examined the organizational culture of advising from student, faculty, and staff perspectives after the establishment of the Student Academic Advisement and Career Counseling Center. The findings suggest two primary elements that shape the role of advising and college student experience: postwar challenges in Liberian higher education and the shifting perspective on student centeredness. As a result, these elements have redefined the preliminary …

Service-Learning Faculty Perceptions, Karrie Faye Adkins

Online Theses and Dissertations

This study examined how service-learning faculty's perceptions are influenced by their experience with service learning, and how service learning affects faculty's personal and professional perceptions and job satisfaction. Data were collected from 130 participants at higher education institutions throughout the U. S. via an electronic survey. The data were used to create seven composite variables to represent each service-learning faculty perception area (Personal Growth, Teaching Advancement, Institutional Context, Community, Scholarship, Personal Values, and Institutional Emphasis). It was hypothesized that faculty who perceive having a highly supportive institutional culture of service learning will have higher levels of personal and professional satisfaction …

Outcomes, Perceptions, And Experiences In One Cped-Aligned Educational Doctorate (Edd) Program, Jolene Kay Farley Teske

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

EdD programming has been questioned because of lack of clarity in the initial degree construction and confusion regarding its unique focus on enhancing practice. An improved, coherent focus was developed through the Carnegie Project on the Educational Doctorate (CPED). To understand the changes happening in CPED-influenced EdD programs, studies conducted within these newly-revised programs are vital.

The current mixed-methods study explored perceptions of education doctoral (EdD) students in a CPED-Influenced program at one Midwestern university (n=36 for survey; n=8 for interviews). The research questions examined: (a) the successful completion of outcomes in the program; (b) the influence of the seven …

How Progressive Communication Methods And Impactful Leadership Styles Led To Success And Growth In Emu's Honors College Student Fellow Program, Lauren Renou

Senior Honors Theses and Projects

This research explored the communication methods and leadership styles that had emerged from participants in Eastern Michigan University's Honors College Student Fellow Program. Through a quantitative study, the researcher investigated current and past program participant's impressions of the communication methods and leadership styles that were developed within the Honors College Student Fellow Program. A literature review of other Honors College "Student Fellow" programs provided context for this study.

An Analysis Of The Readiness And Confidence Of High School Administrators To Provide Instructional Leadership In Digital School Environments, Andrew Shepherd

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to analyze the perceived knowledge and confidence of high school administrators to lead in a digital school environment. This study utilized an exploratory mixed-methods case study analysis along with the 62-item Digital Instructional Leadership Readiness Instrument (DILRI)© to measure school administrators’ knowledge and confidence to lead in a digital school environment. High school administrators within the target school district were requested to complete the DILRI© at two separate points in time: September 2016 and June 2017. Based on these two administrations, this study’s six Research Questions were answered. Research Questions 1, 2, 3, 4, …

An Examination Of Post Implementation Adoption Of Business Intelligence Technologies And The Role Of Training Programs During This Process, Juliana Gully

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This research study sought to determine if there was any difference in the perception of training modality delivery between participants who attended a face-to-face (F2F) training session or participated in blended training that supported business intelligence (BI) technology adoption. There is minimal information available identifying how training can influence an individual's intention to fully adopt BI technology into daily work processes. Identification of key factors influencing training modalities' effect on technology adoption promotes strategies that allow trainers to better facilitate and develop content that can help organizations to integrating BI technologies into their workflow. This study analyzed survey responses that …

A Study Of The Relationship Between Second-Order Change Leadership Behaviors Of High School Administrators And Student Achievement From 2016-2017, Eugene Pringle Jr.

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of a relationship between second-order change leadership behaviors of high school administrators and changes in student achievement from the school year 2016 to 2017 on the Florida Standards Assessment English Language Arts/Reading component and the Algebra 1 End of Course examination in two large urban school districts. This study further sought to determine the leadership behaviors that high school administrators felt had the most impact on student achievement. As a mixed-method research study (N = 69), quantitative and qualitative data were collected for analyses. Quantitative data were collected via the …

The Effects Of Various High School Scheduling Models On Student Achievement In Michigan, Russell Edward Pickell

Wayne State University Dissertations

This study reviews research and data to determine whether student achievement is affected by the high school scheduling model, and whether changes in scheduling models result in statistically significant changes in student achievement, as measured by the ACT Composite, ACT English Language Arts, and ACT Math scores. The high school scheduling models included in this study are: six period semester (SPS), five period trimester (FPT), seven period semester (VPS), standard 4x4 block (SB), and alternate day block (ADB). Supportive and non-supportive research are discussed in regard to the impact of the student scheduling model on student achievement.

Improving The Quality Of Nursing Documentation In Home Health Care Setting, Chidiadi Obioma

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Poor nursing documentation of patient care was identified in daily nurse visit notes in a health care setting. This problem affects effective communication of patient status with other clinicians, thereby jeopardizing clinical decision-making. The purpose of this evidence-based project was to determine the impact of a retraining program on the quality of documentation of patient care in nurses' notes in a home health agency in central Texas. A retrospective audit of quality of nursing documentation using the Nurse and Midwifery Content Audit Tool (NMCAT) was done. A pre- and posttest design was used. A convenience sample of de-identified nurses' notes …

Increasing Inclusive Students' Achievement Through Use Of Usatestprep's Integrated Learning Systems, Roslynn Darnell Elom

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Integrated learning systems (ILS) are effective ways to increase academic achievement for students, including those with disabilities. However, many teachers do not fully or properly implement this type of educational technology in their classroom teaching. The purpose of this qualitative bounded case study was to examine the perceptions of high school educators and administrators toward ILS use. The study was grounded in Ely's conditions of change theory. Research questions focused on educators' perceptions of barriers toward implementation of an ILS in the classroom. Participants included 8 inclusive secondary school teachers and 2 local administrators in a rural school system in …

A Comparison Between Administrative Leadership In Higher Education And Change-Oriented Leadership In Banks, Glenn King Jr

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Organizational environments continually change. Organizations that do not meet the demands for change do not survive. The required changes differ for banks versus universities, suggesting that leaders in each type of organization need to use unique styles to adapt to their unique environments. The purpose of this quantitative research study was to test a contingency theory of leadership that leaders of banks are change-oriented, whereas leaders of higher educational institutions are administrative in their style. The research questions dealt with differences in the uncertainty of internal operations and the external environment of banks versus universities, and the leadership style most …

Change Leadership Practices For Effective Implementation Of Alternative Breakthrough Models In Blended And Online Learning At Select K-12 Schools: A Phenomenological Study, Jason Haas

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative study was to discover what change leadership practices are utilized by educational leaders at selected K-12 schools when alternative breakthrough models in blended and online education are implemented. Using a phenomenological approach, I explored three public schools, two private schools, two charter schools, and two virtual schools. The 10 participants in this study were either heads of school, district superintendents, or department principals. The central research question was: What are the lived experiences of K-12 educational leaders who are implementing alternative breakthrough models of blended and online learning? Data was obtained via the following methods: …

Teacher Perceptions Of The Implementation Of The Common Core State Standards In The Schools Of The Florida Conference Of Seventh-Day Adventists: A Qualitative Case Study, Rose J. Thomas

Dissertations

Problem

This qualitative case study focused on educators who teach in the Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists and their perceptions regarding the adequacy of the Professional Development to support the implementation of the CCSS; how they are implementing the CCSS in the classroom in terms of planning, teaching, and assessing; and their perceptions regarding the impact of the CCSS on student learning.

Method

The study included six participants who taught in six different schools from the various regions where the Florida Conference schools are located. The participants varied in age, ethnicity, number of years in the classroom, and the size …

Applying Krumbolt's Theory Of Career Decision Making (Cdm) To The Longevity Of Principals In The North American Division Of Seventh-Day Adventists, Sadrail Saint-Ulysse

Dissertations

Problem

Ledesma (2011) reports that principals’ average tenure in Adventist schools in North America “ranges from 2.5-4.0 years. Elementary principals remain in leadership for 2.5 years, day academy principals stay for 3.6 years, and boarding academy principals leave after 4.0 years” (p, 8). Ledesma also noted that the length of tenure of a school principal in the Adventist school system mirrors that of other school systems. In an attempt to understand more about the possible factors related to this seemingly high voluntary turnover, this research sought to explore the association between the four factors of Krumboltz’s career decision making model …

The Sustainability Of Evaluation Capacity Building Interventions: An Exploratory Study, James Wade

Dissertations

Evaluation capacity building (ECB) is a practice that can help organizations conduct and use evaluations; however, there is little research on the sustainable impact of ECB interventions. This study provides an empirical inquiry into the sustainability of multiple ECB interventions. Ten ECB practitioners, identified through snowball sampling, were interviewed. They identified 16 organizational leaders from non-profits, higher education institutions, and foundations that "bought in" to ECB and were at least six months removed from an ECB contract. Analysis of these interviews resulted in a blended empirical and theoretical model that highlights the developmental process of ECB sustainability. This model highlights …

[Preprint] The Practice Of Being A Student: Cops And Graduate Student Success, Aimee Dechambeau

Research, Publications, and Presentations

This report frames the major results of recent research into graduate student success using a community of practice model based on the work of Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger as the organizational framework and lens for analyzing collected data. The goal was to determine if a community of practice developed among doctoral students and if so, whether it aided the students in their role and practice of becoming, and being, successful students. An examination of the first eight doctoral cohorts in a hybrid low-residency, self-directed graduate education program determined that student CoPs can develop to support students’ success in the …

More Than Standardisation: Teacher’S Professional Literacy Learning In Australia?, Veronica Gardiner, Wendy Cumming-Potvin, Christine Kay Glass

Australian Journal of Teacher Education

Current policies guiding literacy and teacher professional learning in Australia, tend to foreground the importance of standardised practice and assessment in classrooms and schools. However, enactments of print-oriented literacy and professional learning in alignment with this emphasis stand in contradiction with contemporary approaches, which implicate consideration of diversity and contextual relevance. This paper positions teacher problematisation and negotiation of this contradiction as key for broadening literacy learning horizons. Incorporating multiliteracies, Cultural Historical Activity Theory and sociocritical perspectives on policy and professional learning, the authors propose a multidimensional framework for exploring and supporting dynamic and conflictually sensitive teacher learning processes. Such …

การพัฒนาระบบการประเมินคุณภาพภายในที่เน้นการนำผลไปใช้พัฒนาคุณภาพการศึกษาของสถานศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐาน: การประยุกต์ใช้การประเมินแบบเสริมพลัง, วรวรรณ สังสัพพันธ์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ 1) ศึกษาสภาพการประเมินคุณภาพภายในและการใช้ผลการประเมินคุณภาพภายในพัฒนาคุณภาพการศึกษาของสถานศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐาน 2) พัฒนาระบบการประเมินคุณภาพภายในที่เน้นการนำผลไปใช้พัฒนาคุณภาพการศึกษาของสถานศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐานโดยการประยุกต์ใช้การประเมินแบบเสริมพลัง 3) ทดลองใช้และประเมินคุณภาพของระบบการประเมินคุณภาพภายในที่เน้นการนำผลไปใช้พัฒนาคุณภาพการศึกษาของสถานศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐานโดยการประยุกต์ใช้การประเมินแบบเสริมพลัง ผู้ให้ข้อมูล ประกอบด้วย ผู้บริหารสถานศึกษา และครู จำนวน 55 คน รองผู้อำนวยการสำนักงานเขตพื้นที่การศึกษาและศึกษานิเทศก์ จำนวน 5 คน และผู้เชี่ยวชาญด้านการประเมินและการประกันคุณภาพการศึกษาสำหรับการสนทนากลุ่ม จำนวน 8 คน ใช้ระเบียบวิธีวิจัยและพัฒนาทั้งการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพและเชิงปริมาณ เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการวิจัย ประกอบด้วย แบบสัมภาษณ์ แบบประเมินความต้องการจำเป็น แนวคำถามในการสนทนากลุ่ม แบบประเมินคุณภาพของระบบ แบบประเมินคุณภาพของหลักสูตรอบรม แบบทดสอบความรู้และมโนทัศน์ในการประเมิน และแบบสำรวจรายการพฤติกรรมตามหลักการประเมินแบบเสริมพลัง วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลเชิงคุณภาพโดยการวิเคราะห์เนื้อหา วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลเชิงปริมาณโดยใช้สถิติเชิงบรรยาย การทดสอบทีและใช้เทคนิค PNImodified ในการจัดอันดับความต้องการจำเป็น ผลการวิจัยสรุปได้ดังนี้ 1. สภาพการประเมินคุณภาพภายในและใช้ผลการประเมิน พบว่าการประเมินคุณภาพภายในเป็นหน้าที่หลักของผู้บริหารสถานศึกษาและครูวิชาการหรือครูผู้รับผิดชอบหลักงานประกันคุณภาพภายใน โดยมีคำสั่งแต่งตั้งผู้รับผิดชอบเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลโดยใช้แบบบันทึกข้อมูล และจัดทำรายงานประเมินตนเอง (SAR) ทุกปี สถานศึกษามุ่งเน้นใช้ผลการประเมินมาตรฐานที่ 1 ประเด็นพิจารณาพัฒนาการจากผลการสอบระดับชาติ และมีความต้องการจำเป็นที่จะพัฒนาเรื่องการจัดทำรายงานการประเมินคุณภาพภายในที่อำนวยความสะดวกในการใช้ผลและการสร้างความเข้าใจความตระหนักในการใช้ผลการประเมินคุณภาพภายใน สภาพปัญหาที่สำคัญ คือ การประเมินคุณภาพภายในต้องใช้เวลามากเนื่องจากผู้เกี่ยวข้องให้ข้อมูลล่าช้า 2. ระบบการประเมินคุณภาพภายในที่เน้นการนำผลไปใช้ในการพัฒนาคุณภาพการศึกษามีองค์ประกอบที่สัมพันธ์กันคือ วัตถุประสงค์ หลักการ การดำเนินการประเมินแบบเสริมพลังโดยทีมนิเทศ และกลไกการทำงานของระบบ ซึ่งประกอบด้วย 1) ปัจจัยนำเข้า 2) กระบวนการ 3) ผลผลิต และ 4) ข้อมูลป้อนกลับ และผลการตรวจสอบคุณภาพของระบบการประเมินคุณภาพภายในที่เน้นการนำผลไปใช้พัฒนาคุณภาพการศึกษาโดยผู้เชี่ยวชาญ พบว่า ระบบการประเมินคุณภาพภายในมีคุณภาพด้านความมีประโยชน์ ด้านความเป็นไปได้ และด้านความเหมาะสมในระดับมาก ส่วนด้านความถูกต้องอยู่ในระดับมากที่สุด 3. ผลการทดลองใช้ระบบการประเมินคุณภาพภายในที่เน้นการนำผลไปใช้พัฒนาคุณภาพการศึกษา พบว่า ผู้บริหารสถานศึกษาและครูมีความรู้ในการประเมินหลังการอบรมสัมมนาสูงกว่าก่อนอบรม มีมโนทัศน์สูงกว่าคะแนนเป้าหมายที่วางไว้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05 มีความพึงพอใจในการอบรมอยู่ในระดับมาก มีพฤติกรรม 10 หลักการตามแนวทางการประเมินแบบเสริมพลังสูงขึ้น และผลการปฏิบัติการใช้ผลการประเมินคุณภาพภายในอยู่ในระดับมาก และสถานศึกษามีผลการประเมินคุณภาพภายในตามมาตรฐานการศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐานอยู่ในระดับดีเยี่ยม มีบางประเด็นพิจารณาอยู่ในระดับดี 4. ผลการประเมินคุณภาพของระบบการประเมินคุณภาพภายในที่เน้นการนำผลการประเมินไปใช้พัฒนาคุณภาพการศึกษา โดยผู้ทดลองใช้ระบบดังนี้ โดยทีมนิเทศ ผู้บริหารสถานศึกษาและครูโรงเรียนขนาดกลาง และขนาดใหญ่ แสดงให้เห็นว่า ระบบมีคุณภาพด้านความมีประโยชน์ ด้านความเป็นไปได้ ด้านความเหมาะสม และด้านความถูกต้อง อยู่ในระดับมากที่สุด และโดยผู้บริหารสถานศึกษาและครูโรงเรียนขนาดเล็ก …

Superintendent Effect On Student Outcomes: Leadership Style, Educational Attainment, And Experience, Casey Allen

Murray State Theses and Dissertations

Superintendents with five years of experience (n=48) were surveyed on Full Range Leadership style, educational attainment, and years of experience to determine whether Kentucky school superintendents had an effect on student outcomes. Data was collected on each superintendent’s district Overall Accountability Score (OAS) to determine student performance. Using the district OAS as the dependent variable, independent t-tests were performed to compare high transformational leaders to low transformational leaders, high transactional leaders to low transactional leaders, and high laissez-faire leaders to low laissez-faire leaders. Again, using district OAS as the dependent variable, a t-test was performed to compare superintendents with Kentucky …

Epistemology, Wisdom, And Social Transformation: Strategies At The Forefront Of The Contemplative Movement In Higher Education, Nicola Smith

Doctoral Dissertations

American society is currently experiencing a surging interest in contemplative practices. The secularization and professionalization of contemplative practices can be seen in the adoption of mindfulness-based approaches in sectors as wide-ranging as technology, nonprofit, and higher education. Amongst all these fields, institutions of higher education play a unique role within the contemplative movement in that the academy lays claim to the powerful social roles of producing and disseminating knowledge and, subsequently, of shaping societal values and behaviors.

In conducting this qualitative study, the researcher analyzed 1) what the academics in the contemplative movement expressed through their speech regarding the activities …

Workplace Faculty Friendships And Work-Family Culture, Megumi Watanabe, Christina Falci

Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications

Although various work-family policies are available to faculty members, many underuse these policies due to concerns about negative career consequences. Therefore, we believe it is important to develop an academic work culture that is more supportive of work-family needs. Using network data gathered from faculty members at a Midwestern university, this study investigated the relationship between friendship connections with colleagues and perceived work-family supportiveness in the department. It also explored the role of parental status in the relationship for men and women. Results show that faculty with larger friendship networks have more positive perceptions of work-family culture compared to faculty …

Moving Toward The Center: The Integration Of Educational Development In An Era Of Historic Change In Higher Education, Bruce Kelley, Laura Cruz, Nancy Fire

To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development

Educational developers have generally articulated their mission around three major poles: faculty/professional development, instructional development, and organizational development (Diamond, 2002; Lewis, 1996). While the first two poles have received greater attention in the past, an increasing amount of emphasis is being placed on organizational development. This shift is a result of a growing tendency to see educational development as an integral component in helping colleges and universities effect change in multiple areas. The challenges higher education faces “require multiple teams of cross-unit expertise in order to make progress” (Schroeder, 2011, p. 202), and educational developers are often called on to …

University Research Development Offices: Perceptions And Experiences Of Research University Administrators, Roxana Ross

Theses and Dissertations

Universities are struggling to keep up with the cost of doing research. Some are searching for new ways to improve their likelihood of getting grant funding to support their research efforts. As a function of the academic research enterprise, research development offices and research development staff at universities utilize specific activities to enhance grant funding success and support university research goals. This study examines university research development activities and research development offices to determine if formal research development offices are perceived to have value and what research development activities are most impactful. The issue of fair measures of success for …

Exploring The Leadership Experiences Of Minority Women In A Black Greek Letter Sorority, Ashley Nichole Jennings

Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative phenomenological research study was designed to explore and reveal the lived experiences of minority women in Black Greek Letter Sororities and their understanding of sorority membership and leadership development following graduation. Data collection was completed using two qualitative streams: online questionnaire and one-on-one interviews. This study will contribute to the discussion of leadership development for Black Greek Letter Sorority members. More specifically, this study focused on the role that a Black sorority has in developing minority female leaders as they matriculate and develop within higher education and simultaneously in the sisterhood. This research study provided suggestions on opportunities …

The Role Of District And School Leaders' Trust And Communications In The Simultaneous Implementation Of Innovative Policies, Hal A. Lawson, Francesca T. Durand, Kristen Campbell Wilcox, Karen M. Gregory, Kathryn S. Schiller, Sarah J. Zuckerman

Department of Educational Administration: Faculty Publications

This mixed-method multiple case study investigated nine elementary schools. Six “odds-beating schools," which serve relatively high numbers of economically disadvantaged children, achieved higher than predicted performance on state assessments when compared with three typically performing schools. The overarching research question guiding this study was: What forces, factors, and actors account for odds-beating schools' better outcomes? The trust-communication connection provided one answer. Relational trust in odds-beating schools is an intraorganizational phenomenon, and it is accompanied by interorganizational trust (reciprocal trust). These two kinds of trust are accompanied by intraschool and district office-school communication mechanisms. Trust and communications are mutually constitutive as …

Improving Learning Center Usage Verification Processes Using Six Sigma, Latricia C. Hylton

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

The Academic Learning Center at the University of Northern Iowa provides tutoring and advising services to enrolled students at the university. As Iowa legislatures consider performance based funding, having accurate and timely student usage data is imperative for the Academic Learning Center as the data is used in making funding decisions. The purpose of this research is to improve the student usage verification process and increase the accuracy of data collected by a math and science tutoring center located in the Academic Learning Center. An Access database was designed to record and track the math and science tutoring services provided …

Leader–Member Exchange Between Academic Deans And Faculty In Community Colleges, Alexander Lincoln Clifford

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Between 2011 and 2016, 84% of senior leaders in community colleges indicated retirement intentions and thereby exposed a need to provide better mentorship, training, and early selection of potential replacements for college executives. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and extent of the relationships between the independent variables (mentorship, leadership training, and time in the position as dean) and the dependent variable (demonstrated leadership of academic deans in community colleges). A popular approach that describes this dynamic is Graen and Uhl-Bien's leader–member exchange theory, which was operationalized by the LMX–7 instrument. A causal–comparative design was used …