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Characterization Of Legume And Grass Residues Following In Vitro And In Sacco Ruminal Digestion, D.J R. Cherney, J H. Cherney, A H. Davidson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Objectives were to characterize the influence of forage species and maturity on dry matter degradation. Averaged across maturities, alfalfa and red clover were lower in NDF content (39 and 30% NDF, respectively) than reed canarygrass and timothy (59 and 54% NDF, respectively). The NDF of the DM residues in grass remained relatively unchanged over time, while NDF of the DM residue in legume increased rapidly for 9 h before becoming relatively constant. Alfalfa incubated in vitro (42% NDF) compared to reed canarygrass (58% NDF) contained more ND soluble material (39% vs. 25%), and more pepsin soluble material (22 vs. 18%). …

Potassium Accumulation In Perennial Cool-Season Grass Forage, J H. Cherney, D.J R. Cherney

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Perennial grasses are well adapted to the northern U.S.A. and Canada, but the potassium (K) content of grass forage is a major concern in regard to dairy cattle nutrition. Our goal was to identify factors influencing potassium content of grasses, so that a grass management strategy for controlling potassium content could be formulated. Separate experiments were conducted with several perennial coolseason grass species and varieties. Nitrogen fertilization and harvest management also were evaluated. Aside from the obvious positive effect on K concentration caused by commercial K fertilizer or by animal manure application, K concentration was influenced by grass species, grass …

Influence Of Different Cutting Frequencies And Fertilization On Grass Silage Quality, U Wyss, R Vogel

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The influence of different cutting frequencies and fertilization on dry matter yield, botanical composition, nutrient concentration and fermentation quality of grass silage was investigated. Altogether four treatments were compared; two 5-cut-treatnents with two different fertilizer levels, one 3-cut-treatment with fertilizer and one 2-cuttreatment without fertilizer. In the 5-cut-treatments the double fertilizer amount produced a 10% higher dry matter yield and also a higher proportion of grasses. The fermentation quality of these silages was mostly good, especially in autumn when the high nitrate content improved the quality. The 3- cut and 2-cut-variants showed a higher grass proportion, a higher crude fibre …

Seasonal Changes In Forage Quality Of C3 Grasses On Sagebrush Grassland, H F. Mayland, G E. Shewmaker

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Annual and perennial grasses growing in the semiarid, west-central North American continent mature by early to midsummer. Forage mineral concentrations in these C-3 grasses decrease curvilinearly as the season advances from day of year (DOY) 75 to 300. Total digestible dry matter (TDDM) and digestible cell wall (DCW) decrease linearly with DOY while neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increases curvilinearly. By midsummer; energy, N, P, and Zn usually become deficient for ruminant nutrition.

Nitrogen Fertilizer Effects Upon Silage Composition And Quality Of Lolium Multiflorum, L., E M. Viviani Rossi, L M. Gutierrez, E Moreno, A Mazzanti

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to determine the ensiling properties of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L) fertilized with different doses of nitrogen. A pure ryegrass pasture was sown in March 1994 and six N doses (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg N.ha-1) were applied in August 1994. The lots were harvested 60 days after fertilization. The harvested material was chopped and stored for about 60 days in 5 l Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) laboratory silos, and replicated 3 times. Values of DM, IVDMD, TN, NDF, WSC, pH, NH3-N and Sol-N were determined. A completely randomized design was applied, …

Protein Degradability Effect And Supplementation Level On Pasture Utilization, A.V M. Franco, P De Andrade, G L. Franco

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective was to determine the effect of protein degradability and supplement level on forage degradation. Steers fistulated were utilizated in brachiaria (Brachiaria brizantha) pasture. A randomized block design was used with a control treatment and supplements according to a factorial scheme combining low, medium and high protein degradability with supplementation levels: low, medium and high analysed as principal treatments and incubation time as splitplot by SAS. Nylon bags were incubated at 4; 8; 12; 24; 48; 72; 96 and 120 hours to determine DM, CP and NDF degradation. There was no effect (P>0.05) of protein degradability …

Breeding To Improve Yield And Quality In Napiergrass, Y K. Cheng, C S. Chen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The breeding program has been conducted to improve the production and quality of napiergrass by crossing with related species or intraspecies. CV. TLG2 with high yields and water soluble carbohydrates have been selected and released. It produced 20% more forage yields and water soluble carbohydrates than cultivar, CV. A146 and persisted well at least for five years. Good silage was obtained when the CV. TLG2 was harvested at the right time. Milking ability is improved by use of silage and/or green chopping whole year round.

Use Of Nir To Estimate Nitrogen Degradability Of Forage, R Agneeseens, P Dardenne, Ph Lecomte

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Near infra red spectrometry (NIRS) is commonly used to characterise animal feeds at the level of their intrinsic composition (dry matter, protein, fat, fiber) as well of their digestibility (Dardenne et al.,1991). The use of new systems in the evaluation of the protein value has induced the necessity to determine parameters such as the theoretical ruminal degradability of nitrogen (DT).

The definition of this criterion necessitates the implementation of the nylon bag technique which is time consuming and costly and is reserved to reference laboratories. An alternative to this technique, based on an enzymatic hydrolysis of the proteinic content, has …

Energetic Feed Value Of Grassland Products In Ruminants, A Chudy

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A method for calculating the energetic feed value, based on the digestible nutrients and on the relations of the utilisation of the energy of the nutrients (carbohydrates = 100) for ATP syntheses is described. This relative scale is a nominal feed value (NFV). It characterises the ATP potential of the feedstuffs and is therefore equivalent to the efficiency of utilisation of the feed energy in the catabolic metabolism (non-thermal maintenance, muscular work (movement)) and energy costs for syntheses as well as the productive performance as energy retention in animal products. Therefore this scale secures a precise precognition of the animal …

Integration Of Forage Legumes Into Maize/Elephant Grass Systems For Dairy Farming, E N. Sabiiti, J S. Mugerwa, P Ngategize, G Kyeyune

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The livestock sector contributes about 30% of the total value of agricultural production but the sector does not meet the demand for milk. Currently, there is serious migration of the rural population to urban centres and this will lead to high demand for milk and milk products. Therefore, the development of peri-urban dairy production by the small scale farmers appears a promising option to solve the problems of malnutrition, increase household incomes and improve the quality of life of these farmers. The dominant production system practised is zero-grazing using improved dairy breeds and feeding elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) …

Compatibility Of Stylosanthes Hamata And Stylosanthes Capitata In Mixed Pastures In The Subhumid Zone Of Nigeria, G Tarawali, M Peters

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The forage productivity of sole plots of Stylosanthes capitata and Stylosanthes hamata in comparison with various proportional mixtures of the two legumes and their effect on soil properties and subsequent maize yield were studied in subhumid Nigeria. Dry matter (DM) yields in the mixtures were higher than in the sole stands, with the mixtures of S. hamata and S. capitata reaching 11959 to 14822 kg/ha over a three year period. Total nitrogen and/or organic carbon concentrations in the soil following the three years of legume were higher in the mixtures than in the sole stands, and this resulted in higher …

Corn Silage In Sustainable And Conventional Systems For Finishing Beef Cattle, J P. Fontenot, V G. Allen, L L. Scott, D H. Vaughan, C A. Laub, D B. Taylor

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of the research was to compare finishing beef steers on high corn (Zea mays L.) silage diets in which the corn was produced under conventional and sustainable systems. The conventional corn forage was produced on a given area for 5 yr, using conventional practices, alternating with 5 yr of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) The sustainable system corn forage was produced in a 4-yr rotation with small grain cover crops and legumes, in which corn was grown in a given area once every 4 yr. Input of pesticides was less for the sustainable system. Steers were fed …

Forage Production In The Rice Fields During Dry Season Ryegrass, White Clover And Oats, A S. Raveloson, E Haraldseide

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the highland of Madagascar, lack of good forage is very acute during the dry and cool season. The cultivation of temperate forage in rice fields under irrigation is practised by farmers to feed dairycattle. The main forages which are cultivated are oats (Avena sativa), Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum) and white clover (. Under experimental conditions rye grass has given the highest yield, but every species have their particularities, which can be useful in forage production. Three varieties of each species were studied in 1993 and 1994. Experiments were carried at five sites in the winter …

Arachis Pintoi: A Multipurpose Legume For Sustainable Land Use, P J. Argel, P C. Kerridge, E A. Pizarro

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Perennial peanut (A. pintoi) is a multiple-use tropical legume that can be used in association with a grass or as a cover crop in tree plantations. As a forage plant it has high forage quality and persistence under heavy grazing. As a cover crop and for erosion control it forms a dense cover under shade, excludes weeds and contributes to soil improvement.

Impacts Of Grazed Pastures On Soil Water And Nitrogen Status In Cropping Systems, J A. Baldlock, W D. Bellotti, A D. Moore, I Yunusa

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In southern Australia pastures precede wheat in many rotations. In recent years the quality (legume content) of many pastures has declined and the value of pastures in rotation with cereals has been questioned. This research aims to develop a more complete understanding of the impact of pastures on crop production through greater knowledge of the below ground processes of soil water and soil inorganic nitrogen. In this study, the impacts of annual barley grass (Hordium leporinum) and barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) pastures on soil water and inorganic nitrogen status at the start of a subsequent wheat growing season were investigated …

Rhizoma Peanut Based Cropping Systems For Dairy Effluent Spray Fields, E C. French, K R. Woodard, D A. Graetz, G M. Prine, H H. Van Horn

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Cropping schemes that efficiently utilize nutrients applied in dairy waste effluent sprayfields is needed to avoid ground water contamination. Three 12 month cropping systems were grown under dairy waste effluent irrigation: 1) corn-forage sorghum-rye (C-FSR), 2) corn-rhizoma peanut-rye (C-RP-R), and 3) rhizoma peanutrye (RP-R). With an effluent N loading rate of 403 kg ha-1 yr-1, 2-yr mean DM yield was 30.7 Mg ha-1 yr-1 for the C-FS-R system, 26.2 for C-RP-R, and 17.9 for RP-R. Nitrogen concentration for C and FS ranged from 9 to 14 g kg-1 while RP ranged from 24 to 35. The higher N concentration in …

A Model To Determine The Optimum Forage Combination And Level Of Concentrate For Dairy Cows, E Jahn, G Gutierrez, R Velasco, M Silva

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A model was developed to simulate a milk production system. The program determines the milk production based on energy nutrition, calving date, cow potential and defines grazing sequence and harvesting dates. It can simulate different stocking rates, paddock sizes, levels of production according to pasture quality, seasonal production and concentrate intake. The output of the model is used for an economical analysis which evaluates costs and returns; for some of the most sensitives factors that affect economic returns like prices of milk and concentrate, pasture production and others. The program makes an analysis of sensitivity where these factors are varied …

Small Grains In Cropping Systems To The Brazilian Southern Regions, R S. Fontanelo, L De J.A Del Duca, R S. Fontaneli

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Winter cereals genotypes (oats, wheat, rye, barley, and triticale) were evaluated for forage and grain yield at the experimental area of the Wheat National Research Center (EMBRAPA/CNPT) and Agronomy College of the Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF/FA), in Passo Fundo, RS state, southern Brazil, during the years 1992-94. Three cutting frequencies were applied: no cutting, one and two cuttings. A completely random block design with split-plots and three replicates was used. The crops were established under conventional tillage. The fertilization was 200- 300 kg/ha 5-25-25 , plus 22.5-30.0 kg/ha of N (urea) during tiller period (before 45 days after planting …

Rotational Cropping Introducing Tama Ryegrass Renge, (Astragalus Sinicus), Pumpkin (Cucurbita Moschata Var Tecnus) And Horse Bean (Vicia Faba) In Paddy Field, T I. Kawase

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The author was successful in introducing Tama Rye grass mixed with Renge by surface sowing just after the harvest of rice in paddy fields (in dried up condition). The grasses were cut 3-4 cm long, spread between young plants of rice after transplanting and the paddy field filled with water. Then the grasses covered well for depressing weed growth and contributed as green manures. The author was also successful in introducing grasses in rice fields and producing pumpkin or corn then horse beans in paddy fields after they dried up. This rotational cropping of grass -rice- corn or pumpkin and …

Multiple Uses Of Tropical Forage Legumes For Sustainable Farming In The Moist Savannas Of Africa, L Muhr, S A. Tarawali, M Peters, U Merkel, R Schultze-Kraft, D Berner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Ensuring that farming in the moist savannas of Africa is maintained, despite increasing population pressure and agricultural demands, necessitates the sustainable integration of crop and livestock enterprises; a role that forage legumes can fulfill. The potential of eleven herbaceous and two shrubby species of forage legumes in an improved fallow or ley-farming system to provide dry season fodder and beneficial effects to a subsequent cereal crop were investigated. Fodder dry matter yields were highest for Stylosanthes guianensis (9.9 t/ha), Centrosema pubescens, and Aeschynomene histrix. Maize yield following S. guianensis was 138% higher than after natural fallow. Similar increases were …

Selection And Utilization Of Stylosanthes Guianesis, For Green Cover And Feed Meal Production In China, Lin Guodao, P C. Kerridge

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study illustrates the value of acquiring, evaluating and making available wild legume germplasm for evaluation in different production systems. A tropical legume selected for use as a pasture legume in South America proved to have greater value as a component in feed meal in intensive production systems in China, where it can return USD 1,400 per hectare, than as a pasture plant.

Tropical Corn For Silage In Multiple Cropping Systems, J C. Burns, D S. Fisher

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study compared the yield potential and inherent nutritive value and quality of tropical corn (Zea mays L.) with temperate corn and two forage sorghums [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] for use in multiple cropping systems. Tropical corn showed high dry matter yield potential (19.3 Mg ha-1) compared with a selected temperate corn (14.7 Mg ha-1) or with an intermediate (8.5 Mg ha-1) or taller growing forage-type sorghum (10.3 Mg ha-1). Neutral detergent fiber concentration (g kg-1) was lower for temperate corn (330) than for tropical (548) corn which had a concentration similar to the intermediate (497) and forage-type …

The Beneficial Effects Of Short-Term Rotation Systems Of Winter Forage Crops With Maize On Dry Farming Land Of Southwestern China, S R. Zhou, U Simon, K Mao

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to sift out the suitable and better short-term rotation systems of winter forage mixture with maize on dry farming land for the local farmers in Southwestern China. Four species of legume, Italian ryegrass and maize were used to organize six treatments for this experiment. The result showed that the three rotation systems of Astragalus sinicus (80%) + Lolium multiflorum (20%) ’ Zea mays, Medicago hisida (70%) + Lolium multiflorum (30%) ’ Zea mays and Vicia villosa (75%) + Lolium multiflorum (25%) ’ zea mays obtained good forage values (TDOM 4.06-4.36 t/ ha, CP 1.10-1.58 …

The Comparison Of Different Short-Term Rotation Systems Of Winter Forage Crops With Rice In Subtropical Plain Region Of Southwestern China, U Simon, S R. Zhou, K Mao

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to explore the possibility of growing winter forage crops in the present farming system with simple grain production only in subtropical plain region of southwestern China. The result showed that the four rotation systems i.e. Astragalus sinicus (70%) + Lolium multiflorum (30%) rice, Medicago hispida (75%) + Lolium multiflorum (25%) rice, Lolium multiflorum (20%) + Vicia villosa (80%) rice and Astragalus sinicus (80%) + Brassica napus (20%) rice obtained good forage values (TDOM 3.35-4.12 t/ha, CP 1.12-1.31 t/ha, ME 2.53-3.19 X 104 MJ/ha), at the same time, obtained better rice yields (DW 6.35-7.17 t/ha) …

Influence Of Fertilization And Utilization On Botanical Composition And Yield Of Selected Grass Mixtures, R Zarudzki, W Opitz Von Boberfeld, P Daniel, W Mikulski

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of fertilization and system of utilization on feeding value and usability for ensilage of selected grass mixtures, first with advantage of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), second with orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.), in simulating grazing land utilization (6-cuttings per year) and cutting utilization on hay or silage (3-cuttings per year). It was utilized for four years in using the full seeding method. Based on two grass mixtures and using different systems of utilization and different levels of fertilization was tried to define how to proceed with grassland reclamation …

Effects Of Inoculation With Lactobacillus Casei Subsp. Rhamnosus At Ensiling On Fermentation And Flora Of Lactic Acid Bacteria Of Grass Silages, T Masuko, F Kitajima, S Okada, T Uchimura

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the inoculation with Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus (L.c.r) at ensiling would improve the fermentation and affect the flora of lactic acid bacteria of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L) and timothy (Phleum pratense L) silages. The fermentation quality of orchardgrass and timothy silages were improved by the addition of L.c.r and Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei (L.c.c) except orchardgrass silage stored at 15°C. In orchardgrass and timothy silages, the species of lactic acid bacteria in the control silages was different than the inoculated silages. At 15°C and 35°C, L.c.r was dominant in …

Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.) Screening For Post-Harvest Fungal Resistance, V I. Babij, K M. Wittenberg, S R. Smith Jr

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A leaf screening procedure developed by Wittenberg et al. (in preparation) for detection of plants resistant or susceptible to fungal growth after cutting was compared with fungal growth on whole plants were chopped and stored under warm humid conditions in the laboratory or wilted and baled in a simulated field trial. Four genotypes previously identified as having low, variable and high susceptibility to fungal growth after harvest were used. Extent of fungal growth, as measured by glucosamine analysis, for plant material chopped and incubated under conditions conducive to molding, supported plant resistance ratings as determined by the screening procedure. Minimal …

Intake, Growth And Feed Preference By Steers Fed Combinations Of Alfalfa And Annual Ryegrass Silage, E Charmley

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Nutritive value and intake of legumes is generally considered superior to grasses when ensiled at similar digestibility. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the optimum combination of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) silages to maximize growth rate of steers fed silage, determine chemical components which influenced performance, and to determine if steers selected the optimum mixture when given a choice. Both silages contained similar concentrations of dry matter, acid detergent fibre and organic acids, but alfalfa silage had higher concentrations of nitrogen (N), soluble N and ammonia N. Annual ryegrass contained …

Steer Growth With Round-Baled Red Clover Silage Preserved With Enzyme Based Additive, P Narasimhalu

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A 12-wk growth trial was conducted on 32 Holstein steers to study the effects of preserving round-baled red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) without or with enzyme additive on silage composition and steer performance. Enzyme additive did not affect silage composition except for increasing lactic acid content. Intake was higher for treated silage but live weight or carcass gain was not different between untreated and treated silage. Supplementing treated silage with barley did not affect silage intake but roasted-steeped soybeans or potato plus roasted-steeped soybeans lowered silage intake. Supplementation of treated silage, particularly with barley, improved live or carcass weight.

Storage Losses In Large Round Bale Using Various Storage Methods For Six And Eighteen Months, R C. Reeder, D H. Samples, H M. Bartholomew, S L. Boyles

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grass hay was baled with a variety of balers and tying materials in June, 1994 and 1995, at Jackson, Ohio. The bales were prepared and stored several ways. Waste hay accounted for less than ten percent of the dry matter after storage for six and eighteen months in all cases except one (a plastic wrap system intended for use with haylage). Bales stored inside had no waste. The best outdoor storage system, with less than one percent waste, used a ‘bale bonnet’ (top half covered with a plastic sheet) with the bale on a slatted pallet. One group of bales …