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The Effects Of Trimethoprim On The Chromosomal Aberrations On The Radiological Techniciances Who Smoke, Etem Akbaş, Turgay Budak Jan 1998

The Effects Of Trimethoprim On The Chromosomal Aberrations On The Radiological Techniciances Who Smoke, Etem Akbaş, Turgay Budak

Turkish Journal of Biology

Trimethoprim, cigerette smoking and radition is known to have a clastogenic effects on chromosomes when applied to oneby one. In this study all of this aggents have been applied together. 8, 35 and 60 \mug/ml doses of trimethoprim applied to the bloods which were taken from five healthy radiology technicians who are cigarette smokers, for the periods of 6, 24 and 48 hours. The same quantity of culture medium was added to the cultures which were separated for control in the same period. For each dose-aplication ;eriod combination, from each individual 50 metaphases were evaluated in relation to the ratio …


In Vivo Dna Methylation Of Escherichia Colidh5\Alphaand Top10f' Strains By Bacterial Cytosine-5methyltransferase M. Msp1, Öztürk Özdemi̇r, David Hornby Jan 1998

In Vivo Dna Methylation Of Escherichia Colidh5\Alphaand Top10f' Strains By Bacterial Cytosine-5methyltransferase M. Msp1, Öztürk Özdemi̇r, David Hornby

Turkish Journal of Biology

At the chromatin level, methylated CpG dinucleotides are R.Msp1 resistant compared with nonmethylated counterparts. The DNA of two E.coli strains was analyzed following transformation-with bacterial cytosine-5-methyltransferase gene M.Msp1 in mammalian transfection vector pcDNA3. Expression of the M.Msp1 was tested by R.Msp1 digestion. The results suggest that the DNA of both strains was fully methylated at the CCGG sequences, by the active enzyme under the control of T7 and cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoters. Methylated DNA can not be digested and it exhibits higher frag-ment sizes in 1% agarose gel in contrast to the untransformed cell DNAs in vivo.


Transcription Of The Autographa Californicanuclear Polyhedrosis Virus P39 Gene In Bombyxmori Cell Culture, Zihni Demi̇rbağ Jan 1998

Transcription Of The Autographa Californicanuclear Polyhedrosis Virus P39 Gene In Bombyxmori Cell Culture, Zihni Demi̇rbağ

Turkish Journal of Biology

Transcription of the Autographa californica nuclear polynedrosis virüs (AcNPV; Family: Baculoviridae) p39 gene (delayed-early gene) has been studied extensively in the productive system of Spodoptera frugiperda cells. This is the first transcriptional study of this gene in the Bombyx mori cell line. In this study, comparative transcription of the AcNPV p39 gene was examined in S. frugiperda and B. mori cell cultures. Northern blot hybridization of totoal RNA samples, isolated from mock-infected (O and 48 hour post infection, h.p.i.) and AcNPV-infected (0, 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 h.p.i.) S. frugiperda and B. mori cell lines, was analyzed. Results indicates that …


The Construction Of A Mammalian Transfectionvector For Expression Of Cytosine-5 Specific Dnamethyltransferase Gene M.Msp1 In Cultured Cells, Öztürk Özdemi̇r Jan 1998

The Construction Of A Mammalian Transfectionvector For Expression Of Cytosine-5 Specific Dnamethyltransferase Gene M.Msp1 In Cultured Cells, Öztürk Özdemi̇r

Turkish Journal of Biology

The expression vectors are designed for expression and purification of normal or recombi-nant gene of interest. There is a wide variety of stable and transferable selectable mammalian expres-sion vectors.The vector pCDM8 and its derivatives, pcDNAI/Ampicilline are widely used for cloning and analyzing of genes in higher eukaryotic cells. The vectors pRC/CMV, pcDNA3 and pRC/RSV are designed for high-level expression of recombinant genes in mammalian cells. In the present study, we have been able to transfect and express the monospecific bacterial (Moroxcella spp) cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferase (MTase) M.Msp1 gene in cultured cells within a newly con-structed mammalian transfection vector. We have …


Determination Of Heavy Metal Levels In Some Mossspecies Around Thermic Power Stations, Özlem Tonguç Jan 1998

Determination Of Heavy Metal Levels In Some Mossspecies Around Thermic Power Stations, Özlem Tonguç

Turkish Journal of Biology

In our studry, the chemical analysis related to the heavy metal pollution in some mosses grown near the thermic power stations which built close to Mugla and its environs, was carried out.


The Effects Of Phenoxybenzamine And Cold Stresson Tyrosine Hydroxylase Enzyme Activity Andexpression Of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene In The Ratadrenal Medulla, Muhittin Yürekli Jan 1998

The Effects Of Phenoxybenzamine And Cold Stresson Tyrosine Hydroxylase Enzyme Activity Andexpression Of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene In The Ratadrenal Medulla, Muhittin Yürekli

Turkish Journal of Biology

The effects of cold exposure and cold plus phenoxybenzamine treatment on tyrosine hydrox-ylase (TH) activity and TH m RNA levels were investigated in the adrenal medulla of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. SD rats were exposed to cold (4 °C) for 48 hours. Phenoxybenzamine was injected intra-peritoneally (i.p) at 20 mg/kg, which was prepared in 5% ethanol containing 0.9 % NaCL TH activity was measured by monitoring the formation of 3 H 2 O as a product of L-(3 H)-tyrosine hydroxylation, the formation of L-(3 H)-dopa from L-(3 H)-tyrosine. Total adrenal RNA was isolated and blotted onto a nylon membrane and …


A Comparison Of Germ Tube Production By Candidaalbicans In Three Media, Gülhan Vardar-Ünlü Jan 1998

A Comparison Of Germ Tube Production By Candidaalbicans In Three Media, Gülhan Vardar-Ünlü

Turkish Journal of Biology

The conversion of C. albicans. from commensal to the pathogenic state is associated with its ability to make the dimorphic transition from the yeast to the hyphal (germ tube) form. Three liq-uid media were compared in ability to promote germ tube production by C. albicans. Medium 199 and Glucose-Glycine Medium at 37°C were highly satisfactory and gave 90 % conversion of yeast cells to hyphal-form cells. Sucrose-Gelatine medium gave only 15% conversion. Glucose-Glycine medium appeared to give more rapid germ tube production than 199 Medium.


Purification And Characterization Of Pediocin F, Abacteriocin Produced By Pediococcus Acidilacticif, Özlem Osmanagaoğlu, Ufuk Gündüz, Yavuz Beyatli, Cumhur Çökmüş Jan 1998

Purification And Characterization Of Pediocin F, Abacteriocin Produced By Pediococcus Acidilacticif, Özlem Osmanagaoğlu, Ufuk Gündüz, Yavuz Beyatli, Cumhur Çökmüş

Turkish Journal of Biology

In this work, Pediococcus acidilactici F isolated from fermented sausage was reported to produce an extracellular antimicrobial peptide, termed Pediocin F, that was protein in nature and effec-tive against many bacteria associated with food spoilage and food related health hazards. Pediocin F is reported here to be sensitive to proteolytic enzymes, resistant to heat and organic solvents, and active over a wide range of pH. We have also reported that the extracellular antimicrobial protein pro-duced by P. acidilactici F was really a small peptide. Coomassie-blue stained SDS-PAGE technique allowed us to estimate the molecular weight of this small peptide to …


A Theoretical Study On The Sex-Pheromones Of Therice Moth, Corcyra Cephalonica Stainton, Lemi Türker Jan 1998

A Theoretical Study On The Sex-Pheromones Of Therice Moth, Corcyra Cephalonica Stainton, Lemi Türker

Turkish Journal of Biology

Molecular orbital calculations (AM1 type) were performed on the geometry optimized structures of various farnesal isomers and methyl esters of farnesoic acids. It has been found that the major component, E, E-farnesal, of the sex-pheromone for the rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica Stainton is chemically the most exothermic and stable of all the farnesal isomers. Then, the resem-blance of molecular shapes was detrmined in order to design more stable sex-attractants.


Larval Growth And Survival Of Penaeus Indicus(Decapoda: Penaeidae) On Live Feeds, Metin Kumlu Jan 1998

Larval Growth And Survival Of Penaeus Indicus(Decapoda: Penaeidae) On Live Feeds, Metin Kumlu

Turkish Journal of Biology

This study was conducted to compare the suitability of three microalgal species (Tetraselmis chuii, Skeletonema costatum and Rhinomonas reticulata), both individually and in combination, as food for Penaeus indicus during larval culture. To determine the best feeding density, each alga was fed to protozoea 1 (PZI) larvae from 10 to 80 cells mL -1 . The best algal-cell density, promoting the highest survival rate, greatest growth and fastest larval development, was obtained at 60-70 cells mL -1 with a combination of T. chuii and S. costatum. Low cell densities (10-20 cells mL -1 ) were not effective. The diatom S. …


Flora Hellenica, Adi̇l Güner Jan 1998

Flora Hellenica, Adi̇l Güner

Turkish Journal of Biology

No abstract provided.


Environmental Stress Effects On Vigor, Mortality, And Growth In Northern Hardwood Forests Along A Pollution-Climate Gradient, Neil W. Macdonald, John A. Witter, David R. Reed, Andrew J. Burton, Kurt S. Pregitzer, Hal O. Liechty Jan 1998

Environmental Stress Effects On Vigor, Mortality, And Growth In Northern Hardwood Forests Along A Pollution-Climate Gradient, Neil W. Macdonald, John A. Witter, David R. Reed, Andrew J. Burton, Kurt S. Pregitzer, Hal O. Liechty

Peer Reviewed Publications

Concern exists over the effects of interacting environmental stresses on the ecological integrity of temperate forests. Coincidence of sensitivity to drought, increasing occurrence of defoliation, and elevated pollutant deposition has produced speculation that northern hardwood forests may be susceptible to the increased climatic stresses projected for the Great Lakes region. The objective of our study was to examine relationships among environmental stress factors, vigor, mortality, and growth in northern hardwood forests located along a pollution-climate gradient in the Great Lakes region. Between 1987 and 1993, we quantified climatic variables, pollutant deposition, insect defoliation, and tree vigor and growth at five …


Comparison Of Litter Decomposition Rates And Soil Arthropod Abundance In Different Stages Of Prairie Reconstruction, Lisa M. Busch Jan 1998

Comparison Of Litter Decomposition Rates And Soil Arthropod Abundance In Different Stages Of Prairie Reconstruction, Lisa M. Busch

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

The abundance of soil microarthropods and of corresponding decomposition rates in native prairie remnants and reconstructed prairies at Walnut Creek National Wildlife Refuge were investigated. Soil microarthropods were collected with litter bags and extracted using modified Berlese-Tullgren funnels for the months of June through October of 1997. Litter decomposition rates were found to be lowest in reconstructed prairies and highest in native prairie remnants. Microarthropod abundance, however, appeared to be inversely correlated with decomposition rates. It appears that native prairie remnants are more productive than reconstructed prairies due to higher decomposition rates. However, the prairies that have been reconstructed for …


The Influence Of Biology Education On Attitudes To Humanity And Worldpeace, Yalçın Yetki̇n Jan 1998

The Influence Of Biology Education On Attitudes To Humanity And Worldpeace, Yalçın Yetki̇n

Turkish Journal of Biology

The purpose of this study was to determine whether biology education has any effect on behaviour and opinions with regard to humanity and world peace. The subjects were 37 student volunteers, 19 male and 18 female, from the Biology Department of Atatürk University. They were asked what influence biology education has on individual peace of mind and attitudes to world peace. The students responses indicated that, owing to their biology education, they have greater self-awareness (46.9%), are better able to think in a balanced way and to find their place in society. They also reported a greater capacity to love …


Regeneration - The Road Not Taken, Raymond E. Sicard Jan 1998

Regeneration - The Road Not Taken, Raymond E. Sicard

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

Regeneration and repair are mutually-exclusive, adaptive responses to injury. The events associated with each process are well characterized. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms for their regulation are only now beginning to be defined. Moreover, full appreciation for factors that predispose to these contrasting pathways is not yet available. This article presents a perspective on regeneration and repair that suggests specific relationships between these modes of responding to injury. Injury provokes a coordinated pattern of response to tissue damage. At the wound site, local events determine whether tissue restoration or replacement occurs. Interplay among parenchymal and stromal cells at the site …


Wound Repair, Raymond E. Sicard, Jeffry D. Shearer, Michael D. Caldwell Jan 1998

Wound Repair, Raymond E. Sicard, Jeffry D. Shearer, Michael D. Caldwell

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

Following injury, a series of events is initiated that includes global and local reactions. Global reactions, such as inflammatory and immunological responses as well as adjustments in neural and endocrine status, are directed at marshaling the organism's resources for dealing with changes in its integrity and the potential threat of infection or other complications. Injury entails cell and tissue damage and often a physical breach in the barrier against the outside world (e.g., skin). Local reactions are exemplified by immediate hemostatic (e.g., blood clotting) events followed by changes in local cellular composition created by the inflammatory infiltrate and adjustments in …


Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor And Hepatocyte Growth Factor Content Of Wound, Repair, And Muscle Regeneration Fluids, Raymond E. Sicard, Wendy A. Mand Jan 1998

Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor And Hepatocyte Growth Factor Content Of Wound, Repair, And Muscle Regeneration Fluids, Raymond E. Sicard, Wendy A. Mand

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

Injury produces marked changes to the local environment. Changes in both diversity and availability of bioactive substances at wound sites might discriminate between repair and regeneration microenvironments and selectively drive events leading to final resolution. Among factors with potential relevance to wound repair and regeneration are basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). In this study, concentrations of these factors were determined in fluids derived from wound, repair, and regeneration-conditioned models using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. All fluids contained substantial concentrations of bFGF which rose 5- to I 5-fold as resolution to injury was achieved. Mean bFGF content …


Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor Expression In Endothelial Cells Is Induced By Mechanical Wounding, Paul J. Sammak, Phuong Oanh Tran, Timothy A. Olson Jan 1998

Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor Expression In Endothelial Cells Is Induced By Mechanical Wounding, Paul J. Sammak, Phuong Oanh Tran, Timothy A. Olson

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

Endothelial cell motility is central to several biological processes including angiogenesis during wound healing, reendothelialization of vessel walls after damage and neovascularization of tumors. However, control mechanisms that stimulate and inhibit cell movement are not known. Our objective is to understand the signals that initiate movement of endothelial cells. To examine these questions, we used an in vitro wound model of quiescent pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayers which were stimulated to move by mechanical injury. Ca2+ signaling at the time of wounding produces long lasting effects on cell movement. We investigated whether new gene transcription after wounding might also stimulate …


Unifying Biology: The Evolutionary Synthesis And Evolutionary Biology, Michael Dietrich Jan 1998

Unifying Biology: The Evolutionary Synthesis And Evolutionary Biology, Michael Dietrich

Dartmouth Scholarship

A review of a book by Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis titled Unifying Biology: The Evolutionary Synthesis\r\nand Evolutionary Biology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).


Gregor Mendel: The First Geneticist, Michael Dietrich Jan 1998

Gregor Mendel: The First Geneticist, Michael Dietrich

Dartmouth Scholarship

A review of Gregor Mendel: The First Geneticist by Vitezslav Orel. Oxford University Press, 1998.


Substroke Matching By Segmenting And Merging For Online Korean Cursive Character Recognition, Chang-Soo Kim, Kang Ryoung Park, Byung Hwan Jun, Jaihie Kim Jan 1998

Substroke Matching By Segmenting And Merging For Online Korean Cursive Character Recognition, Chang-Soo Kim, Kang Ryoung Park, Byung Hwan Jun, Jaihie Kim

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The Korean character is composed of several alphabets in two-dimensional formation and the total number of Korean characters exceeds eleven thousand. Therefore, the previous approaches to Korean cursive characters pay most of their attention to segmenting a character into alphabets accurately. However, it is difficult because the boundaries of alphabets are not apparent in most cases. We propose an alphabet-based method without assuming accurate alphabet segmentation. In the proposed method, a cursive character is segmented into substrokes by a set of segmenting conditions. Then it is matched with the reference substrokes generated from alphabet models and ligatures by segmenting and …


Toxicity Of Tnt, Hmx, And Rdx Degradation Products To Mammalian Cells Before And After Bioremediation Of Contaminated Soils, Irina Yurievna Blinova Jan 1998

Toxicity Of Tnt, Hmx, And Rdx Degradation Products To Mammalian Cells Before And After Bioremediation Of Contaminated Soils, Irina Yurievna Blinova

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

The production and disposal of hazardous substances has resulted in environment pollution and has become one of the most important issues in the United States. New technologies such as site bioremediation using microorganisms or microbial processes that enhance contaminant detoxification and destruction are being developed. This project assessed the success of bioremediation by a white rot fungus. The material tested was soil from Virginia site contaminated with a mixture of explosives (TNT, RDX, and HMX). The assays examined toxicity of soil eluates to several mammalian cell lines (Ll210, Jurkat, and U-937). Two separate assays were used and compared in the …


Differential Expression Of The Putative Multidrug Resistance (Mdr) P-Glycoprotein In Marine Hepatocytes, Marty C. Braud Jan 1998

Differential Expression Of The Putative Multidrug Resistance (Mdr) P-Glycoprotein In Marine Hepatocytes, Marty C. Braud

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

Aquatic organisms such as fish, sponges and mussels are exposed to mixtures of chemicals in polluted waters including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides and heavy metals. The tissues of some of these organisms are found to have a lower concentration of pollutants compared to the surrounding waters and/ or sediments. This suggests that some aquatic organisms may possess a means of detoxifying environmental pollutants. For this study, primary hepatocytes of the marine winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) and freshwater rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnen) hepatomas were exposed to environmental pollutants to determine whether a multidrug-resistance (MDR) p-glycoprotein (pgp) extrusion pump is involved in …


Breeding Bird Use Of Intensively Managed Rotational Grazing Pastures, Native Prairies And Savannas: A Comparison, Jennifer Marie Hurley O'Hara Jan 1998

Breeding Bird Use Of Intensively Managed Rotational Grazing Pastures, Native Prairies And Savannas: A Comparison, Jennifer Marie Hurley O'Hara

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

Intensively managed rotational grazing is a grazing method in which livestock are moved through a series of paddocks over a three to six week rotation. Vegetation in resting paddocks is allowed to regrow, renew energy reserves, and rebuild plant vigor to provide nutritious forage for livestock. Consequently, vegetation in the paddocks is in different stages of growth which creates a mosaic of vegetation heights across the pasture landscape. I hypothesized that the mosaic of vegetation heights resembles the native tallgrass prairie grazed by bison prior to European settlement. The mosaic may be attractive and beneficial to breeding grassland birds. Several …


Genetic Characterization Of The Gene Coding For A 77 Kd Ascospore-Specific Protein In Aspergillus Nidulans, Chad Edward Galer Jan 1998

Genetic Characterization Of The Gene Coding For A 77 Kd Ascospore-Specific Protein In Aspergillus Nidulans, Chad Edward Galer

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

This study is one of the first molecular characterizations of a gene whose expression is exclusive to ascospores of Aspergillus nidulans. A 900 base pair (bp) fragment of this gene was cloned into a modified pUC19 plasmid and used to transform uridine auxotrophs of A. nidulans. Previous studies showed that A. nidulans is amenable to DNA mediated transformation by site-specific recombination (Fincham , 1989). Transformants were severely deficient in the production of ascospores, with decreases in viable ascospores per cleistothecia of 80-99.75%. Southern blotting experiments confirmed that integrative homologous transformation occurred in all cases, and that a tandem insertion is …


Carotenoid Pigments Stabilization In The Fillet Of Rainbow Trout(Oncorhynchus Mykiss) During Frozen Storage, Mahmut Yanar, Mehmet Çeli̇k, Yasemen Yanar, Metin Kumlu Jan 1998

Carotenoid Pigments Stabilization In The Fillet Of Rainbow Trout(Oncorhynchus Mykiss) During Frozen Storage, Mahmut Yanar, Mehmet Çeli̇k, Yasemen Yanar, Metin Kumlu

Turkish Journal of Biology

In this study, changes in the total carotenoid content of the fillet of rainbow trout, pigmented with astaxanthin supplemented diet, stored at -20ºC, in vacuum packaging for 2, 4 and 8 month periods were inverstigated. Total carotenoid concentration of the fillets did not change during the first two month storing period but the loss was 1.58 % and 3.58 for the 4 th and 8 th months, respectively. Yet, these changes were not signigicantly different than the level measured at the beginning of the experiment (P>0.05). It is concluded that carotenoid losses from the flesh do not affect the …


The Effect Of 9450 Mhz Microwave Radiation On The Chromosomes Invivo, M. Zülküf Akdağ, Cemil Sert, M. Salih Çeli̇k, M. Emin Erdal, M. Aydın Ketani Jan 1998

The Effect Of 9450 Mhz Microwave Radiation On The Chromosomes Invivo, M. Zülküf Akdağ, Cemil Sert, M. Salih Çeli̇k, M. Emin Erdal, M. Aydın Ketani

Turkish Journal of Biology

In this study, we investigated whether microwave radiation affected chromosomal structure of rats or not. Adult male Spraque-Dawley rats were irradiated for 1 h a day to continous micorwave radiation (9450 MHz) at powever density 2.65 mW/cm 2 during 13. days. The control group were exposed to the some procedurus without microwave irradiation. On the following exposure day, rats were sacrificed under cetalar anesthesia, and their femurs were removed. Satandard bone marrow chromosome analysis were caried out, and experimental group was compared with control group. Our results showed that abnormal metaphase count increased and mitotic index decreasad, therefor, after and …


Serological Properties Of Pseudomonas Syringaepvphaseolicolaisolates Collected From Eskisehir, Dilek Ertugrul, Kıymet Güven Jan 1998

Serological Properties Of Pseudomonas Syringaepvphaseolicolaisolates Collected From Eskisehir, Dilek Ertugrul, Kıymet Güven

Turkish Journal of Biology

Thirty six bean seed samples collected from bean fields in Eskisehir-Türkiye were examined for detection and isolation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. A polyclonal antiserum specific to P. s. pv. phaseolicola NCPPB 52 was raised in a rabbit and both biochemical and serological test were used for identification. Heat-stable O antigens of 92 isolates identified as P. S. pv. phaseolicola together with authentic isolates of the bacterium were compared by Ouchterlony immunodiffusion test and all the isolates had a common antigenic structure.


Biochemical Characterization Of Elastase Frompseudomonas Aeruginosa Ses 938-1, Semra Kocabiyik, Ezgi Ergi̇n Jan 1998

Biochemical Characterization Of Elastase Frompseudomonas Aeruginosa Ses 938-1, Semra Kocabiyik, Ezgi Ergi̇n

Turkish Journal of Biology

We have investigated some biochemical properties of elastase from a new strain o f Pseudomonas aeruginosa (SES 938-1). Activities were measured at 410 nm using N-succinyl-L-(ala) 3 -p- nitroanilide as substrate. The elastase activity followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics over the substrate range of 0.067-0.540 mM with the apparent K m value of 0.375 mM. Optimum activity was observed at 36 °C and pH 7.5. elastase activity was inhibited by metal chelating agents and high concentrations of Mn 2+ , Zn 2+ and Ni 2+ . The results obtained suggest that elastase from P. aeruginosa SES 938-1 is a neutral metalloproteinase.


Determination Of 5'-Nucleotidase Activity Of Higherplants By Using An Improved Method, Yusuf Turan Jan 1998

Determination Of 5'-Nucleotidase Activity Of Higherplants By Using An Improved Method, Yusuf Turan

Turkish Journal of Biology

The presence of relatively high non-specific phosphatase activities are known in various plant tissues. These enzymes also catalyze the removal of inorganic phosphate from nucleoside monophosphates. According to published reports, so far, the experimental investigations, concerning the 5'-nucleotidase activity, have been mostly carried out without consideration of the non-specific phosphatase activities in crude enzymic extracts. However, few researchers have been included some inhibitors of these phosphatases, such as NaMoO 4 or KF, in assay mixtures. But phosphatases are not completely inhibited by these inhibitors and, therefore, interfere the activity of 5'-nucleotidase. Thus, the non-specific phosphatase activities were determined in crude …