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The Surface Morphology Of Normal And Atherosclerotic Coronary Arteries In Male Macaca Fascicularis And The Effect Of Coronary Angiography, Dwight A. Bellinger, Jon C. Lewis, Thomas B. Clarkson

Scanning Microscopy

Selective coronary angiography is one of the procedures used frequently in the diagnosis and management of coronary artery disease. Macaca fascicularis monkeys were used to study the effects of coronary angiography on coronary artery surface morphology. Fourteen M. fascicularis were fed either an atherogenic diet (0.34 mg of cholesterol/kcal and 40 to 43% of the calories as fat) for six to nine months or a control diet. For six of these animals the Judkin method of selective left coronary angiography was done 24 h prior to necropsy. The ascending aorta, right coronary artery, left circumflex (LCX), left anterior descending (LAD) …

Scanning Electron Microscopy And Electron Probe Microanalyses Of The Crystalline Components Of Human And Animal Dental Calculi, R. Z. Legeros, I. Orly, J. P. Legeros, C. Gomez, J. Kazimiroff, T. Tarpley, B. Kerebel

Scanning Microscopy

A review of the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalyses in the study of dental calculus showed that such studies provided confirmatory and supplementary data on the morphological features of human dental calculi but gave only limited information on the identity of the crystalline or inorganic components.

This study aimed to explore the potential of combined SEM and microanalyses in the identification of the crystalline components of the human and animal dental calculi. Human and animal calculi were analyzed. Identification of the crystalline components were made based on the combined information of the morphology (SEM) and …

The Bulk Specimen X-Ray Microanalysis Of Freeze-Fractured, Freeze-Dried Tissues In Gerontological Research, I. Zs.-Nagy

Scanning Microscopy

The rationale for choosing the freeze-fracture freeze-drying (FFFD) method of biological bulk specimen preparation as well as the theoretical and practical problems of this method are treated. FFFD specimens are suitable for quantitative X-ray microanalysis of biologically relevant elements. Although the spatial resolution of this analytical technique is low, the application of properly selected bulk standard crystals as well as the measurement of the intracellular water and dry mass content by means of another method developed in the same laboratory, allow us to obtain useful information about the age-dependent changes of ionic composition in the main intracellular compartments. The paper …

Response Of Mouse Lung Air-Blood Barrier To X-Irradiation: Ultrastructural And Stereological Analysis, L. De Saint-Georges, U. Van Gorp, J. R. Maisin

Scanning Microscopy

Male mice of the Balb/c strain were exposed, at an age of three months, to a single dose of 10 or 20 Gy on the right hemithorax. At 3, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months after exposure, lungs were processed for electron microscopy following a standardized procedure in order to allow stereological analysis. By this method, the arithmetical mean thickness and, the air-blood barrier mean thickness in the lung parenchyma was shown to increase quickly with time by oedemization and fibrinization of the septal space. The ratio endothelium/epithelium surfaces (Sr/SF) gradually decreased by reduction of both surfaces but this was …

Elemental Levels In Mast Cell Granules Differ In Sections From Normal And Diabetic Rats: An X-Ray Microanalysis Study, Marion D. Kendall

Scanning Microscopy

Mast cells around the thymus of rats stain red with alcian blue and safranin indicating that the mast cells are probably of the peritoneal (connective tissue) type. After the onset of streptozotocin induced diabetes some cells contain both red and blue granules and blue staining cells may appear.

X-ray microanalysis of frozen freeze-dried sections from diabetic male CSE Wistar rats showed electron dense granules to have similar amounts of S to normal rat mast cell granules but reduced levels of Na, Mg, P, Cl and K. Two cells also had electron lucent granules with very high levels of Na, Cl, …

X-Ray Microanalysis Of Dentin: A Review, E. Hals, A. B. Tveit, B. Tøtdal

Scanning Microscopy

The aim of this review was to present a condensed summary of the literature on X-ray microanalysis of dentin, including both energy-dispersive (EDS) and wavelength-dispersive (WDS) analysis. Estimations of concentrations by XMA of dentin should be regarded as semiquantitative values. The Ca level in rat odontoblasts was elevated in the secreting end of the cell body. In predentin Ca accumulated at a concentration of 2% that of mineralized dentin. In coronal dentin the peritubular areas were hypermineralized (Ca, P, Mg). Primary caries lesions showed a decrease of Ca, P, Mg and Cl, and usually an increase of S and Zn. …

Report Of The Rock Lobster Industry Advisory Committee To The Hon. Minister For Fisheries., Rock Lobster Industry Advisory Committee

Fisheries Management Papers

The Committee recognises that the exploitation rate on the rock lobster stocks is very high and that this factor is a major importance in formulating the advice on management measures. However, the Committee also recognises the high level of capital investment in the industry and that any recommendation which leads to a significant change in the management rules is likely to have a far reaching effect on many of the participants. Accordingly, the Committee endeavours to reduce to a minimum the year to year changes in the management rules. When changes are required the Committee places considerable weight on matters …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Oral Mucosa In Vivo And In Vitro: A Review, Kristina Arvidson, Roland C. Grafström, Anders Pemer

Scanning Microscopy

The oral mucosa is classified by function into lining, masticatory and specialized oral mucosa, with regional structural adaptation. In this review, the surface structures of the human oral mucosa have been studied in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Regional variations in regard to keratinization, cell arrangements and microplications with related specific structures observed in SEM are described and correlated with the appearance of similar areas observed in the light microscope. Furthermore, human oral tissue and cell cultures have also been studied. These systems offer usable and complementary models for performing similar studies in vitro under controlled experimental conditions. We now …

Age Dependent Dehydration Of Postmitotic Cells As Measured By X-Ray Microanalysis Of Bulk Specimens, György Lustyik, Imre Zs.-Nagy

Scanning Microscopy

In this paper we give a brief outline of our bulk specimen technique developed to measure intracellular water concentration in frozen-hydrated biological specimens by means of energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Fractured surface of the deep-frozen tissue samples is analyzed in an electron microscope (a specimen area of 15x11.5 𝝁m is scanned) using 20 kV accelerating voltage and 1-5 pA effective beam current (measured in the specimen). Strong electric charging, which is the main problem associated with the low temperature X-ray microanalysis of frozen-hydrated specimens, is reduced by choosing optimum temperature range for the measurements (170-185 K) and by etching a …

Benthic Invertebrates And Crayfish Of Lake Mead, Susan K. Peck, William L. Pratt, James E. Pollard, Larry J. Paulson, Donald H. Baepler

Publications (WR)

The objectives of this study were to:

1. Establish baseline densities of benthic invertebrates and relative abundance of crayfish in Lake Mead.

2. Evaluate the distributions of benthic organisms and crayfish in relation to existing habitat conditions and 1imnological characteristics of Lake Mead.

3. Measure seasonal changes in abundances of benthic organisms and crayfish in Lake Mead.

4. Compare observations of Procambarus clarkii life history in Lake Mead to reports from other aquatic systems.

5. Evaluate the importance of benthic organisms and crayfish as food sources for game fish in Lake Mead.

Ex Vivo Platelet Deposition On Fibronectin-Preadsorbed Surfaces, William E. Collins, Deane F. Mosher, Anil R. Diwan, Kedar D. Murthy, Scott R. Simmons, Ralph M. Albrecht, Stuart L. Cooper

Scanning Microscopy

Temporal platelet deposition profiles of canine plasma fibronectin (CPFN) adsorbed to different polymers ex vivo and the in vitro characteristics of CPFN adsorption were studied in an attempt to correlate the two. The maximum platelet deposition (𝚪_plt^max) obtained at a protein preadsorption time of 30 min was greater than that obtained using an adsorption time of 120 min for all surfaces studied. At 30 min of preadsorption, 𝚪_plt^max was 520, 560 and 1230 platelets/1000 μm² on Biomer, polyethylene (PE) and oxidized PE (OXPE), respectively. In contrast, the platelet deposition at 120 min. of fibronectin …

Preliminary Observations On The Effects In Vivo And In Vitro Of Low Dose Laser On The Epithelia Of The Bladder, Trachea And Tongue Of The Mouse, Y. C. Mok, K. M. Pang, C. Y. W. Au, D. T. Yew

Scanning Microscopy

The effects of low dose CW laser were studied by in vivo and in vitro systems. The experimental tissues that were used included bladders, tracheas and tongues as experimental tissues. Buddings (round surface projections) from the transitional epithelium of bladder were frequently observed 3 days after laser treatment in both in vivo and in vitro systems. The trachea and tongue were less affected. In both the in vivo and in vitro systems, some epithelial cells of the trachea showed decreased microvilli and cilia 3 days after treatment whereas the epithelial cells of the tongue revealed no response to laser treatment …

Tandem Scanning Reflected Light Microscopy Of Primate Enamel, Alan Boyde, Lawrence Martin

Scanning Microscopy

Studies of the cross sectional packing arrangements of primate enamel prisms have been used in a number of recent studies in attempts to determine their taxonomic utility. Credibility of the results has been greatly influenced by the methods employed to examine enamel prism packing patterns and also by the limited sampling. We report here the use of a technique for the non destructive examination, in depth, of enamel prism packing patterns in modern and fossil primate teeth which has considerable advantages over any others so far used, and the preliminary results of a survey of enamel structural diversity in the …

The Root Surface: An Illustrated Review Of Some Scanning Electron Microscope Studies, Sheila J. Jones

Scanning Microscopy

This review paper highlights how the advent of a new type of surface microscopy in the late 1960s, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), was responsible for a fresh appraisal of the structure of the root surface. Details of the formation, resorption and repair of cementum, all surface phenomena, and the varied relationships and mineralization patterns of the two sets of fibres within cementum - the hall mark of the tissue - could be seen in a way and at a range of magnifications hitherto impossible. The major interpretational advances were made rapidly using secondary electron imaging of anorganic normal, exposed, carious …

Storage Of Sperm In The Reptilian Oviduct, Daniel H. Gist, Jeffrey M. Jones

Scanning Microscopy

Female reptiles have the ability to store sperm within their reproductive tracts for extended periods of time. Sites of sperm storage in lizards and snakes include both the anterior vagina and the infundibulum. Vaginal receptacles are found in between longitudinal folds (snakes) and in tubules formed by invaginations of the epithelium (lizards). Infundibular receptacles are alveolar or tubular in structure and are formed from invaginations into the lamina propria of the oviduct wall. In turtles, sperm are stored in the posterior portion of the tuba, in tubular albumen-secreting glands. Sperm may be embedded within the cells of the receptacles, but …

Ureteroscopic And Scanning Electron Microscopical Findings In Ureteral Anastomoses After Segment Resection, Johannes B. Pohl, Ulrike B. Meyer-Jürgens, Dietrich B. Leusmann

Scanning Microscopy

In an experimental study on 8 canine ureters, end-to-end anastomoses were performed after segmental resection between 9 and 13 cm, using two different surgical techniques. After 3 months of observation the three-dimensional structure of the anastomosis and the surrounding areas was investigated by ureteroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. 3 types could be differentiated by the morphologic features of the ureteral lumen: normal width, segmental stricture, and circumferential stricture. The results offer a plausible explanation for the occasional discrepancy between histologic findings of relatively normal lumen width, and functional disorders apparently reflecting ureteral stenosis. They further support that excellent functional and …

The Vascularization Of The Vertebral Column Of Rats, M. A. Konerding, M. Blank

Scanning Microscopy

The intrinsic and extrinsic blood supplies of the vertebral column of rats have been examined by corrosion cast with Mercox CL2B(R). The close functional and topographic relationship of vessels to supplied structures were exposed by fractionated maceration of the soft tissues. The segmental arteries diverge into an anterior, median and posterior group with various anastomoses between their branches. Vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs are preferably supplied by branches of the anterior and median section. The vessels reaching the vertebral body from the dorsal side diverge in a treelike branching mode into the direction of the vertebral endplate. The venous drainage …

Tooth Enamel Structure In The Koala, Phascolarctos Cinereus: - Some Functional Interpretations, William G. Young, Maria Mcgowan, Terrence J. Daley

Scanning Microscopy

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the structural organization of Pattern 2 marsupial enamel in the Koala is disposed to resist wear on the sectorial crests of the molar teeth. The orientation of wear on the crests is uniformly delineated by parallel scratches on their polished surfaces. Twin blades, a leading and a trailing edge of enamel are formed on each crest by wear into dentine on which the differential wear at enamel to dentine interfaces indicates that the direction of wear is labial to lingual.

96 leading and trailing edges from 12 koala molars were examined …

Evolutionary Aspects Of Reptilian And Mammalian Enamel Structure, A. Sahni

Scanning Microscopy

The evolution of enamel structure is dealt with here on the basis of fossil reptiles and mammals ranging from the Triassic to the present. The evidence suggests that prismatic enamel had developed in some therapsid reptiles and the mammal, Eozostrodon about 180 million years ago. For the next 100 million years, mammalian evolutionary history is sparingly documented and this is reflected in the poor record of enamel evolution during this period. The few Jurassic reptiles and mammals studied suggest a pre-prismatic structure. In the Late Cretaceous (BO to 65 million years ago) when the fossil record improves, mammalian enamel investigated …

Megakaryocyte Motility And Platelet Formation, Robert M. Leven

Scanning Microscopy

The mechanism of platelet formation is reviewed with special emphasis on the role of the cytoskeleton. The three major theories for platelet formation are by cytoplasmic budding, cytoplasmic dissolution or pseudopod formation. Most evidence indicates that platelets form as fragments of megakaryocyte pseudopodia. Pseudopodia formation is stimulated in vitro by thrombocytopenic rabbit plasma. It is inhibited by vincristine and altered by taxol. Cytochalasins cause pseudopodia to form in isolated megakaryocytes. Therefore, normal pseudopodia formation may depend on a combination of microfilament disorganization and microtubule elongation.

Scanning Electron Microscopy Application In Clinical Research, R. Laschi, G. Pasquinelli, P. Versura

Scanning Microscopy

Our personal experience on the application of scanning electron microscopy in cardiology, gastroenterology and ophthalmology is reviewed.

SEM has not yet significantly contributed to myocardium pathology. However, in the near future, SEM could be a reliable technique to complete the information available from other sources. As to atherosclerosis, SEM allowed us to improve our knowledge of the early stages of the disease; some pathological features, not always detected by conventional morphological examinations, can be documented. An important contribution to gastrointestinal pathology was made by SEM investigations both in the staging of some important diseases (i.e., coeliac disease, peptic ulcer, Crohn's …

The Shark Bay Scallop Fishery: Discussion Paper, L. M. Joll

Fisheries Management Papers

Studies of the biology of the saucer scallop Amusium balloti in Shark Bay show that it is a highly fecund, broadcast spawner, with a long breeding season (from April to December). It is also a fast growing species, with the bulk of the recruits from a breeding season reasing fishable size by April/May of the next year, at which time they also enter their first breeding season. In recent years, however, the earlier part of the breeding season appears to have been the most important for production of recruits.

Sodium/Proton Exhange In Membrane Vesicles From Crab (Callinected Sapidus And Carcinus Maenas) Gill, Robert Eric Shetlar

Master's Theses

The existence of a sodium-ion-for-hydrogen-ion exchange mechanism in the membranes of certain epithelial cells has been demonstrated by many investigators (Murer et al., 1976; Tsai et al., 1984; Seiler et al., 1985 ) • This mechanism has been shown to exchange one Na+ for one H+ (Aronson & Igarashi, 1986) and is thought to be more prominent in the brush-border membranes (Murer et al., 197 6; Reenstra et al., 1981 ; Ives et al., 1983) of mammalian kidney tubules and intestinal tissues than in basolateral membranes of these tissues. The roles the exchanger plays in the cell may include intracellular …

Estimation Of Food Limitation In Daphnia Pulex From Boulder Basin, Lake Mead, Thomas Mark Bartanen

Publications (WR)

In February, 1982 I began a year-long study to determine if growth and reproduction in Daphnia Pulex were limited by the amount of food available in Boulder Basin, Lake Mead. To determine this, I made monthly collections of Daphnia Pulex and natural lake seston from an already established station in Boulder Basin. I cultured the Daphnia Pulex under simulated field conditions in a flow-through feeding apparatus using four different food regimes; 1-natural lake seston filtered through 80 um mesh to remove other zooplankton, 2-lake seston (as above) with an enrichment of 10³ cells-ml^-1 of Chlamydomonas reinhardti, 3-lake …

The Normal Structure Of Regional Feline Gastric Mucosae: Scanning Electron Microscopic Study, M. Al-Tikriti, F. Al-Bagdadi, R. W. Henry, J. Hoskins, C. Titkemeyer, G. Strain

Scanning Microscopy

Regions of cat's stomach can be identified by looking at the surface epithelial cells by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The luminal surface of cells of the cardiac region were elongated, of the fundus rounded, of the corpus polygonal shaped, and of the pyloric region diamond shaped. The quantity and distribution of microvilli covering the epithelial cells varies, being abundant and evenly distributed in the cardiac region and gradually decreasing in number toward the gastro-duodenal junction, where they were confined to cell perimeters. The colliculi varied in shape and distribution from few in the fundus and corpus to numerous in the …

Microvascular Corrosion Casting Of The Lung. A State-Of-The-Art Review, Dean E. Schraufnagel

Scanning Microscopy

Corrosion casting and viewing of replicas with the scanning electron microscope is an excellent way to study the microvascular structure of the lung. This method can demonstrate aspects of the three-dimensional relationships, branching patterns, maximum diameters, arterio-venous connections, unusual sized and shaped capillaries, development and growth, neovascular structures and changes in development and disease better than any other means. Comparisons can be made in many experimental conditions and fundamental information obtained to answer physiologic questions. This paper reviews how the lung microvasculature has been studied by corrosion casting and scanning electron microscopy and indicates new areas where investigation might be …

Secretory Ameloblasts And Calcium Distribution During Normal And Experimentally Altered Mineralization, S. H. Ashrafi, Dale R. Eisenmann, A. E. Zaki

Scanning Microscopy

The distribution of calcium in relation to secretory ameloblasts of the rat incisor was studied. An experimental model system in which enamel mineralization was temporarily inhibited by injecting sodium fluoride and cobalt chloride was used. Potassium pyroantimonate (PPA) cytochemistry, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) were used to clarify the role of the ameloblast in controlling calcium distribution during normal and experimentally altered enamel mineralization.

Secretory ameloblasts chemically-preserved in glutaraldehyde either with or without PPA were analyzed for calcium; those preserved with PPA showed higher concentrations of calcium than did those preserved with glutaraldehyde only. …

Effects Of Fractionated Irradiation On The Esophageal Mucosa: A Scanning And Transmission Electron Microscopic Study, M. Albertsson, C-H Hakansson, C. Mercke, H. Morner

Scanning Microscopy

The mucosa of rabbit esophagus was irradiated with daily fractions of 2 Gy to an accumulated dose of 20 Gy. Specimens were taken for scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy investigations. Examination was made 1-10 days after each fractionation schedule. Light microscopy showed dose-dependent edema of the irradiated mucosa which also could be seen and scored from SEM pictures. SEM investigations showed that this was accompanied by loosening of microridges and a slightly increased cell loss. By SEM, a varying amount of bacteria could be seen which did not make intimate contact with the surface cells.

During …

Effects Of Cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum Alone And In Combination With Ionizing Radiation On The Esophageal Mucosa: A Scanning And Transmission Electron Microscopic Study, M. Albertsson, C-H Hakansson, C. Mercke

Scanning Microscopy

Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (cis-DDP) has for more than 20 years been part of the therapeutic arsenal of oncology. Most of the knowledge about its biological action is based on clinical investigations and therefore an examination of the influence of cis-DDP at the cellular and sub-cellular level is necessary. Five mg of cis-DDP was given intraperitoneally (i.p.) to ten rabbits. Ultrastructural examinations were performed on the upper and lower parts of the esophagus each day after the injection on the following ten days. Another 50 rabbits were given 5 mg cis-DDP and were irradiated in an area just beneath the hypopharynx. They were …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Vertebrate Cerebellar Cortex, Orlando J. Castejón

Scanning Microscopy

In this study, the Golgi method for light microscopy, transmission and conventional scanning electron microscopy, the ethanol-cryofracturing technique, the freeze-fracture method for SEM, and the freeze-etching method have been used in conjunction to analyze the three-dimensional cytoarchitectonic arrangement and intracortical circuits of vertebrate cerebellar cortex. Approximately more than 100 specimens of mice, rat, teleost fishes and human cerebelli were processed by the above mentioned techniques. A chronological review of other methods for studying hidden surfaces of cerebellar nerve cell has been also described. The three-dimensional morphology, outer and inner surfaces of granule, Golgi, Purkinje and stellate cells were reviewed by …