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Increase Profit: Feeding Cows By Body Condition And Production Potential, Ivan G. Rush

Range Beef Cow Symposium

For the last several years cattlemen have stressed high production, especially weaning weight in their cow calf operations. It was felt, m order to be profitable output from the cow herd must be maximized. As a result, of selection for both growth and milking ability of the cow has markedly increased weaning weights and in most herds mature cow size has also increased. Compared to 10-12 years ago, today we are producing 90-95% of the beef with 2/3 of the cows.

As we expect more from the cow, nutrient intake must also increase. In many cases producers have been able …

Management Strategies For Improving The Re-Breeding Of The Cow, James E. Kinder, Leree A. Werth

Range Beef Cow Symposium

What are the primary factors that influence the ability of cows to rebreed following calving? From a broad perspective, two key factors influence when conception occurs. First, cows must initiate estrous (heat) cycles following calving to provide the proper conditions for conception to be possible. Secondly those events involved in conception must occur. We will discuss what has to occur before estrous cycles are initiated. The influence of the presence of bulls on initiation of estrous cycles is emphasized. In the second section of the paper, we describe conception rates in 2 and 3 year old cows during the early …

How Do Resources Influence Time Of Calving: “Why We Calve Early”, John N. Price

Range Beef Cow Symposium

When I was asked to give this presentation on “WHY WE CALVE EARLY” I said this is easy “because it works for us.” Now that I sit down and think about why it works I find myself going over five generations of inspirations, frustrations, work, sleepless nights, and determination to understand why “IT WORKS FOR US”.

The Price Ranch is a family operation that has been in the family for five generations. The present day Prices consist of my father Richard Price, stepmother Lylamae, wife and best friend Pam, three children John R., Shannon and Angela and two excellent full …

Management Of High Nitrate Forages, Doug L. Hixon

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Each year various regions of western range country are affected by weather and other environmental conditions that stress growing plants, causing them to accumulate nitrates. Of 183 forage samples analyzed for nitrates at the Wyoming State Chemical Lab from July 1 to December 31, 1989, 27% had potassium nitrate levels of 1.5% or greater. At these levels, when ingested by livestock and particularly cattle, the possibility of nitrate toxicoses are highly probable. In this paper, an attempt will be made to review the literature in order to give the producer a better understanding of potential problems and precautions necessary to …

Prevention And Control Of Trichomoniasis, William G. Kvasnicka

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Weather, nutrition, public land policy, marketing options, and diseases all influence the sustainability and profitability of cow-calf enterprises in the United States. One of the diseases is trichomoniasis. It is a venereal disease of cattle causing reproductive failure and considerable economic loss in areas of the world where natural breeding is used.(1,2) The disease is one of the most common infectious diseases causing decreased reproductive efficiency in beef cattle in the western United States.(1)

If Immunity Fails, Don’T Pick On Your Drug Salesman – It May Be Nutritional, Cheryl F. Nockels

Range Beef Cow Symposium

“But I vaccinated those calves for enterotoxemia, they couldn’t have died from Clostridium perfringens. That vaccine must not be any good! Just wait until I get hold of that drug company salesperson.” Does this scenario or a similar experience seem familiar to you? I’m not saying that there aren’t times when vaccines fail to cause the animal to produce its own protective response by stimulating the immune system. A substance foreign to the body that induces the immune system to response is called an antigen, as found in vaccines or organisms such as bacteria or viruses. An animal’s immunological …

Are Your Range Cattle Wormy: Does It Make “Cents” To De-Worm?, William R. Jolley

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Range cattle provide room and board for a large variety of flatworm and roundworm parasites. A parasite is by definition an agent that inflicts a degree of harm to a host, and the damage caused depends on the innate abilities, size of the population, duration of infection and other factors tied to the parasite. Host-related factors are also important, including breed, age, sex and condition. The damage to animals may be obvious, with clinical signs including diarrhea, loss of weight, “bottle jaw” (swelling under the jaw), rough hair coat, reproductive/breeding dysfunction and, in severe cases, feed waste due to an …

Early Death Loss In Calves From Diarrhea, John U. Thomson

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Death loss in the calf crop is associated with the cost of the calf, labor, lost cow production, and stress on the ranch or farm management. One should be aware that the cause of death in most diarrheic calves is metabolic acidosis and/or dehydration (1). Many calves will survive the common pathogens causing diarrhea when proper supportive therapy is provided. The diarrheic calf can be treated without knowledge of the specific etiological agent, however, a definitive diagnosis can assist in the development of helpful prevention and management practices (2). Identifying the causative agent can be helpful in selection of the …

A Review Of Plant Introductions To The Kimberley 1955 To 1987, R Mccartney

Grain and other field crops published reports

This report summarizes the work done by the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, in the west and north Kimberley in introducing plant species during 1955-1987.

For the purposes of this repor1the following areas are defined thus:

• West Kimberley- lies between latitude 17°5 and 19°5 and longitude 121°E and 127°E, with an extension to the north of 1° between 121°E and I 24°20'E. The area is 118,000 km".

• North Kimberley - lies north of latitude 17°5 and between longitude 124°20'E and 127°30'E. The area is 85,000 km'.

• East Kimberley-lies north of latitude 19°5 and between longitude 127°30'E and …

Comparison Of Methods Of Estimating Variance Components In Pigs, J. W. Keele, T. E. Long, R. K. Johnson

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Components of variance due to average effects of genes (σ _g²), environmental effects common to littermates (σ _c²), and environmental effects peculiar to individual pigs (σ _e² )were estimated (ˆ) by the Pseudo Expectation Approach (PE). Data were litter size (LS), backfat (BF; centimeter) and ADG (kilograms/day) collected from the Nebraska Gene Pool swine population between 1967 and 1986. Mean square errors (MSE) for ĥ² and ĉ² (ô_g² and ô_c² divided by phenotypic variance) by PE and nested ANOVA and h² estimated by offspring on parent regression (REGOP) …

1992 Beef Cattle Report, Darrell W. Nelson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Economic efficiency of beef production to weaning and to slaughter was estimated in three groups, different in milk available (low, medium, and high) to the calves but the same in growth potential. Efficiency was the ratio of income to expenses. Income was derived from cull cows and calves at weaning or carcasses of calves fed to slaughter. Feed and non-feed expenses for the cowherd and for calves to weaning or to slaughter were included. Efficiencies were estimated assuming observed reproductive rates and energy requirements for maintenance, as well as for equal reproductive rates and equal requirements for maintenance in the …

Enhanced Attraction To Blood By Pigs With Inadequate Dietary Protein Supplementation, David Fraser, D. E. Bernon, R. O. Ball

Nutrition Collection

In two experiments, 60 individually penned growing pigs were exposed daily to two sections of cotton cord, one of which had been soaked with pigs' blood and subsequently dried, while the other was plain. The animals' preference for chewing-on the blood-impregnated cord was quantified by direct observation. When fed a standard "control" diet of corn, barley, and soybean meal with mineral and vitamin supplements, the pigs had a clear but modest preference for chewing the blood-impregnated cord. Omission of the protein supplement (soybean meal) from the diet for 4 wk led to a major increase in attraction to blood and …

Bulletin No 4225 - Dairying In Western Australia, Dean Maughan

Bulletins 4000 -

Dairying in Western Australia is a small though very efficient industry. In 1989/90, 480 dairy farmers produced 266 million litres of milk for an estimated return of $84 million. The retail value of milk and dairy products was estimated to be $250 million making dairying a very significant industry in the south-west of Western Australia.

Distribution Of Sexual Activities Within Estrus Of Dairy Cattle, Donna Durbin

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Previous studies of dairy cattle have indicated that heifers and cows in hot, cold and moderate weather had different patterns of sexual activities. The purpose of this study was to compare distribution of sexual activities within estrus of dairy cattle. Three groups of lactating cows in hot, cold and moderate weather and a group of heifers in cold weather were observed. Estrus for each individual was divided into 12 equal periods. Sexual activities for 3 and 6 hours before and after estrus were also observed. The numbers of mounts and distribution of total sexual activities was analyzed. Mounts received per …

Changes In The Vulvular And Vestibular Tissue Of The Bovine During The Estrous Cycle As Determined By The Use Of Near Infrared Interactance, Robert Alan Kunzler

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy is routinely used for the analysis of quality components of feedstuffs. Near infrared spectrophotometers, coupled with a fiber optic probe, could enable direct measurements of the live animal. This study was conducted to characterize changes in the vulva and vestibule during the bovine estrous cycle using near infrared (NI) spectroscopy. Sixteen cycling Holstein cows were observed for estrus twice daily from 40 days postpartum for three estrous cycles or until conception was verified. In addition, weekly rectal palpations, cowside milk progesterone tests, and tailhead chalk were used to aid in estrous detection. Near infrared spectra of …

Bulletin No 4189 - Training And Care Of The Sheep-Dog, John Charlick, Department Of Agriculture, Western Australia

Bulletins 4000 -

A well trained sheep-dog is a considerable asset to a farmer — in a recent Queensland Department of Primary Industries study, participating graziers estimated the value of a good working dog to be up to $20,000 a year.

Despite their value, dogs can be maintained cheaply. The Queensland study quoted $130 a year as the most any grazier spent on an individual dog — for dry food, vaccine and treatments for internal and external parasites.

This Bulletin aims to show how to train a sheep-dog from a raw pup to a highly useful and well trained, mature dog. The methods …

Replacement Beef Heifer Economics, D. M. Feuz

South Dakota Beef Report, 1991

The nutritional management of weaned heifer calves affects not only the conception rate of yearling heifers but also their subsequent conception rate as 2-year-old cows and the weight of their first weaned calf. The costs involved in raising the replacement heifer and the value of cull heifers, 2-year-old cull cows and weaned first calves all need to be considered when determining the least cost method of raising replacement heifers. 'The effects of raising replacement heifers to prebreeding weights of 50% 62.5% and 70% of expected mature weight are evaluated from an economic perspective. If replacement heifers are only evaluated for …

Factors Affecting Weaning Weight Production, T. B. Goehring, D. M. Marshall, D. L. Boggs

South Dakota Beef Report, 1991

Weaning weight records from a commercial cow herd were statistically analyzed to demonstrate suspected sources of variation in weaning weight. Data from first-calf heifers and mature cows (3 to 9 year olds) were analyzed separately. For every one day increase in calf age at weaning, weaning weight was increased by 1.65 and 1.76 Ib for first-calf heifers and mature cows, respectively. For every 1 percentage point increase in MPPA of the cow, weaning weight was increased by 4.5 Ib. A 10% advantage in weaning weights and weight per day of age (WDA) was observed in steers over heifers. A 3 …

Chaps Summary For South Dakota, 1990, D. L. Boggs

South Dakota Beef Report, 1991

Calving distribution and calf performance data were summarized from the CHAPS (Cow Herd Appraisal of Performance Software) analyses of 61 South Dakota cow herds. CHAPS uses standard beef cow weaning weight records to calculate adjusted 205-day weights and ratios, keep lifetime production records on cows, calculate Most Probable Producing Ability estimates for cows, produce a sire summary and analyze production according to cow age and 21 -day calving periods. The 1990 summary represents 6,771 calves for an average of 110 cows per herd. The average actual birth and weaning weights were 82.2 and 523.2 Ib, respectively, with the average age …

Implant Strategies For Yearling Steers, R. H. Pritchard, M. A. Robbins

South Dakota Beef Report, 1991

Various implant strategies were compared in heavy yearling steers fed for 98 days. Implant treatments included control (nonimplanted), 722 (72 mg zeranol), 36TBA (36 mg zeranol plus 140 mg trenbolone acetate [TBA]), 72TBA (72 mg zeranol plus TBA) and ETBA (20 mg estradiol-200 mg progesterone plus TBA). The 72-mg zeranol dosage represents two implants in one site. Combinations of implants were administered, one in each ear. Implanting increased (P<.05) ADG and DM1 and decreased (P<.05) feed/gain values. Among implanted steers, no differences (P>.10) in ADG or DM1 were observed. Feed/gain was lower (P< .05) for zeranol-TBA combinations than the 72-mg zeranol treatment. Carcasses were heavier and rib eye area was greater (P<.05) in the 72TBA than 36TBA treatment. Kidney-pelvic-heart fat was lower (P<.05) when the ETBA combination was used.

Effect Of Inoculants On High Moisture Corn Fermentation Characteristics And Cattle Performance, C. P. Birkelo, D. Sorenson

South Dakota Beef Report, 1991

High moisture corn was ensiled untreated (treatment 1) or treated with one of three different inoculants (treatment 2 = lactobacillus; treatment 3 = lactobacillus + streptococcus; treatment4 = lactobacillus + serratia), each at two moisture levels (27.2% and 22.4%). lnoculant effects on fermentation were moisture dependent. The pH, acetate concentrations and dry matter losses were generally lower and lactate concentrations higher due to inoculation at 27.2% moisture. Overall, treatment 3 was somewhat more effective than treatments 2 or 4. Inoculation effects were generally less at 22.4% moisture. lnoculant effects on soluble N were small and probably of little nutritional importance. …

Substitution Of Rolled Barley For Whole Shelled Corn In Finishing Diets For Steers, R. H. Pritchard, M. A. Robbins

South Dakota Beef Report, 1991

Rolled barley was substituted for 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of the whole shelled corn in finishing diets fed to steers for 84 days. Increasing barley substitution resulted in a linear (P=.12) decrease in ADG and a quadratic (P<.05) decrease in DM1 with no effect on feed conversion. At the termination of the study, barley substitution caused a linear reduction in carcass weight (P<.01) and dressing percent (P<.01). The 100% substitution of barley for corn reduced (Pc.05) the percentage of carcasses grading choice. Dietary net energy values calculated from steer weights, gain and feed intake increased linearly (P<.10) as barley content of the diets increased, possibly reflecting positive associative effects. Published energy values for barley may not be suitable for least cost pricing in all feeding situations.

Grain Sources And Roughage Levels For Limited Feeding Backgrounding Programs, R. H. Pritchard, M. A. Robbins

South Dakota Beef Report, 1991

The effects of grain source and roughage level in limited intake feeding programs were evaluated in 622-lb steer calves. Supplemented diets were based on high moisture ear corn (HMEC), whole shelled corn (WSC) + hay to provide similar NDF to the HMEC diet, HMEC diet containing 10% hay and the WSC + hay diet formulated to contain NDF similar to HMEC + hay. Steer calves were blocked by weight and fed to achieve 2.2 Ib ADG for a 52-day period. Steers fed HMEC had higher (P<.01) ADG and lower (P<.01) feed/gain than WSC fed steers. Low crude protein in the hay source caused lower (P<.01) crude protein in WSC diets. Lower crude protein intake could have limited steer growth. NE utilization appeared more efficient (P<.05) for heavy weight block steers, reflecting NRC equation low sensitivity to modest differences in frame size. Roughage level did not affect performance and did not interact with grain source.

Relationship Of Maintenance Energy Requirements To Beef Female Production Efficiency, S. A. Shuey, C. P. Birkelo, D. M. Marshall

South Dakota Beef Report, 1991

Thirty-three Hereford x Angus first-calf females were used to determine the relationship between production efficiency (PE = calf weaning weight/l2month dam + calf ME intake) and nonlactating dam maintenance ME requirements (MEm) and its components k, and FHP. Substantial variation existed in PE and energy parameters among individuals. However, maintenance metabolism of the dam contributed little to explaining PE variation (Fs.04). This may have been due to the high plane of nutrition provided. Additionally, FHP was closely related to MEm (r2 = .69), suggesting it could be used as an indicator of fed maintenance requirements.

In Vitro Digestibility Of Untreated And Ammonia Treated Oat Mill By-Product, C. P. Birkelo, B. Borkowski, S. Shuey

South Dakota Beef Report, 1991

Oat mill by-product (OMB, approximately 80% oat hulls) was treated with 0, 1%, 3%, or 5% NH3 and 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% H2O (4 x 5 factorial design) and allowed to react for 28 days. Samples were analyzed for in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), crude protein (CP) and fiber content (NDF, ADF, ADL). Treatment with 3% NH3 and 20% H20 resulted in maximum improvement of IVDMD. CP was increased and NDF decreased due to treatment. Nutritional value of OMB can be improved by NH3 treatment.

1991 South Dakota Beef Report, Department Of Animal And Range Sciences, South Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University, Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota State University

South Dakota Beef Report, 1991

This is the complete 1991 South Dakota Beef Report.

Mariculture Management For Pohnpei State, Federated States Of Micronesia, Kevin Brooks Foster

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The Marine Resources Division of Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia is currently engaged in development activities that include the establishment of family scale mariculture projects for community members of remote villages and outer islands. The goal of this undertaking is to supplement subsistence and income generation ventures for community members through the wise use and exploitation of the marine environment. These aims may be jeopardized unless a management plan is devised that reflects the customary marine resource practices as embraced by islanders from each community. The intent of this thesis projects is to devise a mariculture management model that …

Prospects For Fisheries Development In West Africa, Steven K. Ireland

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The production of food is a primary concern for the countries of Africa. Marine fisheries can contribute toward alleviating undernutrition and provide employment opportunities in developing countries. In West Africa there are substantial marine fisheries resources but there is a need for development and improved management of these resources. Fisheries development efforts have thus far achieved limited success in the region. However, there is considerable potential for increasing the contribution of fisheries to economic development if the problems of fisheries development can be overcome.

Possibilities For A Common Fisheries Development And Management Policy For The Organization Of Eastern Caribbean States (O.E.C.S.), Daven C. Joseph

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The fisheries resources within the EEZs of countries in the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States is not being exploited at their maximum sustainable yield. Fisheries development has however been hampered by a history of these states, little or no sectoral development planning. If member states are to realize any increased socio-economic growth in the fisheries sector, it is imperative that a common fisheries management and development strategy be implemented by these states, in an effort to rationalize the use of scarce financial and technical resources. Such a strategy would involve the pursuance of common goals and objectives and the provision …

Trace Elements In Existing Wetlands And Proposed Mitigation Sites In The U.S. Bureau Of Reclamation's Shoshone Rehbilitation & Betterment Project, Park And Bighorn Counties, Wyoming, Pedro Ramirez Jr., Joni Armstrong

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) conducted a baseline inventory of trace elements at proposed mitigation sites and existing wetlands within the Shoshone Project for the Great Plains Region of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Mitigation proposed for wetland losses attributed to the Shoshone Rehabilitation and Betterment Project consists of wetland creation or enhancement within the project area. The quality of irrigation drainage and its effects on fish and wildlife are potential concerns with the existing project. The two sediment samples collected from a large alkali flat near Deaver Reservoir had elevated selenium concentrations (12 and 13 ug/g dry …