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1991-1992 Dairy Digest, South Dakota State University Dairy Club

Dairy Digest

No abstract provided.

Cheese Industry Conference 1992, Various Authors

Cheese Industry Conference

No abstract provided.

Sexual Size Dimorphism And Size Indices Of Six Species Of Captive Cranes At The International Crane Foundation, Scott R. Swengel

Proceedings of the North American Crane Workshop

Sexual size dimorphism and size indices in captive cranes were studied to learn dimorphism patterns and size relationships that could be used in the management of captive cranes. In 6 species of captive cranes. Siberian (Grus leucogeranus), eastern sarus (G. antigone sharpir), white-naped (G. vipio), common (G. grus), hooded (G. monacha), and red-crowned (G. japonensis), maIes averaged 14.5-28.5% heavier than femaIes (P < 0.05) in all species. MaIes had longer culmens, tarsi, and wing chords in all species. MaIes had significantly longer culmens (P < 0.05) in 4 of 6 species and had significantly longer tarsi than females (P < 0.05) in 3 of 6 species. Culmen and tarsus lengths both averaged 7% longer in males than females when the 6 species were combined. Wing chord length was not significantly dimorphic (P > 0.05) in any of the 4 species measured (Siberian, white-naped, hooded, and red-crowned cranes), averaging only 1.3 -3.3 % longer in males than in females. Body …

Animal Science Newsletter, Winter 1992

Department of Animal Science: Departmental News

Contents:

From the Department Head’s Desk
Animal Science Alumni Day April 25, 1992
New Faculty
Non-Academic Staff
Graduate Student
Department Awards and Recognitions
Faculty Activities
Block and Bridle Club
Teaching – Animal Systems Analysis
Extension – Swine Home Study Courses
Activities and Officers for 1991-1992
Four Long-Time Faculty Retire
Alumni News

Genetic Variation Liver Mass, Body Mass, And Liver:Body Mass In Mice, L. D. Jones, Merlyn K. Nielsen, R. Britton

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Genetic variation for liver mass (LM), body mass (BM), and 1iver:body mass (LM/ BM) was examined for outbred populations of laboratory mice. Liver mass and body mass data were collected on 170 pureline sires at 12 wk of age, representing four outbred stocks of laboratory mice; 523 of their male and female two-way cross progeny at 9 or 12 wk; and 214 four-way-cross' offspring at 12, 14, or 16 wk. Genetic differences for LM, BM, and LM/BM were found among the base sire lines and between two-way crosses. Heritabilities and genetic correlations for LM, BM, LM/BM, and LM/MBM (MBM = …

Circulating Gonadotrophins During A Period Of Restricted Energy Intake In Relation To Body Condition In Heifers, M. S. Roberson, T. T. Stumpf, M. W. Wolfe, Andrea S. Cupp, N. Kojima, L. A. Werth, Roger J. Kittok, J. E. Kinder

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Beef heifers, 13 months old, were fed to achieve high (7·6 + 0·2 units) or low (3·9 ± 0·1 units) body condition by feeding them one of two diets for 20 weeks. During week 17 of the growth phase, all heifers were ovariectomized. From week 20 to week 27 (restriction phase), all heifers were fed a daily diet containing 0·071 MJ metabolizable energy kg^-1 body weight. At weekly intervals throughout the restriction phase, blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals for 11 h to determine the pattern of secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), the amount of LH released in …

Wobbler Syndrome In Horses, Equine Section, Department Of Animal Sciences, University Of Kentucky

Agriculture and Natural Resources Publications

Wobbler Syndrome refers to a number of disease states in the horse. The most common is termed cervical vertebral malformation (CVM) and is characterized by malformation or compression of the spinal cord which leads to spasticity, ataxia, and incoordination. These symptoms are caused by damage to or compression on the spinal cord.

Cervical vertebral instability (CVI) and cervical static stenosis (CSS) are the two distinct types of CVM. CVI causes dynamic spinal cord compression. It typically affects horses from 4-12 months of age. CSS typically affects horses between 12-36 months of age and is characterized by a closing of the …

Exogenous Progesterone And Progestins As Used In Estrous Synchrony Regimens Do Not Mimic The Corpus Luteum In Regulation Of Luteinizing Hormone And 17Β-Estradiol In Circulation Of Cows, N. Kojima, T. T. Stumpf, Andrea S. Cupp, L. A. Werth, M. S. Roberson, M. W. Wolfe, Roger J. Kittok, James E. Kinder

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Our working hypothesis was that the low concentrations of progesterone (P₄) and synthetic progestins administered in hormonal regimens to control estrous cycles of cows would have similar effects on secretion of LH and 17β-estradiol (E₂). In addition, we hypothesized that concentrations of exogenous P₄ typical of the midluteal phase of the estrous cycle and the corpus luteum (CL) would have similar effects on LH and E₂, and the effects would be different from those of synthetic progestins and low concentrations of P₄. Cows (n = 29) were randomly assigned to one …

Population Status And Characteristics Of Macrhybopsis Gelida, Platygobio Gracilis And Rhinichthys Cataractae In The Missouri River Basin, Selena J. Werdon

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Few sturgeon chub (Macrhybopsis gelida: Cyprinidae) have been collected in the last decade, therefore their status, habitat selection and morphology were investigated at 172 previous collection sites. Data on two ecologically similar species, Platygobio gracilis and Rhinichthys cataractae, were also collected. Macrhvbopsis gelida were collected at 28 sites on the Powder River (n = 158) in Wyoming and Montana, and at one site on the Yellowstone River (n = 1) in Montana. Age-I, Age-II and Age-III M. gelida were collected. Specimens were 37 to 95 mm in total length. Macrhvbopsis gelida were ripe in mid-June, at water temperatures of 18.3-22. …

Population Recovery Of The Whooping Crane With Emphasis On Reintroduction Efforts: Past And Future, David H. Ellis, James C. Lewis, George F. Gee, Dwight G. Smith

Proceedings of the North American Crane Workshop

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) began building a captive whooping crane (Grus americana) colony at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (patuxent), Maryland, in 1966. From 1976 to 1984, 73 eggs from this colony and 216 eggs from Wood Buffalo National Park (Wood Buffalo), Canada, nests were placed in sandhill crane (G. canadensis) nests at Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge (Grays Lake), Idaho, the site of the first whooping crane reintroduction attempt. Although 84 chicks fledged from the 289 eggs, the egg transfer program has been discontinued because of inordinately high mortality (only ca. 13 birds remain …

Food And Feeding Habits Of Released Florida Sandhill Cranes, Christine R. Rucker

Proceedings of the North American Crane Workshop

Food habits of 4 pairs of free-ranging Florida sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pratensis) on St. Catherine's Island, Georgia, were studied from May to October 1990. Food items were identified and quantified at close range « 10 m). The 4 pairs varied in how they used plant and animal resources (P < 0.0001). Animal material in the diets averaged 19.1 % and ranged from 13.4 to 36.7%. Plant material averaged 80.9% in the pairs' diets. Major foods included subsurface bulbs, roots, and tubers of yellow star grass (Hypoxis micrantha), catbrier (Smilax glauca), and false garlic (Allium bivalva), longleaf pine seeds (Pinus palustris), and insects. Food habits shifted seasonally for all pairs (P < 0.(001). In July and August the percent occurrences of yellow star grass and false garlic in the diets were > 50 %. During September and October pine seed occurrence was > 75 % in the diets of …

Lead Poisoning In A Whooping Crane, S. Bret Synder, Michael J. Richard, John P. Thilsted, Roderick C. Drewien, James C. Lewis

Proceedings of the North American Crane Workshop

The first known incident of lead poisoning in a whooping crane (Grus americana) occurred as the affected bird completed its second migration from Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Idaho to Bosque del Apache NWR, New Mexico. It fell ill about 4 1/2 weeks after reaching the winter site and was captured. The bird exhibited signs of anorexia and starvation, weakness with drooped wings, greenish watery diarrhea and an unusual gaping of the mouth with abnormal swallowing motions. Blood showed marked polychromasia (>50%) and reticulocytosis (>80%) of RBC's. Serum chemistry values were not diagnostic. A radiograph …

Trypanosome Infection Rates In Tsetse Flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) And Cattle During Tsetse Control Operations In The Kagera River Region Of Rwanda, Steve Mihok, Leonard H. Otieno, Christopher S. Tarimo

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Trypanosome infections were monitored in three species of tsetse fly (Glossina pallidipes Austen, G. morsitans centralis Machado, and G. brevipalpis News-tead) at four locations in the Kagera River region of Rwanda from May 1989 to September 1990. Two of the four areas (Mpanga Ranch and Bukora Ranch) were subjected to tsetse fly suppression operations with odour-baited traps. Proboscis infections of the Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax types accounted for roughly equal numbers of the 207 mature infections detected (3.8%). Variation in infection rates was area-specific rather than tsetse species-specific. Order of magnitude differences in tsetse fly densities among areas were …

Impacts Of Types On Feed And Market Requirements, Donald L. Boggs

South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991

So you want to make them bigger! Or, do you want to add some milk to your cow herd? Improvements in these and other traits offer opportunities to increase production through higher weaning weights. However, the increased outputs are accompanied by increased feed and management inputs. Available research indicates that the increased production may or may not outweigh the increased inputs. Mature cow size and level of milk production are typically the factors considered when changes in cattle type are discussed. Numerous research studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of these factors on biological and economic efficiency. In …

Current Status Of National Cattle Evaluation Programs For Carcass Traits, Larry Benyshek

South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991

At present, diet conscious consumers are exerting considerable pressure on the beef industry. Consumers continually indicate they are concerned about, and in fact, will not tolerate fat associated with red meat products (Breidenstein, 1988). This has resulted in many retailers trimming various cuts of beef to 1/8 inch of subcutaneous fat and in some cases a complete trimming of fat. It is probably conservative to estimate the industry produces an excess of 500 million pounds of fat each year from those carcasses with a yield grade above two. This excess fat represents the nutritional energy in more than a million …

Establishing Genetic Lines For Goal Oriented Buyers, Richard Janssen

South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991

No abstract provided.

Computations Associated With National Beef Cattle Evaluation Programs, Larry Benyshek

South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991

In 1971-72 the first U.S. National Sire Summary was published by a beef cattle breed association. At that time the idea of extending beef performance records into a national progeny testing program was indeed revolutionary. Until 1972, truly accurate comparisons of bulls could only be made within a herd-year-season contemporary group. The first and subsequent National Sire Summaries compared bulls across herds and/or generations.

Calving Difficulty In Beef Cattle: Part I, Harlan D. Ritchie, Peter T. Anderson

South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991

Calving difficulty (dystocia) can increase calf losses, cow mortality, and veterinary and labor costs, as well as delay return to estrus, and lower conception rates. In two studies at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (MARC), Clay Center, Nebraska, calf losses within 24 hours of birth averaged 4 percent for those born with little or no assistance compared to 16 percent for those requiring assistance. Calf mortality increased by a 0.35 percent per pound increase in birth weight. In a Hereford herd at the U.S. Livestock and Range Research Station. Miles City, Montana, 57 percent of all calf losses were …

Calving Difficulty In Beef Cattle: Part Ii, Harlan D. Ritchie, Peter T. Anderson

South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991

Many cattlemen believe reducing dietary energy during late pregnancy will decrease fetal size resulting in improved calving ease, whereas increasing energy will increase fetal size leading to a higher incidence of dystocia. Generally speaking, research has shown that lowering the energy allowance will decrease birth weight but will not significantly reduce dystocia. At MARC, Hereford and Angus 2-year-old heifers were fed three levels of energy (10.8, 13.7 or 17 .0 lb TDN/head/day) for 90 days prior to calving. Increasing the level of dietary energy resulted in increased birth weight but not increased dystocia; in fact, the incidence of calving difficulty …

Which Cows Are More Efficient, D. M. Marshall

South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991

On the surface, the topic of cow efficiency may seem to be primarily of importance to commercial cow-calf producers. The topic is also of importance to seedstock producers, because the primary purpose of the seedstock industry is to provide genetic resources for the commercial industry. It is critical that seedstock producers develop a good understanding of the challenges faced by commercial producers in order to provide the best possible services. Feed costs for the cow herd represent the single largest expense in producing retail beef. The proportion of total energy utilized in beef production that is required to support the …

Beef Cattle National Genetic Evaluation Programs, Larry Benyshek

South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991

Selection alters the frequency of genes in a population (breed) affecting a particular characteristic. Population genetic change is difficult for breeders to understand because they deal with individuals when making selection decisions and in their merchandising programs. Nevertheless, breeds (populations) which practice intense selection for characteristics of economic importance to the cattle industry will change genetically and eventually be the successful populations because they will leave the most progeny in the next generation. The genetic improvement of a population (breed) cannot overlook the individual because the individual, if selected, is the vehicle containing the genes which are to be passed …

1991 South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, December 13-14, 1991, Department Of Animal And Range Sciences, South Dakota State University

South Dakota Beef Seedstock Symposium, 1991

This is the complete publication of presentations from the 1991 South Dakota Seedstock Symposium held on December 13-14, 1991 at South Dakota State University, Brookings.

Crossbreeding Systems And The Theory Behind Composite Breeds, James A, Gosey

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Crossbreeding serves the beef cattle industry as a tool to improve productivity through heterosis (hybrid vigor) and through complementarity (combining different breed strengths) to match genetic resources to various feed resources, climates, management levels and markets. Commercial cattlemen need to understand the principles of crossbreeding so they can adapt crossbreeding to their specific environment and needs. Seedstock breeders must be able to intelligently advise their commercial customers and know where their seedstock best fits into crossbreeding programs. Cattlemen today can be much more sophisticated in their approach to using crossbreeding. They realize many of the crossbreeding mistakes of the past …

Matching Cattle Nutrient Requirements To A Ranch’S Forage Resource, Or “Why We Calve Late”, Gregg Simonds

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Our goal at Deseret Land and Livestock is to maximize long-term profit. Our profit is a function of the following factors: the prices we receive for our production, our amount of production, the costs of production, and the productive capabilities of our land and labor. Prices, production, and cost are managed on an annual basis. The long-term outcome of one’s management is determined by their attention and skill in enhancing the capability of land and labor.

These factors of profit can vary tremendously within and between years. For example, prices for 400-500 pound steer calves from 1979-1989 varied nearly $.58/pound …

Retained Ownership Revisited: Balancing Market Prices And Genetic Potential, John J. Wagner, Dillon M. Feuz

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Retained ownership is a marketing strategy that involves maintaining ownership of young cattle beyond calf weaning, a traditional marketing time for many producers. Numerous retained ownership strategies exist. It is extremely important for producers and their lenders to clearly understand the advantages and disadvantages of a specific retained ownership strategy in order to fully evaluate profit potential.

The advantages and disadvantages of retained ownership have been discussed by several authors. Advantages include 1) compensation for superior genetics, 2) reduction in market inefficiencies, 3) increased quality control in beef, 4) reduction in market risk for frost or drought damaged crops and …

Consumer Perceptions: The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly, Amy Barr

Range Beef Cow Symposium

With over 105 years of editorial and consumer research experience, which influences 27 million consumers, we at Good Housekeeping know that the 1990's will be an era of enormous change with a hold on traditions of the past.

How Much Fat Can The Different Segments Of Our Industry Accept?, Bill Mies

Range Beef Cow Symposium

The management of fat content of the carcass, both subcutaneous fat and marbling, will be the challenge of the future for the cattle feeders of the U.S. The cattle feeder will have to juggle carcass weights, quality grade and yield grade in order to determine the appropriate end point for fed cattle. The input data for decisions will be the Choice-Select spread, yield grade discounts, feed costs, interest costs, cost of feeder cattle and genetic potential of the cattle in question.

There is a perception among cattle feeders that, in the future, the packers will simply dictate the type of …

Evaluation And Practical Use Of Research Results For Developing Grazing Strategies, Patrick Reese

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Given the diversity of potential objectives and production environments there are many types of research beyond grazing studies that can be used to design grazing strategies. Management perception and awareness of information are important factors in the development of creative and efficient grazing strategies. Well thought out and clearly documented goals and objectives will help to identify the kind of information that is needed. Grazing strategies should be financially and ecologically sound in respect to management objectives, but most importantly, they should be as simple and risk free as possible. The relative value of any information must be based upon …

Making Riparian Area Protection A Workable Part Of Grazing Management, Quentin D. Skinner

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Riparian areas are recognized as the green area immediately adjacent to water, such as streams, springs, rivers, ponds, and lakes. They are identified by the presence of vegetation that requires large amounts of water during plant growing seasons (Figure 1). These narrow zones of green vegetation make up only a small proportion of the total area of the lower mountain elevations, foothills, and basin areas of the western United States. They serve as a transition zone between the more plentiful surrounding drier land or (upland) vegetation types and aquatic ecosystems supported by a particular source of water. Because of the …

Protein Versus Grain Supplementation For Cows Grazing Winter Range, Don C. Adams

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Grazing rangeland during the fall-winter is common on many cattle ranches. Fall-winter grazing of cows generally reduces production costs when compared to feeding a full ration of harvested feeds. Fall-winter range forages alone may not maintain body weight and condition of the cow. Grazing fall-winter range generally has associated cost for supplemental feeds. This paper will look at the effects of protein and grain supplementation on cow performance and the costs of supplements.