Digital Commons Network^™

Bovine Viral Diarrhea, Hana Van Campen

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a common viral infection of cattle worldwide. The viruses responsible for BVD are classified as pestiviruses, a group of viruses that includes BVDV type I and type II, Border disease virus of sheep and hog cholera virus. Although BVD was first recognized as a disease of cattle 50 years ago, the genetics and epidemiology of BVD viruses have only been well-described in the last 10 years. These scientific advances have increased the accuracy of diagnostic testing for BVD and clarified the diseases caused by BVD viruses.

BVD is a confusing topic because the viruses cause …

Reproductive Toxicology: Pine Needles And Plant Estrogens, R. E. Short, S. L. Kronberg, E. E. Grings, J. P. Rosazza, S. P. Ford

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Reproductive rate or efficiency, the number of live offspring produced from a herd of a specified number each year, is the main determinate of biological and economic efficiency of a beef cattle enterprise. Reproduction is a complex and continuous process that starts before birth and continues through puberty and a series of endocrine and behavioral events that include estrous cycles, breeding, conception, gestation, parturition, and lactation. The culmination of reproduction is live offspring produced for sale or for reentering the herd as replacements. Whenever any of these events are interfered with, reproductive rate and economic efficiency will decrease. In most …

Ingestion Of Ponderosa Pine Needles By Cattle, S. L. Kronberg, R. E. Short, E. E. Grings

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Given the relatively high fiber and moderate crude protein concentrations in Ponderosa pine needles (Adams et al., 1992; Pfister et al., 1992) and their potential negative effect on organic matter digestibility and nitrogen retention in ruminants (Adams et al., 1992), it is not readily apparent why cattle eat them. However, there are a number of ideas that may help explain why they do. Ponderosa pine needles contain a variety of nutrients and precursors including glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, citric acid, shikimic acid (a precursor in the biosynthesis of the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan), crude protein (Pfister et al., …

Synchronization Programs Update, Tom Geary

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Synchronization of estrus involves methods of manipulating the estrous cycle of females within a herd so they express estrus at approximately the same time. There are several traditional protocols available for synchronizing estrus (heat) among beef cows. Traditional protocols include one or two Prostaglandin protocols, the MGA/prostaglandin protocol and the Syncro- Mate B protocol. None of these methods have been universally adopted because none are able to satisfy all situations. There are also a couple of new protocols that have been developed within the last 2 years that have resulted in higher success than traditional protocols. These new protocols include …

Factors Affecting Calf Survival, R. A. Bellows

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Survival of the calf at or shortly after birth can be compromised leading to high death losses and a serious impact on net income for the cattle producer. This paper will briefly review some findings related to causes of death of the newborn calf.

Grazing Animal Diets: When To Supplement, Doug Zalesky

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Despite the fact that we live and operate in the age of technology, the age old question of precisely when to start or when to end supplementation of grazing animals remains. Often the determination of when to begin and when to end supplementation is not based on sound nutritional and/or economic reasons. Currently no one technology or gadget is available that precisely determines when that window of needed supplementation exists. Tradition and the educated guess method has served to make that decision.

The use of such programs as SPA (Standardized Performance Analysis) has allowed producers to more accurately determine the …

New National Research Council (Nrc) Beef Cattle Requirements - Range Application, Ivan G. Rush

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Beef producers have used experience and guidelines for many years to determine proper level of nutrition for their cow herd. In the early 1900s, research started to compare various feeding programs to determine which feeds or supplements worked best, and then comparisons were made on various levels of supplements to determine how much supplement was needed. In the 1920s, considerable research was conducted at the Valentine, Nebraska Experiment Station (no longer in existence) to see if calves wintered on sandhills range would benefit from cottonseed cake (cottonseed meal was large chunks or "cake" in the 1920s), and a series of …

Matching Calving Date With Forage Nutrients: Production And Economic Impacts, Richard T. Clark, Don C. Adams, Gregory P. Lardy, Terry J. Klopfenstein

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Reducing costs while maintaining production is one way to improve the economic performance of a cow-calf operation. In large parts of the beef cattle production area, feed cost is a major factor in determining overall economic efficiency. Harvested forages and purchased feed make up the majority of the total feed cost. A major goal of our work has been to research cow-calf production systems that improve the economic and overall sustainability of the cow-calf operation. Given that feed costs are such an important component of most cow-calf operations we have focused our research on ways to reduce those costs without …

Synchronizing Estrus And Improving Subsequent Production And Performance With Prostaglandin F2 Alpha And Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin, Bryan Kutz

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Two-hundred-seventy-two sows were utilized in two trials to evaluate the effects of prostaglandin and pregnant mare serum on reducing weaning to estrus interval, increasing the degree of estrus synchrony and improving fertility at estrus resulting in improved pregnancy rates and subsequent litter performance. Sows were randomly allotted to treatments. In trial 1, sows were assigned to one of three treatments: T1 (n=18; l0mg of PGF2α /hd 24-48 hrs. after parturition), T2 (n=20; lOmg of PGF 2 α /hd at weaning) and controls (n=20). No differences (P>.05) were observed for survival rate and 21D litter wt. among treated and the …

Puncturing Ability Of Bat Canine Teeth: The Tip, Patricia W. Freeman, William N. Weins

University of Nebraska State Museum: Mammalogy Papers

Casts of upper canine teeth of 15 species of microchiropteran bats were fixed securely into a testing machine and made to puncture the bloom side of an apple. The force necessary to break through the surface of the apple was regressed against both shape of the tip of the canine and the size of the animal. Sharper tips require less force to puncture than blunt ones. Results were also verified using giant two-dimensional models of Plexiglas™ with sharp and blunt tips that were loaded onto a Plexiglas™ beam. Fringes, or stress lines, are more highly concentrated at the point of …

Competitive Interactions Among Symbiotic Fungi Of The Southern Pine Beetle, Kier D. Klepzig, Richard T. Wilkens

Dartmouth Scholarship

The southern pine beetle, a damaging pest of conifers, is intimately linked to three symbiotic fungi. Two fungi, Ceratocystiopsis ranaculosus and Entomocorticium sp. A, are transported within specialized structures (mycangia) in the beetle exoskeleton and are mutualists of the beetle. A third fungus, Ophiostoma minus, is transported externally on the beetle exoskeleton (phoretically) and is an antagonist of the beetle. This study examined competitive interactions among these three fungi. The results of de Wit replacement series and primary and secondary resource capture assays with these fungi provide strong evidence for differential competition between the phoretic and mycangial fungi. O. minus …

Egg Removal By Brown-Headed Cowbirds: A Field Test Of The Host Incubation Efficiency Hypothesis, Douglas R. Wood, Eric K. Bollinger

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) often remove host eggs, usually to the detriment of the host's reproductive success. We tested the hypothesis that host egg size and number influence the incubation efficiency of a parasitic egg. A single House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) or Brown-headed Cowbird egg was placed in each host nest (addition), and in some nests a host egg was removed as well (addition/removal). Hatching success and incubation length were measured to determine whether host-egg removal conferred an advantage in incubation efficiency compared to simple addition of a parasitic egg. Redwinged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and Chipping Sparrows (Spizella passerina) served …

Fish & Wildlife News: November 1997

Fish and Wildlife News

Contents:

Clinton Signs Refuge Legislation 2
A Blue Goose in the Oval Office 3
ESA Legislation Moves Forward 4
Squaw Creek NWR Stars on the Silver Screen 6
Eagle Repository Seeks Dead Birds 7
Snow Goose Glut Decimating Arctic Canada 8
“The Great American Road Trip” 9
“Special Place” Dedicated to Beattie 11
International Celebrates 20 Years 12
Taiwanese Visitors Tour U.S. Refuges 17
Federal Aid Scores a Quiet Victory 20

Abalone Aquaculture In Western Australia. Discussion Paper And Draft Policy Guidelines., Cameron Westaway, Jeff Norriss

Fisheries Management Papers

The purposes of this discussion paper is to highlight relevant issues associated with abalone aquaculture development and outline a set of draft policy guidelines. The paper is being disseminated to members of the aquaculture industry, commercial and recreational fishing bodies and the broader community to allow comment.

Detection Of Hybridization Events Between The Coyote, Canis Latrans, And The Domestic Dog, Canis Familiaris, Using Two Polymorphic Microsatellite Loci And Cranial Morphometric Analysis, John Jobe Cox

Morehead State Theses and Dissertations

A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Science and Technology at Morehead State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biology by John Jobe Cox on August 26, 1997.

The Economic Role Of Range Livestock Production In Kasungu Agricultural Development Division (Kadd), Malawi, Phillip H. W. Phiri

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This study was conducted to determine the effects of season and auction and produce marketing systems on prices received by farmers for livestock sales and the effect of price on cattle numbers sold in KADD. Livestock population, carrying capacity, and stocking rate were estimated. Data were analyzed using pie charts, regression methods, and analysis of variance.

There was no significant difference (P=.06) between cattle prices per kilogram during the wet season and after harvest. During the wet season, significantly more cattle were sold than after harvest (P< .001) to purchase food and farm inputs, and pay school fees and medical bills. Market price was only a secondary factor.

Carrying capacity and stocking rate were estimated at 15.00 kg …

Ua66/5 Newsletter, Wku Agriculture

WKU Administration Documents

Newsletter created by WKU Agriculture Department re: faculty/staff, students/alumni, student organizations and clubs and donors.

The Asian Elephant: Ecology And Management, Robert H.I. Dale

Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS

Book review for the following title:

The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management. By Raman Sukumar, Cambridge University Press, 1993, 282 pages. $34.95 hardcover

Genetic And Environmental Parameters For Ovulation Rate, Twinning Rate, And Weight Traits In A Cattle Population Selected For Twinning, K. E. Gregory, G. L. Bennett, L. Dale Van Vleck, S. E. Echternkamp, Larry V. Cundiff

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

A project was implemented in 1981 with the objective of increasing twinning rate in cattle. Daughters of foundation sires had twin calves at a frequency of from 8 to 13%, and foundation females had twin calves at an average frequency of 50%. Data were analyzed on twinning rate, ovulation rate, and weight traits. The h² of ovulation rate increased from .11 to .38 for a single estrous cycle to the mean of eight estrous cycles. From all data, h² for single observation of ovulation rate and twinning rate were .10 and .09, respectively. The r_g between them …

1997 Annual Report, Various Authors

Annual Reports

No abstract provided.

In Vivo Incorporation Of Tritium To Measure Lipogenesis In Red Skeletal Muscle: Significance Of A Nonlipogenic Diet In La/N-Fa(K)("Corpulent") And Zucker Fa Rat Strains, Karin Traci Mann

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Skeletal muscle lipogenesis in rodents may equal that of liver but its importance in the obese animals is not known. We evaluated the rate of fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis and storage content in red skeletal muscles, liver, inguinal fat, and retroperitoneal fat of the LA/N-fa^k (“corpulent”) and Zucker fa obese rat strains. Obese-lean pairs of both rat strains, weaned at 32 days, fed a nonlipogenic diet (54% starch for 21 days) were either dosed with 2 µCi 3H-H² O per gram of body weight and tested after 60 minutes for whole body 3H-incorporation into fatty acids and …

Dairy Digest 1996-1997, South Dakota State University Dairy Club

Dairy Digest

No abstract provided.

Observations On Pasture Management And Grazing, Darwin B. Nielsen

Archived Agriculture Publications

Selection of the notes was based on an interest in pasture management, improving grazing systems, and grazing animal behavior as it might apply to Utah. This interest was stimulated as a result of research on pasture use and development and as a participant on the USU Pasture Committee.

Early Weaning Of Calves May Be Economical, Clell V. Bagley, Norris J. Stenquist, Donald L. Snyder

All Archived Publications

No abstract provided.

Arsenic, Mercury, Selenium, And Organochlorine Compounds In Interior Least Tern Eggs In The Northern Great Plains States, 1992-1994, George T. Allen, Susan Humphreys Blackford

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

The purpose of this study was to evaluate concentrations of arsenic, mercury, selenium, and chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds in interior least tern eggs from the northern Great Plains states from 1992 through 1994. The Environmental Contaminants Specialists in Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Montana agreed on a standard protocol for collection and analyses of eggs during the study period.

Addled, fiooded, or abandoned eggs collected during the study period were submitted for chemical analysis by the Environmental Contaminants Specialist in each state.

A total of 104 eggs were analyzed for arsenic, mercury, and selenium; 78 of them also were …

Preference For Flavoured Foods By Lambs Conditioned With Intraruminal Administration Of Nitrogen, Juan J. Villalba, Frederick D. Provenza

Behavioral Education for Human, Animal, Vegetation, and Ecosystem Management (BEHAVE)

We suggested that food preference depends on the interplay between flavour and post-ingestive effects, and we predicted that protein-restricted lambs would acquire preferences for foods paired with supplemental sources of N, including urea (Expts 1 and 2), casein (Expt 3), and gluten (Expt 4). In each experiment, twenty lambs, in two groups of ten, were conditioned as follows: on odd-numbered days, lambs in group 1 received wheat straw (Expts 1, 3, and 4) or ground barley (Expt 2) flavoured with a distinctive flavour, and lambs in group 2 received the same food but with a different flavour. On even-numbered days, …

Preference For Wheat Straw By Lambs Conditioned With Intraruminal Infusions Of Starch, Juan J. Villalba, Frederick D. Provenza

Behavioral Education for Human, Animal, Vegetation, and Ecosystem Management (BEHAVE)

We hypothesized that feed preference depends on the interplay between flavour and postingestive effects, and we tested two predictions based on this hypothesis: (1) lambs acquire preferences for poorly nutritious feeds paired with starch; and (2) preferences persist when starch is no longer administered. Twenty lambs were randomly allocated to two groups and conditioned as follows: on odd-numbered days, lambs in group 1 received onion-flavoured wheat straw and lambs in group 2 received oregano-flavoured wheat straw. On even-numbered days, the flavours were switched and starch (2.5-9.4% of the digestible energy received/d) was infused into the rumen of all animals during …

Results Of An Experiment To Lead Cranes On Migration Behind Motorized Ground Vehicles, David H. Ellis, Brian Clauss, Tsuyoshi Watanabe, R. Curt Mykut, Matthew Kinloch, Catherine H. Ellis

Proceedings of the North American Crane Workshop

Ten greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) , trained to enter and ride in a specially-equipped truck, were transported at ca 80 days of age from their rearing site at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (patuxent), Maryland, to a reintroduction site located within the species' former breeding range in northern Arizona. After 5 additional weeks of training, these juvenile cranes were led south ca 600 km to a wintering area on the Arizona/Mexico border. Nine of the 10 survived the trek, 495 km of which were flown, although only a few cranes flew every stage of the route. Their …

The Effect Of Disturbance On The Reproduction And Management Of Captive Cranes, Claire M. Mirande, James W. Carpenter, Ann M. Burke

Proceedings of the North American Crane Workshop

A retrospective analysis of egg laying histories and observations of crane pairs at the International Crane Foundation and the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center indicates that disturbance associated with captivity has adverse impacts on captive breeding. Females on public display laid significantly fewer eggs than those off display (P < 0.05). Crane pairs moved to other pens (other than adjacent pens) or hetween facilities laid slightly fewer eggs than those birds which were not moved. although the results were not statistically significant (P = 0.188). Pen design and construction also appeared to have adverse impacts on breeding. In addition, human activities, intraspecific interactions, and rearing methods influence a bird's response to disturbance, and, therefore, these factors must also be considered in an effective crane management program. Modifying procedures to minimize disturbance, timing necessary disturbances after the breeding and molt seasons, and carefully monitoring birds for signs of stress can result in increased reproductive potential for captive, endangered cranes.

Proceedings, The Range Beef Cow Symposium Xv. December 9, 10 And 11, 1997, Rapid City, South Dakota

Range Beef Cow Symposium

The Range Beef Cow Symposium is sponsored by the Cooperative Extension Service and Animal Science Departments of South Dakota State University, Colorado State University, the University of Wyoming and the University of Nebraska. The Symposium has a reputation of being an excellent educational program for commercial cow-calf producers, industry and Extension personnel. It is held every other year with the location rotating among the cooperating states.

Agenda and Proceedings Contents

Morning Ramrod: Dr. Jim Males, Head, Department of Animal & Range Sciences, South Dakota State University

Welcome - Dr. Robert Wagner, President, South Dakota State University

Industry Issues

Food Safety …