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Unsaturated Fatty Acids And Sodium Affect The Liver-Like Off-Flavor In Cooked Beef, B. E. Jenschke, J. M. Hodgen, J. L. Meisinger, A. E. Hamling, D. Moss, M. Lundesjo Ahnstrom, Kent M. Eskridge, Chris R. Calkins

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Beef knuckles (n = 60) were chosen from a population of 328 knuckles to test a selection procedure and determine the potential causes of liver-like off-flavor. In phase I, 2 independent panelists were allowed to smell the aromas or smell and taste samples of cooked beef to determine the presence or absence of the liver-like off-flavor and off-flavor intensity. The panelists tested knuckles from 5 feedlots, but only identified 29 as having an off-flavor. A kappa statistic was generated to assess the level of agreement of the 2 panelists that indicated the panelists moderately or substantially agreed when judgments were …

Effect Of Increasing Levels Of Corn Bran On Milk Yield And Composition, B. N. Janicek, Paul J. Kononoff, A. M. Gehman, K. Karges, M. L. Gibson

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Thirty-nine lactating Holstein cows (23 multiparous and 16 primiparous) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments in a crossover design. Dietary treatments differed by the proportion of corn bran [10, 17.5, and 25% dry matter (DM); designated as low, medium, and high] replacing corn silage and alfalfa. The corn bran coproduct contained 8.2% moisture and 12.9% crude protein, 30.4% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and 45.0% nonfiber carbohydrate, 9.9% ether extract, and 0.70% P (DM basis). The low treatment consisted of 15.8% NDF from forage (fNDF) and 33.1% total NDF; the medium treatment consisted of 12.9% fNDF and 32.5% …

Effect Of Incremental Urea Supplementation Of A Conventional Corn Silage-Based Diet On Ruminal Ammonia Concentration And Synthesis Of Microbial Protein, S. E. Boucher, R. S. Ordway, N. L. Whitehouse, F. P. Lundy, Paul J. Kononoff, C. G. Schwab

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

One primiparous and 3 multiparous lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the efficacy of adding urea to a corn silage-based diet on ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. Dietary treatments were 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9% urea in diet dry matter (DM); urea was manually top dressed and incorporated into the ration. The basal diet contained (DM basis) 52% forage (with 61% of forage provided as corn silage) and 48% concentrate ingredients. The basal diet was formulated to meet National Research Council (NRC, 2001) requirements …

Selection And Dietary Quality Of Beef Cattle Grazing Smooth Bromegrass, Switchgrass, And Big Bluestem, B. H. Kirch, L. E. Moser, S. S. Waller, T. J. Klopfenstein, G. E. Aiken, J. R. Strickland

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

The ability of grazing animals to enhance quality of diet by selection is important in production. The study determined the effects of selection on dietary quality of cattle grazing monocultures of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss; SB), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.; SG), and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman; BB) as influenced by plant maturity. Three ruminally-fistulated steers (295 kg) strip-grazed SB, SG, and BB at vegetative, elongation, early reproductive, and a regrowth stage of development. Selection was maximized by providing cattle access to 40 kg of DM/d per head. Clipped samples were compared with dietary samples accumulated during 45 min …

Production And Economic Comparisons Of Two Calving Dates For Beef Cows In The Nebraska Sandhills, M. C. Stockton, D. C. Adams, R. K. Wilson, T. J. Klopfenstein, R. T. Clark, G. L. Carriker

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Calving date for 120 cows in the Nebraska Sandhills was changed from the traditional calving season beginning March 15 (d 75) to one beginning June 15 (d 167) to match increased nutrient needs for lactating cows to immature grazed forages that are high in protein and energy. The hypotheses being tested were that 1) less hay and purchased feeds would be required, 2) production costs would be reduced, and 3) net returns would be greater for June-calving cows compared with their March-calving counterparts. All steer calves from 75 March-calving cows were moved to a feedlot within 60 d of weaning …

Effects Of Distillers Grains Or Corn Supplementation Frequency On Forage Intake And Digestibility, T. W. Loy, J. C. Macdonald, Terry Klopfenstein, Galen E. Erickson

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Ten ruminally cannulated heifers (BW = 416 kg; SD = 24) were used to test the effect of the form and frequency of supplemental energy on forage DMI and digestibility. Five treatments were arranged in a replicated, 5 × 4 Latin rectangle (n = 8), and included no supplement (control), dry-rolled corn (DRC) fed daily, DRC fed on alternate days (DRC-A), dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) fed daily, and DDGS fed on alternate days (DDGS-A). Supplements fed daily were fed at 0.40% of BW, whereas alternate day-fed supplements were fed at 0.80% of BW every other day. Chopped grass …

Contents, Discovery Editors

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

No abstract provided.

Relationship Of Plasma Ghrelin Concentrations With End-Products Of Carbohydrate Fermentation For Beef Cattle During A Feeding Interval, Aimee Wertz-Lutz, Jay Daniel, Jeff Clapper, Allen Trenkle, Donald Beitz

South Dakota Beef Report, 2007

Four steers (BW 1281±28.2 lb) were used to determine the relationship of plasma ghrelin concentrations with end-products of carbohydrate fermentation and hormones and metabolites indicative of nutrition status during a 12-h feeding interval. A common high-energy diet was offered at 240% of the intake necessary for BW maintenance (2.4xM) or 80% of the intake necessary for BW maintenance (0.8xM). At initiation of period I, 2 steers were allowed 2.4xM intake, whereas intake for the remaining 2 steers was restricted to 0.8xM. Equal aliquots of feed were offered at 0800 and at 2000 h. On 7, 14, and 21 d following …

Prolonged, Moderate Nutrient Restriction In Beef Cattle Results In Persistently-Elevated Plasma Ghrelin Concentrations, Aimee Wertz-Lutz, Jay Daniel, Jeff Clapper, Allen Trenkle, Donald Beitz

South Dakota Beef Report, 2007

Four steers (BW 1281±28.2 kg) were used in a crossover design to determine the effects of prolonged, moderate energy and protein restriction on plasma ghrelin and GH concentrations. A common high-energy diet was offered at 240% of the intake necessary for BW maintenance (2.4xM) or 80% of the intake necessary for BW maintenance (0.8xM). As a common starting point, all steers were adjusted to 2.4xM during a 23-d pre-trial adaptation period. At initiation of period 1, 2 steers remained at 2.4xM, whereas intake for the remaining 2 steers was restricted to 0.8xM. Feed allotments were offered twice daily in equal …

Influence Of Post-Ai Nutrition On Blood Urea Nitrogen, Progesterone, And Pregnancy, George Perry, Brandi Perry, Josh Nelson, Julie Walker, Cody Wright

South Dakota Beef Report, 2007

Research has shown that changes in nutrition can have an effect on reproductive performance. Our objective was to determine the effect of post-AI nutrition on BCS, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), progesterone, and pregnancy rates. Forage-developed Angus-cross bred heifers (n = 336) were synchronized with the Select Synch+ Controlled Internal Drug Releasing device (CIDR) protocol (d -7 100 μg GnRH and CIDR; d 0 25 mg PG and removal of CIDR). Estrus was detected for 72 h and heifers bred by AI 12 h after being detected in estrus; heifers not in detected in estrus were bred by AI and given …

Modelling The Protein And Amino Acid Requirements Of The Greater Rhea (Rhea Americana), James Sales

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Protein and amino acid requirements of the Greater rhea (Rhea americana) have been estimated from growth data available for this species, and assumptions derived with other closely related species. Differences in body weight and growth pattern caused considerable higher protein and amino acid requirements for males compared to females after 3 months of age. Whereas the absolute protein requirement is comparable between males (148 g/day) and females (144.5 g/day) at 50 days of age, 21.8 g/day protein is needed by males at 500 days of age compared to 12.2 g/day for females. Limitations include the lack of knowledge on feed …

2007 South Dakota Beef Report, Department Of Animal And Range Sciences, South Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University, Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota State University

South Dakota Beef Report, 2007

This is the 2007 South Dakota Beef Report. The articles published in this report summarize many of the beef cattle research activities conducted at South Dakota State University during 2007. The articles in this report have many levels of application. Some information has immediate application for your farm, ranch, or agribusiness. The articles include information on nutrition, feed management, reproductive management, health, growth and development, and economics of the cattle and beef industry in South Dakota.

Plasma Ghrelin Concentrations Of Beef Cattle Consuming A Similar Amount Of Dietary Energy Supplied By Different Ingredients, Aimee Wertz-Lutz, Jeff Clapper, Jenny Thurlow, Donald Beitz, Allen Trenkle

South Dakota Beef Report, 2007

Previous research demonstrated that restricting nutrient intake by decreasing DMI of a high-grain diet increased plasma ghrelin concentrations. Objectives of this experiment were to determine 1) whether dietary ingredient composition influenced plasma ghrelin concentrations when energy intake was similar, and 2) whether relationships existed between plasma ghrelin concentrations and plasma insulin, NEFA, and GH concentrations or end-products of carbohydrate fermentation in the rumen. Five steers (1290 ± 39.9 lb) were used in a crossover design with dietary treatments of 50% hay-50% concentrate (HAY) offered at an amount that would meet the steer’s NEm requirement plus supply an additional 3.5 Mcal …

Effects Of Increasing The Dietary Energy Density By Replacing Grass Hay With Soybean Hulls And Dried Distillers Grains With Solubles On Nutrient Digestibility And Rumen Fermentation, Aimee Wertz-Lutz, Robert Zelinsky, Jeffrey Held

South Dakota Sheep Research Reports, 2006-07

We hypothesize that soybean hulls (SH) and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) can be used in lamb diets to increase dietary energy density compared with a traditional grass hay (GH) and soybean meal (SBM) diet without causing adverse effects on nutrient digestibility and rumen function. To test this hypothesis, four ruminally-cannulated wethers were used in a 4x4 Latin square design to determine the effects of replacing GH with SH and replacing SBM with DDGS on nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation. All diets were formulated to contain 60% roughage and 40% concentrate on DM basis. Dietary roughage source, however, varied …

Letter From The Dean, Gregory J. Weidemann

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

No abstract provided.

Discovery: The Student Journal Of Dale Bumpers College Of Agricultural, Food And Life Sciences - Volume 8 2007, Several Authors

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

No abstract provided.

Effects Of Protein Sources On Growth And Hormonal Status Of Weaned Dairy Calves, Christopher Aaron Sissell

LSU Master's Theses

Eight Holstein calves approximately 6 months of age (mean BW 185.15 + 16.16 kg) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin Square experiment to study effects of protein sources on performance of weaned dairy calves. Dietary treatments consisted of 16% CP diets with three sources of ruminally undegradable protein (RUP). Experimental diets were corn-silage based, with soybean meal (SBM) as the source of ruminally degradable protein (control) and 3 sources of RUP including heat treated soybean meal (SBM) (SoyPLUS®), animal protein blend (PRO-LAK), and extruded-expelled SBM, included at 45% of the dietary CP. The animals were fed their …

Effect Of Culture Conditions On Gene Expression In Manipulated Bovine Embryos, Megan Nicole Purpera

LSU Master's Theses

Numerous studies have reported aberrant gene expression levels attributed to suboptimal in vitro culture conditions presented to embryos. Since the culture environment is a common aspect of both in vitro production (IVP) and nuclear transfer (NT), research focusing on the in vitro culture system will have the potential to improve both techniques. This study investigated the effects of different culture systems and protein sources on the developmental competence of IVP embryos measured by cleavage and blastocyst rates, cell number, and relative abundance of oct-4, nanog, connexin 43, and GLUT-1 transcripts when compared to in vivo embryos. Experiment 1 compared IVP …

Equine Obesity-Related Hyperleptinemia, Nan Killen Huff

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Plasma leptin concentrations in obese adult horses have been shown to vary widely, and horses tend to fit into two groups: low leptin (<10 ng/mL) and hyperleptinemic (10 to 50 ng/mL). Observations over time revealed that the hyperleptinemic condition was consistent, possibly indicating a relatively permanent underlying cause. Based on these observations, three experimental approaches were used to further study equine obesity-related hyperleptinemia. The first experiment determined the prevalence of hyperleptinemia among postpartum, lactating mares, evaluated its consequence on their re-breeding success, and investigated correlations between leptin levels in lactating and non-lactating mares. Postpartum mares (n = 198) and non-foaling mares (n = 31) were categorized based on their leptin status: normoleptinemic or hyperleptinemic. Leptin in the lactating mares averaged 4.8 ng/mL, and 11 of the 198 (13%) displayed hyperleptinemia. Leptin in the non-lactating mares averaged 7.5 ng/mL, with 9 mares (29%) displaying hyperleptinemia. Of the 198 lactating mares bred, 81% became pregnant; there was no effect of leptin status on re-breeding success. To study one possible cause for hyperleptinemia in well-fed horses, a second experiment explored polymorphism(s) within exon 2 of the equine leptin gene. The DNA from five hyperleptinemic and five normal mares of high body condition was used to analyze exon 2 of the leptin gene for polymorphisms. Based on the 10 mares tested, there was no polymorphism in exon 2 of the equine leptin gene; therefore, polymorphism is not a likely explanation for the high vs. low leptin difference. The third experiment explored the possible effects of hyperleptinemia on the endocrine and immune systems. Endotoxin was given to mares and geldings to investigate the role and/or regulation of leptin in the pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Of the endpoints measured, only platelet count differed between normal and hyperleptinemic horses. Endotoxin infusion caused the expected pro-inflammatory cytokine and endocrine responses, but leptin status was not a significant factor for any endpoint. It is concluded that hyperleptinemia in mares is not associated with polymorphism in exon 2 of the leptin gene, does not affect re-breeding rates of foaling mares, and does not alter the endotoxin-induced responses of the endocrine and immune systems.

In Vitro Development Of Bovine Embryos Cultured In A Frozen-Thawed Commercial Culture Medium, Jeanne Lee Glaser

LSU Master's Theses

As in vitro fertilization (IVF) becomes more acceptable for the treatment of human infertility, it is essential for clinics to have in place an optimal embryo culture system. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether freezing and storing human embryo culture medium will alter embryo post-thaw viability. In consecutive experiments, commercial culture medium was frozen at -20°C and at -80°C and stored at 4°C until its use in IVF. Each IVF-derived replicate of bovine embryos contained a laboratory control group, a fresh commercial culture medium group(s) and a frozen-thawed commercial culture medium group(s). The commercial culture medium was …

Effect Of Age, Body Condition, Pregnancy And Lactation On Circulating Leptin Concentrations In Beef Cattle, Glen Talmage Gentry, Jr.

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential role of leptin in bovine reproduction. In Experiment 1, mean circulating leptin concentrations of postpartum cows were not affected by exogenous dexamethasone treatments. In Experiment 2, mean leptin concentrations were not correlated with female age or body weight but were positively correlated with body condition scores of beef cattle. Leptin concentrations were higher in 1 year old heifers (8.9 ng/ml) compared with 2 year old cows (6.0 ng/ml), but heifer leptin concentrations were not different than 4 to 6 year old cows (8.0 ng/ml) and cows ≥7 years of age …

Foraging Preferences Of Captive Canada Geese Related To Turfgrass Mixtures, Brian E. Washburn, Scott C. Barras, Thomas W. Seamans

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Overabundant populations of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) cause economic and safety concerns associated with collisions with civil and military aircraft. Habitat management techniques that reduce the use of airfield habitats by geese might reduce these concerns. The objective of this study was to determine if captive Canada geese exhibited a foraging preference between a vegetation mixture consisting mostly of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) versus an endophyte-infected tall fescue- (Festuca arundinacea) based vegetation mixture. We established 6 paired plots of perennial ryegrass-dominated and tall fescue-dominated mixtures at NASA …

Alcohol-Induced Suppression Of Gluconeogenesis Is Greater In Ethanol Fed Female Rat Hepatocytes Than Males, Ken D. Sumida, Alma A. Cogger, Aleksey V. Matveyenko

Physical Therapy Faculty Articles and Research

The impact of alcohol-induced suppression on hepatic gluconeogenesis (HGN) after chronic ethanol consumption between males and females is unknown. To determine the effects of chronic alcohol consumption (8 weeks) on HGN, the isolated hepatocyte technique was used on 24 h fasted male and female Wistar rats. Livers were initially perfused with collagenase and the hepatocytes were isolated. Aliquots of the cell suspension were placed in Krebs-Henseleit buffer and incubated for 30 min with lactate, [U-C-14]lactate, and nine different concentrations of ethanol (EtOH). Dose-effect curves were generated for the determination of maximal and half-maximal alcohol-induced inhibition on HGN. There was no …

Comparison Of 2 Vegetation-Height Management Practices For Wildlife Control At Airports, Thomas W. Seamans, Scott C. Barras, Glen E. Bernhardt, Bradley F. Blackwell, Jonathon D. Cepek

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Vegetation-height management is a potential method to reduce bird numbers at airports. Based on studies in Europe, researchers recommended vegetation heights around 25 cm; however, preliminary studies in the United States produced conflicting results regarding the effect of tall (18 to >25 cm) vegetation on bird numbers at airports. From 1999 to 2002, we compared birds and other wildlife use of 4 short-vegetation plots (mean maximum height of 15.6 cm ± 5.1 SE and visual obstruction reading of 4.6 ± 3.0 cm) and 4 tall-vegetation plots (mean maximum height of 26.9 ± 8.4 cm and visual obstruction reading of 10.0 …

Giant Pandas Balance Energy Budgets With Metabolic Depression: Insights From Radar Detection Of Heart Rates, Tommy Gene Finley

Theses and Dissertations

Giant pandas ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) are flagship species for conservation because of their endangered status and charismatic nature. Giant pandas are placed in the bear family (Urisidae) within the order Carnivora. They specialize on a diet of bamboo, yet retain a typical carnivore gastrointestinal tract. Low energy digestive efficiency (9.5–34%) was calculated from bamboo-only digestibility trials conducted on captive giant pandas. Huge amounts of bamboo are consumed to overcome inefficient extraction and thus obtain sufficient energy and nutrients. I designed this study to gain insights into giant panda energy balance by measuring heart rates during sleep, their primary means …

Optimization Of Porcine Buccal Mucosa For In Vitro Evaluation, Upendra D. Kulkarni

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

Porcine buccal mucosa has been extensively used as in vitro model to study the permeability of drugs and assess their potential to deliver through buccal route. Porcine buccal mucosa is found to be very similar to human oral mucosa in structure and function. However, the in vitro permeation studies across porcine buccal mucosa show high variability which is mostly due to the various experimental and biological variables that are often overlooked while conducting such studies.

The precise nature of the permeability barrier offered by the various tissue layers of buccal mucosa was investigated in this study. It was observed that …

The Use Of Hazelnut Meal As A Substitute For Soybean Meal In The Diets Of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss), Özlem Bi̇lgi̇n, Ali̇ Türker, Ahmet Adem Teki̇nay

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Hazelnut meal as a substitute for soybean meal in extruded feeds of rainbow trout was investigated. The performance of extruded feeds containing hazelnut meal as a substitute for 20% of soybean meal (Diet 2) and 30% of soybean meal (Diet 3) was compared to a nutritionally balanced control (Diet 1) (a commercial trout feed formulation). Each diet was fed to 3 replicate groups (initial BW: 36 ± 1.37 g; mean ± SD); the fish were fed the equivalent of 2% of their body weight, 2 times daily (0800 and 1600) for 64 days at 15 ± 0.11 °C under a …

Use Of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes To Enhance In Vitro Fermentation Of Alfalfa Hay And Corn Silage, Jong-Su Eun, K. A. Beauchemin, H. Schulze

Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

Two in vitro experiments were performed to identify promising exogenous fibrolytic enzyme products (EFE) and optimum dose rates (DR) for improving the degradation of alfalfa hay and corn silage. The relationship between enzymatic activity and fermentation responses was examined to identify optimum formulations. In experiment 1, 5 EFE containing mainly endoglucanase and xylanase activities, with different ratios between the 2 activities, were assessed at a DR of 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1 mg/g of DM forage. Milled alfalfa hay or corn silage was incubated in an in vitro batch culture with buffer, ruminal fluid, and EFE. Gas production (GP) was measured …

Enhancing In Vitro Degradation Of Alfalfa Hay And Corn Silage Using Feed Enzymes, Jong-Su Eun, K. A. Beauchemin

Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

A series of in vitro fermentation experiments was performed to assess the effects of 4 feed enzyme products (FE) that varied in enzymatic activities on the degradation of alfalfa hay and corn silage. The FE contained a range of endoglucanase, exoglucanase, xylanase, and protease activities, and a range of dose rates (DR) was used. The objective of the study was to identify effective formulations and optimum DR, and to establish if combining FE would further improve fiber degradation. For alfalfa hay, quadratic increases in gas production and degradation of dry matter (DM) and fiber were observed for all FE, with …

Genetic Diversity And Low Reproductive Success In Isolated Populations Of Utah Juniper (Juniperus Osteosperma, Cupressaceae), Loreen Allphin, Val J. Anderson, Amy F. Hunt

Faculty Publications

Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) has greatly expanded its historical range in the western United States. Management plans for the species have focused on curtailing its encroachment into sagebrush and grassland communities. These plans often include burning or other methods of elimination. These methods may result in subdivision or fragmentation of existing juniper stands. We initiated a study at Dugway Proving Ground, a U.S. Army facility, to examine the effects of fragmentation on the reproductive success of Utah juniper in isolated populations. We used enzyme electrophoresis to quantify genetic variability in isolated populations. We also determined population reproductive success by examining …