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Large Scale Deletion And Rebalancing Within The K1c Kafirin Family In Sorghum, Tyler W. Ferris

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Monech (sorghum) is cultivated as food for humans and livestock and is valued for its low input requirements. However, sorghum grain protein is deficient in the essential amino acid lysine and has poor protein digestibility because of the abundance of proline-rich kafirins that constitute >70% of proteins that form low-digestibility protein bodies. To reduce kafirin expression in the endosperm, and elicit wholesale proteome rebalancing to increase non-kafirin proteins, a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) construct was previously used to target members of the highly-repetitive alpha-kafirin family, k1C in RTx430 sorghum. The …

Plant Nutrient Interactions In High-Yielding Soybean Environments, Victoria Inklman

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Plant nutrient demands and limitations are usually studied individually by nutrient. Here, we investigated how nitrogen (N) limitation in high-yielding soybean environments affects the uptake, removal, and residual of other plant macro- and micronutrients. The objective of this study was to quantify the uptake, removal, and residual levels of soybean macro- and micronutrients under N-limited conditions and to identify nutrient priorities for high-yielding soybean systems. Aboveground plant samples at physiological maturity were collected in 19 high-yielding soybean fields with N limitation across the state of Nebraska. Reference plots with ample N supply were included within each field to compare macro- …

Crop, Soil Nutrient, And Soil Health Responses Within Integrated Crop And Livestock Systems, Alyssa K. Hall

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

We evaluated the influences of grazing livestock on crop production, soil nutrients, and soil health indicators of integrated crop livestock systems using three experiments during a seven-yr. period. Objectives were to (1) determine livestock grazing and cropping system effects on crop yield and soil properties across six yr. in corn-soybean (C-S) and wheat-corn-soybean (W-C-S) systems with and without periodic composted manure application, (2) explore seasonal variation in soil nutrient patterns over two yr., and (3) measure residual responses for corn grain yield plus soil health indicators in yr. seven following a six-yr. study. In experiment 1, neither livestock grazing ( …

Life Cycle Assessment Of The Cultivation Of Lettuce In A Hydroponic System Using The Nutrient Film Technique, Raquel Jordan

All Theses

Hydroponic systems are an emerging method of soilless crop cultivation typically done inside a greenhouse where nutrients are delivered dissolved in water rather than being supplied from the soil. Potential benefits of hydroponic systems include reduced irrigation requirements, higher crop yield per area, and the ability to grow crops year-round in nontraditional areas such as urban settings, cold climates, and sites with contaminated soil. However, hydroponic systems tend to have high energy requirements for lighting and climate control, which can yield significant environmental impacts. To explore the environmental impacts of cultivating lettuce in a nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic system, …

Effects Of Sample Drying Method On Estimates Of Nutritive Value Value, S Uchida, H Hayashi, T Horigome

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The influence of different drying methods for the sample used for analysis on the estimates of the nutritive value of silage was investigated. The silages and hay were made from the same grass and fed to three wethers to determine digestibilities. The samples for analytical use of silages and hay fed, and feces excreted, were prepared by three drying techniques of freeze drying (F), oven drying at 60 C (L) and oven drying at 100 C (H) and then each dried sample was ground in a Wiley mill to pass a 0.5 mm screen. The residual moisture in prepared samples …

Effect Of Remaining Brown Juice In Wet Protein Curd On The Quality Of Leaf Protein After Drying, Y S. Cho, J K. Kim, T Horigome, S Uchifa

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The influence of remaining brown juice ( deproteinised juice) in wet protein curd on the quality of resulting leaf protein was examined. Freshly cut Italian ryegrass and red clover were fractionated into protein curd, brown juice and pressed cake. Various leaf proteins were prepared by drying the protein curds retaining different amounts of brown juice at 65°C followed by acetone-washing, and by immediate acetone-washing of the protein curd. Casein-brown juice mixtures at the ratio of 1 :3 and 1: 6 were also prepared. The crude protein content of the dry matter in brown juice was very low, 9. 9% for …

The Nutritive Value Of Mixtures Of White Leaf Protein And Other Food Proteins, R Carlsson, P Hanczakowski

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The nutritive value of white leaf proteins were studied, as food supplements. The protein was obtained by heat­fractionation ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) or by de-pigmentation (Medicago sativa L. ). The leaf protein was substituting 50% of the protein in a diet, where the remaining 50% came from wheat gluten, soya bean meal, bone-meat meal, fish meal, skim milk or whey. The nutritive value was estimated by the Thomas-Mitchell nitrogen balance method. The proximate chemical composition of the food protein products, and their amino acid composition were analysed. In every mixture but the one with gluten the biological value was higher …

Effect Of Contamination By Aspergillus Flavus On The Nutritive Value Of Leaf Protein Concentrate Of Leucaena Leucocphala During Storage, H T. Ostrowski-Meissner, I Komang, W Supratman, I Barchia, S Cacang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Leaf protein concentrate extracted from tree legume Leucaena leucocephala cultivar Cunningham (LLP) was stored under humid tropical conditions (24-28°C and 84-92% rh) in the form of wet cake during a 10 day period. Samples of LLP were taken every second day for chemical analyses and protein quality assays. The effect of storage on dried LLP was also assessed against two control proteins: peanut meal (PNM) and fish meal (FM), either free of aflatoxins or infected by the aflatoxigenic fungus Aspergi_llus flavus to the level 280 mcg aflatoxin B1 equivalent/kg. Storage of wet LLP under such conditions resulted in infestation by …

Effect Of Drying Methods On The Nutritive Value Of Leaf Protein Concentrates Coagulated By Acidification, Heat Or Anaerobic Fermentation, M Ohshima

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

SUMMARY To determine the effect of heat-treatments on the nutritive value of leaf protein concentrate(LPC), several LPCs prepared by different procedures were fed to rats. The nutritive value of ladino clover LPC separated centrifugally from acidified juice and freeze-dried was compared with that of LPC prepared from the same acidified juice by heating to 70°C with an electric heater before the centrifugation and oven-dried at 70°C. The heat-treatments reduced not only the apparent digestibility of crude protein by 5%, but also the nutritionally available lysine content of LPC. Response of rats to lysine supplementation in addition to methionine was observed …

Effect Of Anaerobic Fermentation Of Plant Juice On The Yield And The Nutritive Value Of Leaf Protein Concentration, M Ohshima, H Ueda

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Effect of treatments of plant juice on the yield and nutritive value of leaf protein concentrate (LPC) was studied with special reference to anaerobic fermentation using lucerne and Italian rye grass as the materials. Lucerne juice was .subdivided into three portions. The two portions were heated to 70°C immediately or after being adjusted to pH 8 with NaOH. The other portion was anaerobically fermented for 7 days. One half of ryegrass juice was heated to 70°C after being adjusted to pH 4 with HCI and the other half was submitted to the fermentation. After the treatments, each juice was centrifuged …

Protein Production From Tobacco Plants Iii: Pilot Plant Extraction, P Fantaozzi, A Sensidoni, R Bortolomeazzi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The goals of the present study are: (1) to find a technology for the extraction of valuable proteins from tobacco at a pilot plant level. (2) to optimize such a technology with some modifications of the original idea; Results are shown related: (1) to the distribution of Proteins in the various fractions obtained during the extraction; (2) to the effect of some additives on the final protein yields and characteristics. To allow that the process would be economical qualitatively and quantitatively, the authors suggest an optimization of the extraction yield and a better purification of the final products from contaminants …

Social Trends Emerging In A Mexican Village Community Involved In A Leaf Nutrient Supplementation Project Offered As Nutritional Intervention Scheme, T M. Ostrowski-Meissner, H T. Ostrowski-Meissner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Social analysis of the leaf nutrient supplementation (LNS) project using protein concentrate from alfalfa in a Mexican village (Saltillo) has been made in an attempt to identify the social trends associated with the community's involvement with protein extraction from green vegetation as a nutritional intervention scheme. Through preliminary on site observation and review of available scheme records, emergent social trends were identified in:

1. the voluntary diversification of nutritional habits,

2. an extension of health services for the community, and

3. subtle change within the village social milieu. The suitability of the LNS project is discussed, and areas for further …

Assessing The Nutritive Value Of Proteins Extracted From Leucaena Leucocephala: A Comparison Of In Vivo And In Vitro Assays, H T. Ostrowski-Meissner, W Supratman, I Komang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A comparison was made of in vitro and in vivo methods for the evaluation of protein quality in protein concentrates from leaves (LPC) of tree legume leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) cultivars Cunningham and Peru grown in Indonesia and harvested during dry and wet seasons. Unfractionated protein concentrates were recovered by steam coagulation at either 85°C or 55°C (within 5 min of maceration and dejuicing). The leaves were evaluated using a number of in vitro and in vivo methods recommended for assessing food and feed grade proteins. In vitro methods used in this study tended to over-estimate the quality of leucaena …

Prediction Of The Nutritive Value Of Fresh Herbage In The Uk, A H. Adamson, D I. Givens, W P. Barber

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The prediction of the nutritive value of fresh herbage in the UK is currently based on the measurement of modified acid detergent fibre (MADF). The prediction equations used are derived from in vivo measurements made up to 1969. Subsequently Barber et al. (1984) published data on the suitability of a range of predictors indicating the superiority of the neutral detergent fibre cellulase (NCD) technique over MADF. However, this information was based on experiments carried out in one laboratory and variability between laboratories in the measurement of the predictor is an important factor when deciding which predictor is most suitable for …

The Evaluation Of Fresh Herbage In The Uk, D I. Givens, A H. Adamson, W P. Barber

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A large programme of work has been undertaken by the Nutrition Chemistry Feed Evaluation Unit between 1980 and 1984 to examine temporary grasses and permanent pasture from sites covering England and Wales. The aims of the work reported here have been to provide new digestibility and energy metabolism data and to compare it with that which would have been predicted by the equations in current use in the UK based on modified acid detergent fibre. A total of 131 samples of temporary grass and 40 samples of permanent pasture have been examined in metabolism trials with wether sheep. All trials …

Raising Efficiency Of Solar Energy Utilization By Tall Fescye (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.) Through Optimization Of Nutritive, Water Regimes And Clipping Frequency, V P. Spasov, D S. Kornyshev

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Agroclimatic resourses of the North-West of the USSR allow to produce up to 10 t/ha of grasses dry matter and to accumulate up to 2.4% of photosynthetic active radiation (PhAR) in the yield for vegetation period. We proved experimentally the possibility of increasing yielding capacity up to 16 t/ha of dry matter and PhAR indices up to 3% through establishment of tall fescue Occidental grass stands with 1900-2000 shoots per m2, optimization of nutritive (N480 P130 K360), water (0.75 MVC-1.0 MWC) regimes and through clipping frequency (3 cuts). During vegetation period, such grass stands had a powerful assimilation mechanism: leaf …

Mutual Influence Of Temperate Legumes And Grasses Grown In Association At Different Nitrogen Levels, E Meister, J Lehmann

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In grass/legume associations white clover (Trifolium repens), red clover (Trifolium pratense) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) contribute significantly to the nutritive value of such mixtures. Compared to Italian ryegrass (Lolium italicum), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata ), the legumes have an inherently higher content of protein, magnesium and calcium. In addition they indirectly help to improve the quality (protein and mineral content) of the companion grass, presumably over a nitrogen transfer from the legume to the grass partner: On the other hand, the chemical composition of these …

Studies On The Sulfur Nutrition Of Forage Crops, S Ogata, K Kouno, S Kobayashi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Greenhouse experiments and field surveys were conducted (1) to evaluate the S-supplying capacity of soil in Chugoku area, and (2) to determine some diagnostic criteria by which S-status of plants can simply be assessed, and (3) to find out a critical S values in several forage crops. The results obtained are as in the following; 1) The S-supplying capacity of soil is estimated 5mgS/Kg in granite regosols and 58mgS/Kg in andosols. The S-supplying capacity of soil could not be estimated by only available-S content, but may be reliably estimated by total-S and the mineralization rate of organic matter. 2) Grassland …

Concentration Of Trace Elements In Grass On Shinshu High Land Area, H Danbara, H Arima, T Baba, T Matano, M Yamaguchi, T Kikuchi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

About twenty kinds of trace elements in grass grown on Shinshu high land area were determined with non destructive activation analysis. These elements in grass will be taken by beef cattle as nutrients. Zinc and manganese were found remarkablly high concentration then copper came after. Cobalt and selenium such as important elements for physiology of cattle were not determined so high.

Herbage Dry Matter Yield And Nitrogen Content Of A Reproductive Growth According To Spring Management Case Of Permanent Meadows In The Pyrenees Mountains, M Duru

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In mountains farming systems, the wintering is the principal constraint because hay stock by ewe is low and has poor feed value. The objective of this research is to show the effect of spring management (fertilization, grazing) on the reproductive growth. We measured herbage dry matter on three plots of different fertility levels (0.108 % - 0.045 % - 0.018 % P205 Dyer) at an altitude of 1250 m. We show that the net starting growth is afunction of the soil fertility level (we observed differences of a month between plots). Consequently, the grazing effect on the regrowth does not …

Effects Of Interactions Between Temperate And Phosphorus Supply On Growth And Critical Phosphorus Concentrations In Macroptilium Atropurureum Cv. Siratro, F W. Smith, C S. Andrew

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Effects of interactions between aerial temperature, root temperature, and phosphorus (P) supply on growth and critical P concentrations in the tropical legume Mecroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro have been studied in controlled environ­ments. Maximum growth of siratro when supplied with adequate P was achieved at aerial temperatures of 30/25°C ( day/night) and 35/30°C when root temperatures were maintained at 30°C. Aerial temperatures of 25/20 °C severely restricted growth, particularly when a root temperature of 20°C was used. Neither aerial temperatures nor root temperatures had any discernible effect on the amount of P needed to be applied to obtain maximum yield. …

A Tentative For Appreciation Of The Nitrogen Nutrition Status In Grasses- Red Clover Mixtures Compared To Pure Stands, Noelle Amarger, A Mariotti, J Picard

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In our country it is commonly accepted at the level of extension services that growing forage grasses and legumes mixtures can offer to the farmers a good opportunity to achieve high dry matter yield and good quality feed at a lower rate of input than growing pure grass stands. This is supposed to be so due to combination of the chief advan­tages coming from each component as far as their chemical composition and feeding value, the influence of their root system on soil structure, their mineral nutrition character­istics, ... are concerned. A number of experiments have been done, the results …

Interspecific Differences In Sodium Nutrition Among Tropical Grasses, T Ando, Y Masaoka, K Matsumoto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In order to clarify interspecific differences in sodium (Na) accumulation and requirement, the following grasses were grown in the nutrient solution with 0-40 ppm Na for 4 weeks; Panicum coloratum (Coloured guineagrass: abbr. as CG, Kabulabula grass: KB and Makarikari grass: MK), P.maximum (green panic: GP and Guineagrass: GG), P. dichotomiflorum (fall panic: FP), Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass: RG), Echinochloa care-galli (Jananese millet: JM), Eleusine coracana ( African millet: AM) and Sorghum vulgare (Sorghum: SG). The ability to accumulate Na in shoots was ranked in the following order; KB and RG: high, GP and MK: intermediate, CG, GG, JM, …

Effect Of Drought On Leaf Senescence And Forage Quality Of Three Temperate Grasses, S Bittman, G M. Simpson, Z Mir

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study was conducted to compare the effect of a period of drought on leaf senescence, protein yield and P concentration in smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) (Br), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. spp. pectinatum (Bieb.) Tzvel.) (CW g) and Altai wildrye (Leymus angustatus (Trin.) Pilger) (Awr ). Susceptibility to drought in terms of leaf water potential, senescence, and nutritive quality, was greatest in CWg, intermediate in Br, and least in A Wr. Drought induced less sencence in vegetative than in floral tillers in CW g and Br; the ability of A Wr to maintain its quality …

Evaluation Of Orchardgrass And Alfalfa For Its Nutritive Value And Voluntary Intake By Neutral Detergent Analysis, T Ishiguri

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A series of trials has been carried out over a ten-year period to determine the ad lib. intake and digestibility of clipped orchardgrass and alfalfa fed at several growth stages to wethers. Forage and feces were fractionated into cell wall (CW) and cell content (CC) with neutral detergent solution, moreover the digestibility and the digestible amount of CW, CC were determined. The changing amount of digestible dry matter (D DM) in grass and legume related to the amount of digestible CC and indigestible CW, whereas digestible CW was observed to have little relation.

orchardgrass varied little between the first cut …

Effect Of Cutting Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) And Wheat (Triticum Oestivum L.) On The Yield Of Grain And Straw With Special Reference To The Nutritive Value Of The Green Forage Cut, M S. Nowar, S Y. Sherif, G A. Abdel-Rahman, S N. Abdel-Baki, K M. El-Gindi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

It was intended to study the possibility of cutting green barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) before obtaining grains. The grains of the two crops were sown in broadcasting. Half of the cultivated area of both crops were cut manually at 30 cm plant height, while the others were left as controls. Two digestibility trials using 3 fistulated castrated Ossimi rams were carried on the green forage cut of barley and wheat. The obtained results are summarized as follow:

1. The values of in vitro disappearance, in vivo digestion coefficients (except EE), nutritive value (SV, …

Evaluation Of Grain Sorghum As A Silage Crop, R L. Smith, K K. Bolsen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Three experiments were conducted to determine the nutritive value and yield potential of grain sorghum cultivars harvested as whole-plant silage. A commercial yellow endosperm grain sorghum was harvested at late-dough and hard-grain stages of maturity. Each silage was fed unprocessed and processed through a roller mill to steers in growth and digestion trials. A yield study compared five cultivars of grain sorghum and one forage sorghum, each harvested at three stages of matuirity (milk to early dough, late-dough, and hard-grain). Processing the silages significantly improved steer gains and feed efficiencies. There was a nonsignificant increase in silage DM digestibility due …

Effects Of Mono-Oligo Saccharides And Lignin On The Digestibility In Sorghum And Corn Culm, S Kumai, R Fukumi, K Taji

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This research was undertaken to clarify relationship between digestibility and chemical composition of sorghum and corn culm and futhermore, to find higher nutritive strains among sorghums. Experimental samples used were 21 sorghum culms and 13 corn ones at the silage stages. Samples were analysed mono, oligo saccharides (MOSD), organic cellular contents (OCC), organic cell wall (OCW), organic a (Oa), organic b (Ob), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (AD-L) and acid detergent silica (AD-silica), and estimated in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD).

Composition And Nutritive Value Of Diets Selected By Sheep And Goats On Four Pasture Types, E C. Prigge, D B. Mpiri, W B. Bryan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Esophageally fistulated sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus) were compared in relation to the composition and nutritive value of ingesta collected by grazing four pasture types. The pasture types are described as Improved Pasture, Unimproved Pasture, Unimproved Pasture with Low Scrub and High Scrub. The scrub consisted mainly of hawthorne (Crataegus sp.) and blackberry (Rubus sp.). Samples of herbage and esophageal extrusa were visually separated into four forage classes (legumes, grass, forbs/browse and dead material). A significant (P < .01) animal species x type of pasture interaction was evident in regard to the preference for the various forage classes. The goats consumed much larger proportions of browse than the sheep on the pastures containing scrub. Few differences were evident between goats and sheep in nutritive value of the ingesta within pasture type.

Leaching Effects On Composition And Digestibility Of Leaf And Stem Of Alfalfa And Red Clover, Michael Collins

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Rainfall during field drying of legume hay reduces both yield and nutritive value of the forage. An experiment was conducted to evaluate leaching effects on composition of dry leaf and stem tissue of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Leaching increased neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and acid detergent lignin concentrations in every case although leaf increased more. Stem tissue of red clover differed less from leaf in fiber composition than did leaf and stem of alfalfa. Leaching did not significantly affect nitrogen concentration but decreased in vitro true digestibility of both …