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Articles 1 - 30 of 35
Full-Text Articles in Cognition and Perception
Increment And Decrement Effects In Motion Induced Blindness, Sofia C. Lombardo
Increment And Decrement Effects In Motion Induced Blindness, Sofia C. Lombardo
Honors Theses and Capstones
Motion induced blindness (MIB) refers to the perceptual disappearance of a stationary stimulus in the presence of a motion mask. The current study investigated the degree to which afterimages affect MIB inhibition when measured as a contrast detection threshold in a modified replication of White et al. (2020). Adult participants (N = 3) with normal or corrected-to-normal eyesight completed a series of target detection tasks while viewing a standard MIB stimulus with the motion mask removed that consisted of increment versus decrement inducer and target components. A univariate ANOVA data analysis procedure revealed a significant afterimage effect (Scheffé p < 0.0253) on contrast detection threshold was found for targets presented at an interstimulus interval of 500 ms. This effect was stronger for decrement targets compared to increment targets in the decrement inducer conditions. Based on a comparison with previous research in which the MIB effect was found to endure across interstimulus intervals up to 15500 ms, the current findings indicate that afterimages do not significantly influence contrast detection thresholds for MIB. Further research is necessary for determining the strength and duration of afterimage effects on contrast detection thresholds in MIB that may be caused by interaction with the motion mask.
When To Make The Sensory Social: Registering In Face-To-Face Openings, Danielle M. Pillet-Shore
When To Make The Sensory Social: Registering In Face-To-Face Openings, Danielle M. Pillet-Shore
Faculty Publications
This article analyzes naturally occurring video-recorded openings during which participants make the sensory social through the action of registering—calling joint attention to a selected, publicly perceiv- able referent so others shift their sensory attention to it. It examines sequence-initial actions that register referents for which a participant is regarded as responsible. Findings demonstrate a systematic preference organization which observably guides when and how people initiate registering sequences sensitive to ownership of, and displayed stance toward, the target referent. Analysis shows how registering an owned referent achieves intersubjectivity and puts involved participants’ face, affiliation, and social relationship on the line. A …
Escape From Death Row: A Study Of “Tripping” As An Individual Adjustment Strategy Among Death Row Prisoners, Sandra Mcgunigall-Smith, Robert Johnson
Escape From Death Row: A Study Of “Tripping” As An Individual Adjustment Strategy Among Death Row Prisoners, Sandra Mcgunigall-Smith, Robert Johnson
The University of New Hampshire Law Review
[Excerpt] “The literature on stress and coping in American prisons tends to focus on the social dimensions of prison life. This literature describes a prison culture that shapes prison adjustment; such a culture entails norms, roles, and groups (including gangs) that dictate norms of adjustment. The literature also suggests that prisoners have to find a way to get along in the more public areas of the prison (such as the prison yard or mess hall) or retreat to smaller worlds within the prison while carving out “niches” that allow them to adjust in ways they find more familiar—in their jobs, …
Situationist Torts, John D. Hanson, Michael Mccann
Situationist Torts, John D. Hanson, Michael Mccann
Law Faculty Scholarship
This Article calls for a situationist approach to teaching law, particularly tort law. This new approach would begin by rejecting the dominant, common-sense account of human behavior (sometimes called dispositionism) and replacing it with the more accurate account being revealed by the social sciences, such as social psychology, social cognition, cognitive neuroscience, and other mind sciences. At its core, situationism is occupied with identifying and bridging the gap between what actually moves us, on one hand, and what we imagine moves us, on the other. Recognizing that gap is critical for understanding what roles tort law (among other areas of …
Gender Differences In Risk Perception: Broadening The Contexts, Jan L. Hitchcock
Gender Differences In Risk Perception: Broadening The Contexts, Jan L. Hitchcock
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
The author surveys literature on the effect of gender on risk perception.
Poorer European Countries Are Less Concerned About Biotechnology Than Richer Countries, Michael Siegrist
Poorer European Countries Are Less Concerned About Biotechnology Than Richer Countries, Michael Siegrist
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
The author examines the relationship between GNP, media coverage, and public perceptions of the utility, risk, and acceptability of medical and food-related applications of biotechnology.
Over A Decade Of Comparative Risk Analysis: A Review Of The Human Health Rankings, David M. Konisky
Over A Decade Of Comparative Risk Analysis: A Review Of The Human Health Rankings, David M. Konisky
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
The author reviews a method for undertaking a cross-project comparison of comparative risk analyses to understand which environmental problem areas have been cited most as often posing the severest risks.
Age Differences In Personal Risk Perceptions: A Note On An Exploratory Descriptive Study, Juanita V. Field, George E. Schreer
Age Differences In Personal Risk Perceptions: A Note On An Exploratory Descriptive Study, Juanita V. Field, George E. Schreer
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
The authors test for differences in risk perceptions among different age groups.
Perceived Control, Voluntariness And Emotional Reactions In Relocated Areas Of Russia, Ukraine And Belarus, Carol Jeniffer Figueiredo, Britt-Marie Drottz-Sjöberg
Perceived Control, Voluntariness And Emotional Reactions In Relocated Areas Of Russia, Ukraine And Belarus, Carol Jeniffer Figueiredo, Britt-Marie Drottz-Sjöberg
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
[Excerpt] "The Chernobyl accident occurred at a time of considerable social and economic changes in the former Soviet Union. The contamination due to the accident still covers parts of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Some areas were considered too contaminated to suit long-term human settlement and a considerable number of people were therefore moved from their homes and resettled in other areas. Resettlement policies often differed between the states. Some variations in state policy included the duration before implementation of the decision to resettle people from certain areas, the swiftness of the transition, and the acceptance of personal initiatives in the …
Varied Definitions Of Risk Related To Sensation Seeking Trait, Pål Ø.U. Dåstol, Britt-Marie Drottz-Sjöberg
Varied Definitions Of Risk Related To Sensation Seeking Trait, Pål Ø.U. Dåstol, Britt-Marie Drottz-Sjöberg
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
[Excerpt] "Risk judgments seem related to which definitions of risk a person uses. Earlier studies suggest that people who use a "probability" definition of risk give different, and somewhat lower, subjective estimates of risk than those who instead prefer a "consequence" definition. In addition, an "optimistic bias" often can be found, and subjects usually evaluate personal risk systematically lower than risk for people in general."
Frequency Of Use And Perceived Credibility Of Information Sources And Variations By Socioeconomic Factors Among Savannah River Stakeholders, Bryan L. Williams, Alex Vallei, Sylvia Brown, Michael Greenberg
Frequency Of Use And Perceived Credibility Of Information Sources And Variations By Socioeconomic Factors Among Savannah River Stakeholders, Bryan L. Williams, Alex Vallei, Sylvia Brown, Michael Greenberg
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
The authors examine the factors effecting credibility of risk communication in the communities surrounding the Savannah River Nuclear Weapons Site.
Hazards, Risk And The Press: A Comparative Analysis Of Newspaper Coverage Of Nuclear And Chemical Weapons Sites, Karen Lowrie, Michael Greenberg, Lynn Waishwell
Hazards, Risk And The Press: A Comparative Analysis Of Newspaper Coverage Of Nuclear And Chemical Weapons Sites, Karen Lowrie, Michael Greenberg, Lynn Waishwell
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
The authors present a comparative analysis of newspaper coverage for four hazardous substance containment facilities located in different parts of the country.
Expert And Lay Mental Models Of Ecosystems: Inferences For Risk Communication, Jeffrey K. Lazo, Jason Kinnell, Toby Bussa, Ann Fisher, Nathan Collamer
Expert And Lay Mental Models Of Ecosystems: Inferences For Risk Communication, Jeffrey K. Lazo, Jason Kinnell, Toby Bussa, Ann Fisher, Nathan Collamer
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
The authors evaluate a mental modeling approach to studying differences between lay and expert comprehension of ecosystems.
Reassessing Public Meetings As Participation In Risk Management Decisions, Katherine A. Mccomas, Clifford W. Scherer
Reassessing Public Meetings As Participation In Risk Management Decisions, Katherine A. Mccomas, Clifford W. Scherer
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
Using a U.S. case study, Ms. McComas and Dr. Scherer discuss how reliance on public meetings as tools for risk communication in public policy decisions affects relationships between stakeholders and risk managers.
World Views, Political Attitudes And Risk Perception, Lennart Sjöberg
World Views, Political Attitudes And Risk Perception, Lennart Sjöberg
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
Dr. Sjöberg questions the Cultural Theory approach to evaluating variance in risk perception. He also presents the results of a survey using elements of that and other scales to help explain individual differences in risk perception.
Variation In Environmental Risk Perceptions And Information Sources Among Three Communities In El Paso, Theresa L. Byrd, James Vanderslice, Susan K. Peterson
Variation In Environmental Risk Perceptions And Information Sources Among Three Communities In El Paso, Theresa L. Byrd, James Vanderslice, Susan K. Peterson
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
The authors report the results of a pilot study of environmental risk and sources of environmental information in three socio-economically and culturally distinct communities in Texas.
The Moral Dilemma In The Social Management Of Risks, Andrew F. Fritzsche
The Moral Dilemma In The Social Management Of Risks, Andrew F. Fritzsche
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
Dr. Fritzsche offers data seen as demonstrating that irrational fears can lead to grotesque imbalances in social efforts devoted to preventing fatalities.
Reporting On Risk: Who Decides What's News?, William Lanouette
Reporting On Risk: Who Decides What's News?, William Lanouette
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
Dr. Lanouette argues that risks alone do not command national media attention; their implications must first be framed by broader national issues.
Community Structure And Media Risk Coverage, Sharon Dunwoody
Community Structure And Media Risk Coverage, Sharon Dunwoody
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
Professor Dunwoody regards media organizations to be community creatures; their accounts to be social constructions; and answers to, "Who's right?" to be relative.
Historical Notes On German Press Coverage Of Technology, Hans Mathias Kepplinger
Historical Notes On German Press Coverage Of Technology, Hans Mathias Kepplinger
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
Professor Kepplinger accounts for increased negativism in German media coverage of technology by pointing to changes in journalists' role definitions and attitudes.
Technical Risk In The Mass Media: Introduction, Allan Mazur
Technical Risk In The Mass Media: Introduction, Allan Mazur
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
Special editor, Professor Mazur introduces and explains the origins of the symposium.
Mass Media As An Information Channel And Public Arena, Hans Peter Peters
Mass Media As An Information Channel And Public Arena, Hans Peter Peters
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
Professor Peters argues that several functions of mass media compete and that attempts to improve risk coverage must avoid optimizing one at the expense of others.
Individual Control Of Risk: Seat Belt Use, Subjective Norms And The Theory Of Reasoned Action, Juanita V. Field, Kenneth D. Boehm, Kevin M. Vincent, Jessica L. Sullivan
Individual Control Of Risk: Seat Belt Use, Subjective Norms And The Theory Of Reasoned Action, Juanita V. Field, Kenneth D. Boehm, Kevin M. Vincent, Jessica L. Sullivan
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
When faced with a risk for which an inexpensive solution is available, individuals often choose the risk rather than the solution. Protection from certain kinds of risks, e.g., using seat belts or condoms or insulating against radon, is largely under personal control, but individuals often choose not to comply with behaviors which would reduce the risk. The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) has been used to predict when individuals will comply. The authors attempted to validate aspects of the TRA by the use of scenarios. Factor analysis of their data supports the theory that intention is a major determinate of …
Book Review, Lisa M. White
Book Review, Lisa M. White
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
Review of: STUART M. SPEISER, LAWYERS AND THE AMERICAN DREAM. (Evans 1993) [430 pp.] Endnotes with full citations, index, and lexicon (lay definitions of legal terms). LC 93-35272; ISBN 0-87131-724-9. [$16.95 paper. 216 E. 49th Street, New York NY 10017.]
Advancing Understanding Of Knowledge's Role In Lay Risk Perception, Branden B. Johnson
Advancing Understanding Of Knowledge's Role In Lay Risk Perception, Branden B. Johnson
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
Emphasizing how knowledge affects lay Risk perception, summarizing studies and suggesting further research, the author differentiates between knowledge production, knowledge dissemination and information processing as affected by, e.g., heuristics and Risk aversion. He also suggests that better understanding of lay knowledge can also illuminate experts' hazard knowledge.
Economic Impacts Of Noxious Facilities: Incorporating The Effects Of Risk Aversion, Leslie A. Nieves
Economic Impacts Of Noxious Facilities: Incorporating The Effects Of Risk Aversion, Leslie A. Nieves
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
The author suggests an integrative approach for projecting economic impacts of facilities that elicit public Risk aversion. She incorporates both economic stimulus effects and perception-based effects of facilities on the host area economy. Empirical findings are compared and an impact estimation framework is suggested for integrating psychometric and econometric techniques.
Testing The Role Of Technical Information In Public Risk Perception, Branden B. Johnson, Peter M. Sandman, Paul Miller
Testing The Role Of Technical Information In Public Risk Perception, Branden B. Johnson, Peter M. Sandman, Paul Miller
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
It is widely believed that more detail about health effects and likely exposure routes is apt to reduce citizens' concerns about low-probability Risks. The authors' study suggests that providing such detail may not be as useful as, e.g., addressing public concerns and keeping citizens current on officials' actions.
Book Review, Eugene Shkurko
Book Review, Eugene Shkurko
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
Review of the following book: STEPHEN KLAIDMAN, HEALTH IN THE HEADLINES: THE STORIES BEHIND THE STORIES. (Oxford University Press 1991) [249 ,pp.] Bibliographical references, index. LC: 90-19297; ISBN 0-19-505298-6. [Cloth $24.95. 200 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016.]
Book Review, Thomas G. Field Jr.
Book Review, Thomas G. Field Jr.
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
Review of the following book: THOMAS GILOVICH, How WE KNOW WHAT ISN'T SO: THE FALLIABILITY OF REASON IN EVERYDAY LIFE. (The Free Press 1991) [216 pp.] Index, notes. CIP: 90-26727; ISBN: 0-02-911705-4. [Cloth $19.95. 866 Third Ave. New York, NY 10022.]
Nothing Recedes Like Success - Risk Analysis And The Organizational Amplification Of Risks, William R. Freudenburg
Nothing Recedes Like Success - Risk Analysis And The Organizational Amplification Of Risks, William R. Freudenburg
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)
Professor Freudenburg believes that there is room for improvement in Risk analysis, particularly in drawing on systematic studies of human behavior in the calculation of real, empirical probabilities of failure. The need is argued to be especially acute where technological Risks are associated with low expected probabilities of failure and are managed by human organizations for extended periods of time. This permits complacency to set in.