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Articles 1 - 30 of 34
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Innovative Representations Of Light, Behaving As Both Particles And Waves, Among The Paintings Of Monet And Renoir, Charles Smith
Innovative Representations Of Light, Behaving As Both Particles And Waves, Among The Paintings Of Monet And Renoir, Charles Smith
Charles Kay Smith
Monet and Renoir, friends collaborating in open air about 1865, discovered that sunlight filtering through a canopy of tree leaves does not produce the splotches and dapples that studio artists conventionally represented at the time but circles of light. Sometimes the circles of light punctuating the shade are clear, separate and crisp, as though light is being propagated as particles, but if the pin-hole gaps between leaves are very close together, they will project compound or superimposed circles that look like the waves that Thomas Young saw in his double slit experiment in 1803-4. Newton’s Opticks published in 1704 had …
On Dialogue Studies, Donal Carbaugh
On Dialogue Studies, Donal Carbaugh
Donal Carbaugh
The study of dialogue is a way to open several intellectual arenas for investigation while at the same time offering insights into multiple scenes of practical yet culturally diverse human practices. This article reviews several such arenas including studies of dialogue as a culturally distinctive form of communication, dialogue as an approach to understanding social practices, dialogic ethics, as well as dialogue as an integrative view of not only cultural practice but also natural environments. Throughout, dialogue studies are cast as a broad field with distinct disciplines within it, as holding deep value for understanding diversity in peoples’ practices, as …
Neurophysiological Basis Of Sleep’S Function On Memory And Cognition, Rebecca M. C. Spencer
Neurophysiological Basis Of Sleep’S Function On Memory And Cognition, Rebecca M. C. Spencer
Rebecca M. C. Spencer
A wealth of recent studies supports a function of sleep on memory and cognitive processing. At a physiological level, sleep supports memory in a number of ways including neural replay and enhanced plasticity in the context of reduced ongoing input. This paper presents behavioral evidence for sleep’s role in selective remembering and forgetting of declarative memories, in generalization of these memories, and in motor skill consolidation. Recent physiological data reviewed suggests how these behavioral changes might be supported by sleep. Importantly, in reviewing these findings, an integrated view of how distinct sleep stages uniquely contribute to memory processing emerges. This …
Interaction Of Sleep And Emotional Content On The Production Of False Memories, Shannon Mckeon, Edward F. Pace-Schott, Rebecca M. C. Spencer
Interaction Of Sleep And Emotional Content On The Production Of False Memories, Shannon Mckeon, Edward F. Pace-Schott, Rebecca M. C. Spencer
Rebecca M. C. Spencer
Sleep benefits veridical memories, resulting in superior recall relative to off-line intervals spent awake. Sleep also increases false memory recall in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Given the suggestion that emotional veridical memories are prioritized for consolidation over sleep, here we examined whether emotion modulates sleep’s effect on false memory formation. Participants listened to semantically related word lists lacking a critical lure representing each list’s ‘‘gist.’’ Free recall was tested after 12 hours containing sleep or wake. The Sleep group recalled more studied words than the Wake group but only for emotionally neutral lists. False memories of both negative and neutral …
Adolescent Binge Drinking Leads To Changes In Alcohol Drinking, Anxiety, And Amygdalar Corticotropin Releasing Factor Cells In Adulthood In Male Rats, Heather Richardson, N. W. Gilpin, C. A. Karanikas
Adolescent Binge Drinking Leads To Changes In Alcohol Drinking, Anxiety, And Amygdalar Corticotropin Releasing Factor Cells In Adulthood In Male Rats, Heather Richardson, N. W. Gilpin, C. A. Karanikas
Heather Richardson
Heavy episodic drinking early in adolescence is associated with increased risk of addiction and other stress-related disorders later in life. This suggests that adolescent alcohol abuse is an early marker of innate vulnerability and/or binge exposure impacts the developing brain to increase vulnerability to these disorders in adulthood. Animal models are ideal for clarifying the relationship between adolescent and adult alcohol abuse, but we show that methods of involuntary alcohol exposure are not effective. We describe an operant model that uses multiple bouts of intermittent access to sweetened alcohol to elicit voluntary binge alcohol drinking early in adolescence (~postnatal days …
Processing Of Emotional Reactivity And Emotional Memory Over Sleep, Bengi Baran, Edward F. Pace-Schott, Callie Ericson, Rebecca M. C. Spencer
Processing Of Emotional Reactivity And Emotional Memory Over Sleep, Bengi Baran, Edward F. Pace-Schott, Callie Ericson, Rebecca M. C. Spencer
Rebecca M. C. Spencer
Sleep enhances memories, particularly emotional memories. As such, it has been suggested that sleep deprivation may reduce post-traumatic stress disorder. This presumes that emotional memory consolidation is paralleled by a reduction in emotional reactivity, an association that has not yet been examined. In the present experiment, we utilized an incidental memory task in humans and obtained valence and arousal ratings during two sessions separated either by 12 hours of daytime wake or 12 hours including overnight sleep. Recognition accuracy was greater following sleep relative to wake for both negative and neutral pictures. While emotional reactivity to negative pictures was greatly …
Sexually Dimorphic Effects Of A Prenatal Immune Challenge On Social Play And Vasopressin Expression In Juvenile Rats, Patrick V. Taylor, Alexa H. Veenema, Matthew J. Paul, Remco Bredewold, Stephanie Isaacs, Geert J. De Vries
Sexually Dimorphic Effects Of A Prenatal Immune Challenge On Social Play And Vasopressin Expression In Juvenile Rats, Patrick V. Taylor, Alexa H. Veenema, Matthew J. Paul, Remco Bredewold, Stephanie Isaacs, Geert J. De Vries
Geert De Vries
Background: Infectious diseases and inflammation during pregnancy increase the offspring’s risk for behavioral disorders. However, how immune stress affects neural circuitry during development is not well known. We tested whether a prenatal immune challenge interferes with the development of social play and with neural circuits implicated in social behavior. Methods: Pregnant rats were given intraperitoneal injections of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS – 100 μg /kg) or saline on the 15th day of pregnancy. Offspring were tested for social play behaviors between postnatal days 26–40. Brains were harvested on postnatal day 45 and processed for arginine vasopressin (AVP) mRNA in …
Presynaptic Control Of Rapid Estrogen Fluctuations In The Songbird Auditory Forebrain, Luke Remage_Healey, S. Dong, N. T. Maidment, B. A. Schlinger
Presynaptic Control Of Rapid Estrogen Fluctuations In The Songbird Auditory Forebrain, Luke Remage_Healey, S. Dong, N. T. Maidment, B. A. Schlinger
Luke Remage-Healey
Within the CNS of vertebrates, estrogens can directly modulate neural circuits that govern a wide range of behaviors, including feeding, spatial navigation, reproduction, and auditory processing. The rapid actions of estrogens in brain (seconds to minutes) have become well established, but it is unclear how estrogens are synthesized and released within restricted temporal and spatial domains in neural circuits. Anatomical localization of the estrogen synthesis enzyme (aromatase) within presynaptic terminals suggests that neuroestrogens can be synthesized directly at the neuronal synapse. A consequent prediction follows that synaptic estrogen production is controlled via classical electrochemical events in neurons. Here, we present …
Manipulations Of Listeners’ Echo Perception Are Reflected In Event-Related Potentials, Lisa Sanders, Benjamin H. Zobel, Richard L. Freyman, Rachel Keen
Manipulations Of Listeners’ Echo Perception Are Reflected In Event-Related Potentials, Lisa Sanders, Benjamin H. Zobel, Richard L. Freyman, Rachel Keen
Lisa Sanders
To gain information from complex auditory scenes, it is necessary to determine which of the many loudness, pitch, and timbre changes originate from a single source. Grouping sound into sources based on spatial information is complicated by reverberant energy bouncing off multiple surfaces and reaching the ears from directions other than the source’s location. The ability to localize sounds despite these echoes has been explored with the precedence effect: Identical sounds presented from two locations with a short stimulus onset asynchrony (e.g., 1–5 ms) are perceived as a single source with a location dominated by the lead sound. Importantly, echo …
Neural Substrates Of Impaired Sensorimotor Timing In Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Eve M. Valera Phd, Rebecca M. C. Spencer, Thomas A. Zeffero Md, Phd, Nikos Makris Md, Phd, Thomas J. Spencer Md, Stephen V. Faraone Phd, Joseph Biederman Md, Larry J. Seidman Phd
Neural Substrates Of Impaired Sensorimotor Timing In Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Eve M. Valera Phd, Rebecca M. C. Spencer, Thomas A. Zeffero Md, Phd, Nikos Makris Md, Phd, Thomas J. Spencer Md, Stephen V. Faraone Phd, Joseph Biederman Md, Larry J. Seidman Phd
Rebecca M. C. Spencer
Background—Timing abilities are critical to the successful management of everyday activities and personal safety, and timing abnormalities have been argued to be fundamental to impulsiveness, a core symptom of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Despite substantial evidence of timing deficits in ADHD youth, only two studies have explicitly examined timing in ADHD adults, and only at the supra-second time-scale. Also, the neural substrates of these deficits are largely unknown for both youth and adults with ADHD. The present study examined sub-second sensorimotor timing and its neural substrates in ADHD adults. Methods—Using fMRI, we examined paced and unpaced finger tapping in a sample …
Brain Estrogens Rapidly Strengthen Auditory Encoding And Guide Song Preference In A Songbird, Luke Remage_Healey, M. J. Colemand, R. K. Oyamaa, B. A. Schlinger
Brain Estrogens Rapidly Strengthen Auditory Encoding And Guide Song Preference In A Songbird, Luke Remage_Healey, M. J. Colemand, R. K. Oyamaa, B. A. Schlinger
Luke Remage-Healey
Higher cognitive function depends on accurate detection and processing of subtle features of sensory stimuli. Such precise computations require neural circuits to be modulated over rapid timescales, yet this modulation is poorly understood. Brain-derived steroids (neurosteroids) can act as fast signaling molecules in the vertebrate central nervous system and could therefore modulate sensory processing and guide behavior, but there is no empirical evidence for this possibility. Here we report that acute inhibition of estrogen production within a cortical-like region involved in complex auditory processing disrupts a songbird’s ability to behaviorally respond to song stimuli. Identical manipulation of local estrogen levels …
Genetical Genomic Determinants Of Alcohol Consumption In Rats And Humans, Heather Richardson, Boris Tabakoff, Laura Saba, Morton Printz, Pam Flodman, Colin Hodgkinson, David Goldman, George Koob, Katerina Kechris, Richard L. Bell, Norbert Hubner, Matthias Heinig, Michal Pravenec, Jonathan Mangion, Lucie Legault, Maurice Dongier, Katherine M. Conigrave, John B. Whitfield, John Saunders, Bridget Grant, Paula L. Hoffman
Genetical Genomic Determinants Of Alcohol Consumption In Rats And Humans, Heather Richardson, Boris Tabakoff, Laura Saba, Morton Printz, Pam Flodman, Colin Hodgkinson, David Goldman, George Koob, Katerina Kechris, Richard L. Bell, Norbert Hubner, Matthias Heinig, Michal Pravenec, Jonathan Mangion, Lucie Legault, Maurice Dongier, Katherine M. Conigrave, John B. Whitfield, John Saunders, Bridget Grant, Paula L. Hoffman
Heather Richardson
Background: We have used a genetical genomic approach, in conjunction with phenotypic analysis of alcohol consumption, to identify candidate genes that predispose to varying levels of alcohol intake by HXB/BXH recombinant inbred rat strains. In addition, in two populations of humans, we assessed genetic polymorphisms associated with alcohol consumption using a custom genotyping array for 1,350 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our goal was to ascertain whether our approach, which relies on statistical and informatics techniques, and non-human animal models of alcohol drinking behavior, could inform interpretation of genetic association studies with human populations. Results: In the HXB/BXH recombinant inbred (RI) …
The Epigenetics Of Sex Differences In The Brain, Geert De Vries, M. M. Mccarthy, A. P. Auger, T. L. Bale, G. A. Dunn, N. G. Forger, E. K. Murray, B. M. Nugent, J. M. Schwarz, M. E. Wilson
The Epigenetics Of Sex Differences In The Brain, Geert De Vries, M. M. Mccarthy, A. P. Auger, T. L. Bale, G. A. Dunn, N. G. Forger, E. K. Murray, B. M. Nugent, J. M. Schwarz, M. E. Wilson
Geert De Vries
Epigenetic changes in the nervous system are emerging as a critical component of enduring effects induced by early life experience, hormonal exposure, trauma and injury, or learning and memory. Sex differences in the brain are largely determined by steroid hormone exposure during a perinatal sensitive period that alters subsequent hormonal and nonhormonal responses throughout the lifespan. Steroid receptors are members of a nuclear receptor transcription factor superfamily and recruit multiple proteins that possess enzymatic activity relevant to epigenetic changes such as acetylation and methylation. Thus steroid hormones are uniquely poised to exert epigenetic effects on the developing nervous system to …
Epigenetic Control Of Sexual Differentiation Of The Bed Nucleus Of The Stria Terminalis, Geert De Vries, E. K. Murray, A. Hien, N. G. Forger
Epigenetic Control Of Sexual Differentiation Of The Bed Nucleus Of The Stria Terminalis, Geert De Vries, E. K. Murray, A. Hien, N. G. Forger
Geert De Vries
The principal nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTp) is larger in volume and contains more cells in male than female mice. These sex differences depend on testosterone and arise from a higher rate of cell death during early postnatal life in females. There is a delay of several days between the testosterone surge at birth and sexually dimorphic cell death in the BNSTp, suggesting that epigenetic mechanisms may be involved. We tested the hypothesis that chromatin remodeling plays a role in sexual differentiation of the BNSTp by manipulating the balance between histone acetylation and deacetylation using …
Motivational Interviewing: A Bellwether For Context-Responsive Psychotherapy, Michael J. Constantino, Joan Degeorge, Mamta B. Dadlani, Christopher E. Overtree
Motivational Interviewing: A Bellwether For Context-Responsive Psychotherapy, Michael J. Constantino, Joan Degeorge, Mamta B. Dadlani, Christopher E. Overtree
Christopher E. Overtree
We comment on 6 clinical cases involving the application of one or more elements of Motivational Interviewing (MI). First, we share our general reactions to MI and the case material. Second, we reflect briefly and specifically on each case illustration, highlighting the compelling flexibility and clinical utility of the MI spirit and its principles. Third, we offer several reflective themes across the cases, including convergences between MI and other psychotherapies, and unanswered clinical questions related to MI, its effectiveness, and its change mechanisms. FInally, we advance a context-responsive psychotherapy integration for which MI might effectively serve as the bellwether.
Atypical Neural Functions Underlying Phonological Processing And Silent Rehearsal In Children Who Stutter, Christine Weber-Fox, John E. Spruill Iii, Rebecca M. C. Spencer, Anne Smith
Atypical Neural Functions Underlying Phonological Processing And Silent Rehearsal In Children Who Stutter, Christine Weber-Fox, John E. Spruill Iii, Rebecca M. C. Spencer, Anne Smith
Rebecca M. C. Spencer
Phonological processing was examined in school-age children who stutter (CWS) by assessing their performance and recording event related brain potentials (ERPs) in a visual rhyming task. CWS had lower accuracy on rhyming judgments, but the cognitive processes that mediate the comparisons of the phonological representations of words, as indexed by the rhyming effect (RE) ERP, were similar for the stuttering and normally fluent groups. Thus the lower behavioral accuracy of rhyming judgments by the CWS could not be attributed to that particular stage of processing. Instead, the neural functions for processes preceding the RE, indexed by the N400 and CNV …
The Many Hats Of A Clinic Director, Christopher E. Overtree
The Many Hats Of A Clinic Director, Christopher E. Overtree
Christopher E. Overtree
This article discusses the many roles and challenges of being a Director of a Psychology Training Clinic in a University Setting
Social Control Of Brain Morphology In A Eusocial Mammal, Geert De Vries, M. M. Holmes, G. J. Rosen, C. L. Jordan, B. D. Goldman, N. G. Forger
Social Control Of Brain Morphology In A Eusocial Mammal, Geert De Vries, M. M. Holmes, G. J. Rosen, C. L. Jordan, B. D. Goldman, N. G. Forger
Geert De Vries
Social status impacts reproductive behavior in diverse vertebrate species, but little is known about how it affects brain morphology. We explore this in the naked mole-rat, a species with the most rigidly organized reproductive hierarchy among mammals. Naked mole-rats live in large, subterranean colonies where breeding is restricted to a single female and small number of males. All other members of the colony, known as subordinates, are reproductively suppressed. Subordinates can become breeders if removed from the colony and placed with an opposite sex partner, but in nature most individuals never attain reproductive status. We examined the brains of breeding …
Cerebellar Activation During Discrete And Not Continuous Timed Movements: An Fmri Study, Rebecca M. C. Spencer, Timothy Verstynen, Matthew Brett, Richard Ivry
Cerebellar Activation During Discrete And Not Continuous Timed Movements: An Fmri Study, Rebecca M. C. Spencer, Timothy Verstynen, Matthew Brett, Richard Ivry
Rebecca M. C. Spencer
Individuals with cerebellar lesions are impaired in the timing of repetitive movements that involve the concatenation of discrete events such as tapping a finger. In contrast, these individuals perform comparably to controls when producing continuous repetitive movements. Based on this, we have proposed that the cerebellum plays a key role in event timing—the representation of the temporal relationship between salient events related to the movement (e.g., flexion onset or contact with a response surface). In the current study, we used fMRI to examine cerebellar activity during discrete and continuous rhythmic movements. Participants produced rhythmic movements with the index finger either …
Age-Related Decline Of Sleep-Dependent Consolidation, Rebecca M. C. Spencer, Avin M. Gouw, Richard B. Ivry
Age-Related Decline Of Sleep-Dependent Consolidation, Rebecca M. C. Spencer, Avin M. Gouw, Richard B. Ivry
Rebecca M. C. Spencer
Sleep-dependent memory consolidation is observed following motor skill learning: Performance improvements are greater over a 12-h period containing sleep relative to an equivalent interval without sleep. Here we examined whether older adults exhibit sleep-dependent consolidation on a sequence learning task. Participants were trained on one of two sequence learning tasks. Performance was assessed after a 12-h break that included sleep and after a 12-h break that did not include sleep. Older and younger adults showed similar degrees of initial learning. However, performance of the older adults did not improve following sleep, providing evidence that sleep-dependent consolidation is diminished with age.
Plasticity In Brain Sexuality Is Revealed By The Rapid Actions Of Steroid Hormones, Luke Remage_Healey, Andrew H. Bass
Plasticity In Brain Sexuality Is Revealed By The Rapid Actions Of Steroid Hormones, Luke Remage_Healey, Andrew H. Bass
Luke Remage-Healey
Divergent steroid hormone profiles can shape the development of male versus female neural phenotypes, but whether they also determine differences in the short-term, neurophysiological patterning of behavior is unknown. We now show that steroid hormone-specific modulation of a vocal pattern generator (VPG) diverges between reproductive morphs in a teleost fish. Only type I male midshipman acoustically court females, whereas type II males steal fertilizations from type I males and, like females, generate only agonistic calls. The androgen 11-ketotestosterone (11kT), but not testosterone (T), rapidly (within 5 min) increases type I VPG output. As now shown, T, but not 11kT, rapidly …
Timing Variability In Circle Drawing And Tapping: Probing The Relationship Between Event And Emergent Timing, Howard N. Zelaznik, Rebecca M. C. Spencer, Richard B. Ivry, Alex Baria, Melissa Bloom, Lisa Dolansky, Shannon Justice, Kristen Patterson, Emily Whetter
Timing Variability In Circle Drawing And Tapping: Probing The Relationship Between Event And Emergent Timing, Howard N. Zelaznik, Rebecca M. C. Spencer, Richard B. Ivry, Alex Baria, Melissa Bloom, Lisa Dolansky, Shannon Justice, Kristen Patterson, Emily Whetter
Rebecca M. C. Spencer
R. Ivry, R. M. Spencer, H. N. Zelaznik, and J. Diedrichsen (2002) have proposed a distinction between timed movements in which a temporal representation is part of the task goal (event timing) and those in which timing properties are emergent. The issue addressed in the present experiment was how timing in conditions conducive to emergent timing becomes established. According to what the authors term the transformation hypothesis, timing initially requires an event-based representation when the temporal goal is defined externally (e.g., by a metronome), but over the first few movement cycles, control processes become established that allow timing to become …
Unexpected Effects Of Perinatal Gonadal Hormone Manipulations On Sexual Differentiation Of The Extrahypothalamic Arginine-Vasopressin System In Prairie Voles, Geert De Vries, J. S. Lonstein, B. D. Rood
Unexpected Effects Of Perinatal Gonadal Hormone Manipulations On Sexual Differentiation Of The Extrahypothalamic Arginine-Vasopressin System In Prairie Voles, Geert De Vries, J. S. Lonstein, B. D. Rood
Geert De Vries
The sexually dimorphic extrahypothalamic arginine-vasopressin (AVP) projections from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to the lateral septum (LS) and lateral habenula (LHb) are denser in males than females and, in rats, require males' perinatal exposure to gonadal hormones but the absence of such exposure in females. We examined perinatal hormone effects on development of this sex difference in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), which show atypical effects of hormones on sexual differentiation of some reproductive behaviors. Neonatal castration reduced the number of AVP mRNA-expressing cells in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and AVP immunoreactivity (ir) in the …
Deletion Of Bax Eliminates Sex Differences In The Mouse Forebrain, Geert De Vries, N. G. Forger, G. J. Rosen, E. M. Waters, D. Jacobs, R. B. Simerly
Deletion Of Bax Eliminates Sex Differences In The Mouse Forebrain, Geert De Vries, N. G. Forger, G. J. Rosen, E. M. Waters, D. Jacobs, R. B. Simerly
Geert De Vries
Several of the best-studied sex differences in the mammalian brain are ascribed to the hormonal control of cell death. This conclusion is based primarily on correlations between pyknotic cell counts in development and counts of mature neurons in adulthood; the molecular mechanisms of hormone-regulated, sexually dimorphic cell death are unknown. We asked whether Bax, a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins that is required for cell death in many developing neurons, might be essential for sex differences in neuron number. We compared Bax knockout mice and their WT siblings, focusing on two regions of the mouse forebrain that show …
Rapid, Hierarchical Modulation Of Vocal Patterning By Steroid Hormones, Luke Remage_Healey, Andrew H. Bass
Rapid, Hierarchical Modulation Of Vocal Patterning By Steroid Hormones, Luke Remage_Healey, Andrew H. Bass
Luke Remage-Healey
Vocal control systems have been identified in all major groups of jawed vertebrates. Although steroid hormones are instrumental in the long-term development and maintenance of neural structures underlying vocalization, it is unknown whether steroids rapidly modulate the neural activity of vocal motor systems. The midshipman fish generates advertisement and agonistic calls that mainly differ in duration. A descending midbrain pathway activates a hindbrain-spinal vocal circuit that directly establishes the discharge frequency and duration of the rhythmic vocal motor volley. This vocal motor output, which can be monitored from occipital nerve roots, directly determines the rate and duration of contraction of …
Sex Differences In Adult And Developing Brains; Compensation, Compensation, Compensation, Geert De Vries
Sex Differences In Adult And Developing Brains; Compensation, Compensation, Compensation, Geert De Vries
Geert De Vries
Despite decades of research, we do not know the functional significance of most sex differences in the brain. We are heavily invested in the idea that sex differences in brain structure cause sex differences in behavior. We rarely consider the possibility that sex differences in brain structure may also prevent sex differences in overt functions and behavior, by compensating for sex differences in physiological conditions, e.g. gonadal hormone levels that may generate undesirable sex differences if left unchecked. Such a dual function for sex differences is unlikely to be restricted to adult brains. This review will entertain the possibility that …
A Model System For Study Of Sex Chromosome Effects On Sexually Dimorphic Neural And Behavioral Traits, Geert De Vries, E. F. Rissman, R. B. Simerly, Y. L. Yang, E. M. Scordalakes, C. J. Auger, A. Swain, R. Lovell-Badge, P. S. Burgoyne, A. P. Arnold
A Model System For Study Of Sex Chromosome Effects On Sexually Dimorphic Neural And Behavioral Traits, Geert De Vries, E. F. Rissman, R. B. Simerly, Y. L. Yang, E. M. Scordalakes, C. J. Auger, A. Swain, R. Lovell-Badge, P. S. Burgoyne, A. P. Arnold
Geert De Vries
We tested the hypothesis that genes encoded on the sex chromosomes play a direct role in sexual differentiation of brain and behavior. We used mice in which the testis-determining gene (Sry) was moved from the Y chromosome to an autosome (by deletion ofSry from the Y and subsequent insertion of anSry transgene onto an autosome), so that the determination of testis development occurred independently of the complement of X or Y chromosomes. We compared XX and XY mice with ovaries (females) and XX and XY mice with testes (males). These comparisons allowed us to assess the effect of sex chromosome …
Sexual Differentiation Of The Bed Nucleus Of The Stria Terminalis In Humans May Extend Into Adulthood, Geert De Vries, W. C.J Chung, D. F. Swaab
Sexual Differentiation Of The Bed Nucleus Of The Stria Terminalis In Humans May Extend Into Adulthood, Geert De Vries, W. C.J Chung, D. F. Swaab
Geert De Vries
Gonadal steroids have remarkable developmental effects on sex-dependent brain organization and behavior in animals. Presumably, fetal or neonatal gonadal steroids are also responsible for sexual differentiation of the human brain. A limbic structure of special interest in this regard is the sexually dimorphic central subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTc), because its size has been related to the gender identity disorder transsexuality. To determine at what age the BSTc becomes sexually dimorphic, the BSTc volume in males and females was studied from midgestation into adulthood. Using vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin immunocytochemical staining as markers, we …
Androstenedione Effects On The Vasopressin Innervation Of The Rat Brain, Geert De Vries, C. Villalba, C. L. Auger
Androstenedione Effects On The Vasopressin Innervation Of The Rat Brain, Geert De Vries, C. Villalba, C. L. Auger
Geert De Vries
The steroid hormone androstenedione profoundly influences the development and expression of sexual and aggressive behavior. The neural basis of these effects are, however, poorly understood. In this study we evaluated androstenedione's ability to maintain vasopressin peptide levels in the gonadal steroid-responsive vasopressin cells of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the centromedial amygdala, and their projections. Adult male rats were castrated and given testosterone, androstenedione or no hormonal treatment for five weeks. Their brains were then processed for vasopressin immunoreactivity. Androstenedione and testosterone treatment were equally effective in preventing the reduction of vasopressin immunoreactivity associated with castration. Androstenedione …
Potential Role Of Maternal Progesterone In The Sexual Differentiation Of The Brain, Geert De Vries, C. K. Wagner, A. Y. Nakayama
Potential Role Of Maternal Progesterone In The Sexual Differentiation Of The Brain, Geert De Vries, C. K. Wagner, A. Y. Nakayama
Geert De Vries
In rats, fetal testosterone directs sexual differentiation of the brain. However, fetuses are also exposed to maternal progesterone. Here we report that progestin receptor immunoreactivity in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) of fetal and neonatal rats is high in males but virtually absent in females. The MPN is one of the most sexually dimorphic structures in the rat brain and mediates several sexually differentiated behaviors. This suggests that progesterone may play a previously overlooked role in the development of sex differences in the brain and behavior. Henceforth, a novel function of the mother in the sexual differentiation of the CNS …