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- Keyword
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- Conference presentation (2)
- Male rats (2)
- 30 day old rats (1)
- Body weight & conditioned taste aversion (1)
- Body weight & unsignaled inescapable shock (1)
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- Bred rats; acoustic startle; methylphenidate effects; food deprivation; startle reflex; intra-individual differences; inter-individual differences; prepulse inhibition (1)
- Cats (1)
- Concept of human–animal nature dichotomy in psychology (1)
- DNA sequence variation; protein coding; genes; saccharin preference; rats; polymorphism (1)
- Finickiness about drinking quinine adulterated water (1)
- Finickiness about drinking quinine solution & human depression (1)
- Food addiction (1)
- Food dependence (1)
- Food restriction; refeeding; high fat diet; ethanol; flavor conditioning; energy status; rats (1)
- Implications for role of stress in anorexia & weight loss & depression (1)
- Individual difference (1)
- Inescapable shock (1)
- Metabolic homeostasis; restricted feeding; low- vs high-saccharin-consuming rats; emotionality; strain differences; deprivation-induced hyperactivity; food intake (1)
- Morphological & reflex development & radial arm maze performance (1)
- Noxious somatic & visceral stimulation (1)
- Perinatal aspartame exposure (1)
- Rats (1)
- Rats & college students (1)
- Saccharin intake (1)
- Spinoreticular tract neuronal responses & nucleus raphe magnus & vagal inhibition (1)
- Startle attenuation (1)
- Stress (1)
- Stress in learned helplessness paradigm (1)
- Stress; startle; rats; individual differences in the effect of stress; attenuated startle (1)
- Temporal organization; eating behavior; rats; emotion; saccharin; ingestion; feeding pattern (1)
Articles 1 - 15 of 15
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Refeeding After Acute Food Restriction: Differential Reduction In Preference For Ethanol And Ethanol-Paired Flavors In Selectively Bred Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Laura Cousins, Phuong Nguyen
Refeeding After Acute Food Restriction: Differential Reduction In Preference For Ethanol And Ethanol-Paired Flavors In Selectively Bred Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Laura Cousins, Phuong Nguyen
Clinton D Chapman
Rats' voluntary ethanol intake varies with dispositional factors and energy status. The joint influences of these were of interest here. We previously reported that rats selectively bred for high voluntary saccharin intake (HiS) consume more ethanol and express more robust conditioning of preference for flavors paired with voluntarily consumed ethanol than do low-saccharin consuming counterparts (LoS). Three new experiments examined the effect of refeeding after an episode of food restriction on ethanol intake and on preference for ethanol-paired flavors in HiS and LoS rats. A 48-h episode of food restriction with wheel running reduced intake of and preference for 4% …
Sweet Success, Bitter Defeat: A Taste Phenotype Predicts Social Status In Selectively Bred Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, John Eaton
Sweet Success, Bitter Defeat: A Taste Phenotype Predicts Social Status In Selectively Bred Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, John Eaton
Clinton D Chapman
For social omnivores such as rats and humans, taste is far more than a chemical sense activated by food. By virtue of evolutionary and epigenetic elaboration, taste is associated with negative affect, stress vulnerability, responses to psychoactive substances, pain, and social judgment. A crucial gap in this literature, which spans behavior genetics, affective and social neuroscience, and embodied cognition, concerns links between taste and social behavior in rats. Here we show that rats selectively bred for low saccharin intake are subordinate to high-saccharin-consuming rats when they compete in weight-matched dyads for food, a task used to model depression. Statistical and …
Food Dependence In Rats Selectively Bred For Low Versus High Saccharin Intake. Implications For "Food Addiction"., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Veronica Yakovenko, Elizabeth Speidel
Food Dependence In Rats Selectively Bred For Low Versus High Saccharin Intake. Implications For "Food Addiction"., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Veronica Yakovenko, Elizabeth Speidel
Clinton D Chapman
The "food addiction" concept implies that proneness to drug dependence and to food dependence should covary. The latter was studied in low- (LoS) and high- (HiS) saccharin-consuming rats, who differ in drug self-administration (HiS > LoS) and withdrawal (LoS > HiS). Sugary food intake in the first 1–2 h was higher in HiS than LoS rats. Sugar intake predicted startle during abstinence only among LoS rats. These results may suggest bingeing-proneness in HiS rats and withdrawal-proneness among LoS rats. However, intake escalation and somatic withdrawal did not differ between lines. Further study with selectively bred rats, with attention to definitions and measures, …
Modulation Of Methylphenidate Effects On Wheel Running And Acoustic Startle By Acute Food Deprivation In Commercially And Selectively Bred Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Ian Mclaughlin
Modulation Of Methylphenidate Effects On Wheel Running And Acoustic Startle By Acute Food Deprivation In Commercially And Selectively Bred Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Ian Mclaughlin
Clinton D Chapman
Behavioral effects of the same dose of the same drug can vary in degree and direction between and within individuals. The present study examines behavioral base rates, feeding status, and dispositional differences as sources of inter- and intra-individual heterogeneity in drug response. Modulation of the effects of methylphenidate (MPD) on wheel running and acoustic startle by food deprivation was examined in three experiments. Freely fed or food deprived Harlan Sprague–Dawley rats (running study) or rats selectively bred for low (LoS) and high (HiS) saccharin intake (running and startle studies) were given MPD (10 mg/kg) or saline before testing. Overall drug …
Stress-Induced Attenuation Of Acoustic Startle In Low-Saccharin-Consuming Rats., Clinton Chapman, Mitzi Gonzales, Cameryn Garrett, Nancy Dess
Stress-Induced Attenuation Of Acoustic Startle In Low-Saccharin-Consuming Rats., Clinton Chapman, Mitzi Gonzales, Cameryn Garrett, Nancy Dess
Clinton D Chapman
Exposure to stress can lead to either increased stress vulnerability or enhanced resiliency. Laboratory rats are a key tool in the exploration of basic biobehavioral processes underlying individual differences in the effect of stress on subsequent stressors’ impact. The Occidental low (LoS) and high (HiS) saccharin-consuming rats, which differ in emotional reactivity, are useful in this effort. In the present study, footshock affected acoustic startle amplitude 4h later among LoS but not HiS rats. Surprisingly, shock attenuated startle rather than sensitizing it, a finding not previously reported for male rats exposed to shock. Attenuation was blocked by administering the anxiolytic …
Stress-Induced Attenuation Of Acoustic Startle In Low-Saccharin-Consuming Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Mitzi Gonzales, Cameryn Garrett
Stress-Induced Attenuation Of Acoustic Startle In Low-Saccharin-Consuming Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Mitzi Gonzales, Cameryn Garrett
Clinton D Chapman
Exposure to stress can lead to either increased stress vulnerability or enhanced resiliency. Laboratory rats are a key tool in the exploration of basic biobehavioral processes underlying individual differences in the effect of stress on subsequent stressors' impact. The Occidental low (LoS) and high (HiS) saccharin-consuming rats, which differ in emotional reactivity, are useful in this effort. In the present study, footshock affected acoustic startle amplitude 4 h later among LoS but not HiS rats. Surprisingly, shock attenuated startle rather than sensitizing it, a finding not previously reported for male rats exposed to shock. Attenuation was blocked by administering the …
Temporal Organization Of Eating In Low- And High- Saccharin-Consuming Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Jocelyn Richard, Susan Severe
Temporal Organization Of Eating In Low- And High- Saccharin-Consuming Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Jocelyn Richard, Susan Severe
Clinton D Chapman
When, where, and how much animals eat are influenced by food scarcity and risk of predation. The present study concerned the mediation of risk-related feeding patterns by emotion. Occidental Low-saccharin- consuming (LoS) and High-saccharin-consuming (HiS) rats, which differ in both ingestion and emotionality, were studied in three steady-state paradigms: an "open economy" procedure (discrete session cyclic-ratio operant schedule) and two "closed economy" procedures (meal patterning, free feeding with running wheel access). Cyclic-ratio performance showed better defense of stable food intake against variable cost among LoS rats. In closed economies, LoS rats consumed a larger number of smaller meals and showed …
No Relationship Between Sequence Variation In Protein Coding Regions Of The Tas1r3 Gene And Saccharin Preference In Rats., Clinton Chapman, Ke Lu, Amanda Mcdaniel, Michael Tordoff, Li Xia, Gary Beauchamp, Nancy Dess, Dennis Vanderweele, Liquan Huang, Hong Wang, Danielle Reed
No Relationship Between Sequence Variation In Protein Coding Regions Of The Tas1r3 Gene And Saccharin Preference In Rats., Clinton Chapman, Ke Lu, Amanda Mcdaniel, Michael Tordoff, Li Xia, Gary Beauchamp, Nancy Dess, Dennis Vanderweele, Liquan Huang, Hong Wang, Danielle Reed
Clinton D Chapman
Nearly all mammalian species like sweet-tasting foods and drinks, but there are differences in the degree of 'sweet tooth' both between species and among individuals of the same species. Some individual differences can be explained by genetic variability. Polymorphisms in a sweet taste receptor (Tas1r3) account for a large fraction of the differences in consumption of sweet solutions among inbred mouse strains. We wondered whether mice and rats share the same Tas1r3 alleles, and whether this gene might explain the large difference in saccharin preference among rats. We conducted three experiments to test this. We examined DNA sequence differences in …
Exploring Adaptations To Famine: Rats Selectively Bred For Differential Intake Of Saccharin Differ On Deprivation-Induced Hyperactivity And Emotionality., Clinton Chapman, Jill Arnal, Dennis Vanderweele, Nancy Dess
Exploring Adaptations To Famine: Rats Selectively Bred For Differential Intake Of Saccharin Differ On Deprivation-Induced Hyperactivity And Emotionality., Clinton Chapman, Jill Arnal, Dennis Vanderweele, Nancy Dess
Clinton D Chapman
In many mammals, including humans and rats, acute starvation increases locomotor activity. This seemingly paradoxical and potentially lethal behavior pattern may reflect an evolved, multisystem response to sudden threats to metabolic homeostasis. The present study provides a novel test of this idea. Occidental High- (HiS) and Low- (LoS) Saccharin-Consuming rats differ on the taste phenotype and also on some affective measures, on which LoS rats score higher. Wheel running was measured in HiS and LoS rats with food available freely vs for 1 hr daily. As predicted, restricted feeding stimulated significantly more running among LoS rats. Two independent tests of …
"Humans And Animals"? On Saying What We Mean, Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess
"Humans And Animals"? On Saying What We Mean, Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess
Clinton D Chapman
Discusses the linguistic phrase of "humans and animals" to distinguish humans categorically from all other animal species, and its application to psychology. It is suggested that the habit of using the human–animal convention persists because the human–animal dichotomy is institutionalized in psychology. Psychologists who study humans and those how study nonhumans tend to use different methodologies to train graduate students accordingly. They often use different publication venues and occupy different spaces. Separate ethics and funding boards review their research protocols. The nature of nonhuman animal minds and evolution is discussed. It is proposed that unexamined use of human–animal language should …
Individual Differences In Taste, Body Weight, And Depression In The "Helplessness" Rat Model And In Humans., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess
Individual Differences In Taste, Body Weight, And Depression In The "Helplessness" Rat Model And In Humans., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess
Clinton D Chapman
In Exp 1, exposure of rats to unsignaled, inescapable shock resulted in finickiness about drinking a weak quinine solution. In contrast, exposure to escapable shock resulted in marked individual differences in finickiness that were predicted by prestress body weight. A more sensitive index of finickiness was used in Exp 2, and a correlation between body weight and finickiness was observed in nonshocked rats. In Exp 3, measures of quinine reactivity and body weight predicted depressive symptomatology in a nonclinical human sample of 37 undergraduates. Although research in the helplessness paradigm usually focuses on environmental determinants of distress, the paradigm may …
Morphological And Behavioral Effects Of Perinatal Exposure To Aspartame (Nutrasweet®) On Rat Pups., Clinton Chapman, Raz Yirmiya, John Garcia, Edward Levin
Morphological And Behavioral Effects Of Perinatal Exposure To Aspartame (Nutrasweet®) On Rat Pups., Clinton Chapman, Raz Yirmiya, John Garcia, Edward Levin
Clinton D Chapman
Side effects of perinatal exposure to L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (aspartame [ASP]) were studied by providing ASP-containing water to female rats from 30 days before conception until the pups were 30 days of age. Compared with pups of mothers who drank plain water, ASP-exposed pups were not different in morphological (pinnae detachment, eye opening, incisor eruption, and body weight) and reflex (surface righting and negative geotaxis) development. No difference was found in the time taken by mothers to retrieve litters. At 30 days of age, performance of ASP-exposed Ss in a radial-arm maze differed from that of Ss not exposed. Results …
Inescapable Shock Increases Finickiness About Drinking Quinine-Adulterated Water In Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Thomas Minor
Inescapable Shock Increases Finickiness About Drinking Quinine-Adulterated Water In Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, Thomas Minor
Clinton D Chapman
Conducted 3 studies with 108 male rats to examine the effect of inescapable shock on finickiness, operationally defined as suppressed consumption of quinine-adulterated water. Exposure to a single session of inescapable shock increased finickiness relative to simple restraint or no treatment. The effect of shock on finickiness was replicable, was specific to adulterated water, and persisted for at least 24 hrs. The weak quinine solution rejected by shocked Ss supported a conditioned taste aversion, suggesting that the difference between shocked Ss and controls was not due to the inability of the latter to taste the quinine. It is suggested that …
Stressors In The Learned Helplessness Paradigm: Effects On Body Weight And Conditioned Taste Aversion In Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, John Garcia, Jeffrey Raizer
Stressors In The Learned Helplessness Paradigm: Effects On Body Weight And Conditioned Taste Aversion In Rats., Clinton Chapman, Nancy Dess, John Garcia, Jeffrey Raizer
Clinton D Chapman
In Exp 1, 44 male rats drank saccharin or a control solution, followed by 100 inescapable shocks or simple restraint. Ss were weighed daily and were tested for saccharin aversion 2 days after the stress session. Shocked Ss gained less weight than restrained controls. Saccharin aversion was apparent only among Ss that had consumed saccharin before the stress session. In Exp 2, 72 Ss drank saccharin solution, followed by shock, restraint, or no treatment. Half of each group was injected with saline; the other half was injected with lithium chloride. Shock reduced body weight relative to restraint or no treatment …
Nucleus Raphe Magnus And Vagal Inhibition Of Spinoreticular Tract Neuron Responses To Noxious Somatic And Visceral Inputs., Clinton Chapman
Nucleus Raphe Magnus And Vagal Inhibition Of Spinoreticular Tract Neuron Responses To Noxious Somatic And Visceral Inputs., Clinton Chapman
Clinton D Chapman
No abstract provided.