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Articles 1 - 13 of 13
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Fractionating Choice: A Study On Reward Discrimination, Preference, And Relative Valuation In The Rat (Rattus Norvegicus), Joshua M. Ricker, Justin D. Hatch, Daniel D. Powers, Howard C. Cromwell
Fractionating Choice: A Study On Reward Discrimination, Preference, And Relative Valuation In The Rat (Rattus Norvegicus), Joshua M. Ricker, Justin D. Hatch, Daniel D. Powers, Howard C. Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
Choice behavior combines discrimination between distinctive outcomes, preference for specific outcomes and relative valuation of comparable outcomes. Previous work has focused on 1 component (i.e., preference) disregarding other influential processes that might provide a more complete understanding. Animal models of choice have been explored primarily utilizing extensive training, limited freedom for multiple decisions and sparse behavioral measures constrained to a single phase of motivated action. The present study used a paradigm that combines different elements of previous methods with the goal to distinguish among components of choice and explore how well components match predictions based on risk-sensitive foraging strategies. In …
Relative Reward Effects On Operant Behavior: Incentive Contrast,Induction And Variety Effects, Howard Cromwell
Relative Reward Effects On Operant Behavior: Incentive Contrast,Induction And Variety Effects, Howard Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
Comparing different rewards automatically produces dynamic relative outcome effects on behavior. Eachnew outcome exposure is to an updated version evaluated relative to alternatives. Relative reward effectsinclude incentive contrast, positive induction and variety effects. The present study utilized a novelbehavioral design to examine relative reward effects on a chain of operant behavior using auditory cues.Incentive contrast is the most often examined effect and focuses on increases or decreases in behavioralperformance after value upshifts (positive) or downshifts (negative) relative to another outcome. Weexamined the impact of comparing two reward outcomes in a repeated measures design with three ses-sions: a single outcome and …
Relative Reward And Operant Behaivor, Howard Cromwell
Relative Reward And Operant Behaivor, Howard Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
No abstract provided.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure Alters Oxytocin Receptor Gene Expression And Maternal Behavior In Rat, Howard Cromwell
Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure Alters Oxytocin Receptor Gene Expression And Maternal Behavior In Rat, Howard Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) is a persistent organic pollutant known to induce diverse molecular and behavioral alterations. Effects of PCB exposure could be transmitted to future generations via changes in behavior and gene expression. Previous work has shown that PCB-exposure can alter social behavior. The present study extends this work by examining a possible molecular mechanism for these changes. Pregnant rats (Sprague-Dawley) were exposed through diet to a combination of non-coplanar (PCB 47 - 2,20,4,40-tetrachlorobiphenyl) and coplanar (PCB 77 - 3,30,4,40- tetrachlorobiphenyl) congeners. Maternal care behaviors were examined by evaluating the rate and quality of nest building on the last 4 …
Emotion And Relative Reward Processing: An Investigation On Instrumental Successive Negative Contrast And Ultrasonic Vocalizations In The Rat., Howard Cromwell
Emotion And Relative Reward Processing: An Investigation On Instrumental Successive Negative Contrast And Ultrasonic Vocalizations In The Rat., Howard Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
Incentive contrast effects include changes in behavioral responses after a reward upshift (positive contrast) or downshift (negative contrast). Proposed influences on these behavioral changes are emotional state reactions after experiencing or anticipating a change in reward outcome. Rat ultrasonic vocalizations have been shown to be indicators of emotional state during behavior and anticipatory periods. The objective of the present study was to monitor rodent ultrasounds during incentive contrast using a classical runway procedure called instrumental successive negative contrast. The procedure is one that has been used often to examine incentive relativity because of its reliability in measuring negative contrast effects. …
Effects Of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (Pcb) On Response Perseveration And Ultrasonic Vocalization Emission In Rat During Development, Howard Cromwell
Effects Of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (Pcb) On Response Perseveration And Ultrasonic Vocalization Emission In Rat During Development, Howard Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
The 3 major symptoms of autistic spectrum disorders include 1) social behavioral alterations, 2) problems in communication and 3) higher-order motoric deficits of perseveration and stereotyped movements. Previous work has shown that early developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) alters rat pup social motivation and juvenile rat social recognition/investigation. The present work extends this previous research by examining how perinatal PCB exposure alters motoric functions and communication abilities at different stages of development. Action perseveration was examined using performance measures from a T-maze environment. Communication abilities were evaluated by monitoring ultrasound emission in rat pups during a brief isolation from …
Reportinfluence Of Emotional States On Inhibitory Gating: Animal Models To Clinical Neurophysiology, Howard Cromwell
Reportinfluence Of Emotional States On Inhibitory Gating: Animal Models To Clinical Neurophysiology, Howard Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
tIntegrating research efforts using a cross-domain approach could redefine traditional constructs used inbehavioral and clinical neuroscience by demonstrating that behavior and mental processes arise not fromfunctional isolation but from integration. Our research group has been examining the interface betweencognitive and emotional processes by studying inhibitory gating. Inhibitory gating can be measured viachanges in behavior or neural signal processing. Sensorimotor gating of the startle response is a well-usedmeasure. To study how emotion and cognition interact during startle modulation in the animal model,we examined ultrasonic vocalization (USV) emissions during acoustic startle and prepulse inhibition. Wefound high rates of USV emission during the …
Ultrasonic Vocalizations, Predictability And Sensorimotor Gating In The, Howard Cromwell
Ultrasonic Vocalizations, Predictability And Sensorimotor Gating In The, Howard Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a measure of sensorimotor gating in diverse groups of animals including humans. Emotional states can influence PPI in humans both in typical subjects and in individuals with mental illness. Little is known about emotional regulation during PPI in rodents. We used ultrasonic vocalization recording to monitor emotional states in rats during PPI testing. We altered the predictability of the PPI trials to examine any alterations in gating and emotional regulation. We also examined PPI in animals selectively bred for high or low levels of 50 kHz USV emission. Rats emitted high levels of 22 kHz calls …
Selective Breeding For 50 Khz Ultrasonic Vocalization Emission Produces, Howard Cromwell
Selective Breeding For 50 Khz Ultrasonic Vocalization Emission Produces, Howard Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are emitted by rodents and can signal either negative or positive affective states in social and nonsocial contexts. Our recent work has utilized selective breeding based upon the emission of 50 kHz USVs in response to standard cross species hand play—namely experimenters ‘tickling’ rats. Previous work has shown that high-tickle responsive animals (i.e., rats emitting abundant 50 kHz USVs) are gregarious and express enhanced positive emotional behaviors relative to animals exhibiting low 50 kHz USVs. The present study extends this work by examining the developmental profile of play behavior and the suppression of play behavior by predator …
Rethinking Thecognitiverevolutionfromaneuralperspective:How, Howard Cromwell
Rethinking Thecognitiverevolutionfromaneuralperspective:How, Howard Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
Words such as cognition, motivation and emotion powerfully guide theory development and the overall aims and goals of behavioral neuroscience research. Once such concepts are accepted generally as natural aspects of the brain, their influence can be pervasive and long lasting. Importantly, the choice of conceptual terms used to describe and study mental/neural functions can also constrain research by forcing the results into seemingly useful ‘conceptual’ categories that have no discrete reality in the brain. Since the popularly named ‘cognitive revolution’ in psychological science came to fruition in the early 1970s, the term cognitive or cognition has been perhaps the …
Rat Pup Social Motivation: A Critical Component Of Early Psychological Development, Howard C. Cromwell
Rat Pup Social Motivation: A Critical Component Of Early Psychological Development, Howard C. Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
Examining the role of the offspring in early social dynamics is especially difficult. Human developmental psychology has found infant behavior to be a vital part of the early environmental setting. In the rodent model, the different ways that a rodent neonate or pup can influence social dynamics are not well known. Typically, litters of neonates or pups offer complex social interactions dominated by behavior seemingly initiated and maintained by the primary caregiver (e.g., the dam). Despite this strong role for the caregiver, the young most likely influence the litter dynamics in many powerful ways including communication signals, discrimination abilities and …
Influence Of Perinatal Exposure To A Polychlorinated Biphenyl Mixture On Learning And Memory, Hippocampal Size, And Estrogen Receptor-Beta Expression, Howard Cromwell
Influence Of Perinatal Exposure To A Polychlorinated Biphenyl Mixture On Learning And Memory, Hippocampal Size, And Estrogen Receptor-Beta Expression, Howard Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
Abstract. Perinatal exposure to PCB has been reported to cause a variety of health effects including endocrine disruption, and immunologic, reproductive, neurologic, and behavioral deficits. In the present study, a mixture of two PCB congeners, one non-coplanar (PCB 47) and one coplanar (PCB 77), were administered to young female Sprague-Dawley rats by route of maternal dietary consumption (either 12.5 ppm or 25.0 ppm, w/w). Impact on learning and memory were examined by radial arm maze on postnatal day 24-27. After behavioral tests were completed, the rats were transcardially perfused, and brains were excised. Immunohistochemistry for ER- β was carried out …
Rats Selectively Bred For Low Levels Of 50 Khz Ultrasonic Vocalizations Exhibit Alterations In Early Social Motivation, Howard C. Cromwell
Rats Selectively Bred For Low Levels Of 50 Khz Ultrasonic Vocalizations Exhibit Alterations In Early Social Motivation, Howard C. Cromwell
Howard Casey Cromwell
In rats, the rates of 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) can be used as a selective breeding phenotype and variations in this phenotype can be an indicator of affective states. The 50 kHz USV is elicited by rewarding stimuli (e.g., food, sexual behavior) and therefore can express a positive affective state. Conversely, the 22 kHz USV is elicited by aversive stimuli (e.g., presence of a predator, social defeat) indicating a negative affective state. In the present study, we tested the effect of selectively breeding for 50 kHz USVs on a variety of maternal social/emotional behaviors in young rat pups (PND …