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Articles 1 - 30 of 47
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Academic Cheating And Stressors At The University Level, Samuel Borge
Academic Cheating And Stressors At The University Level, Samuel Borge
Honors Theses
The purpose of this study was to examine why academic cheating occurs. Prior studies have investigated students’ reasons for their academic cheating, and this study aimed to further this research by trying to determine variables that might influence the behavior. A total of 56 Assumption University undergraduate students participated. Self-report measures included the Survey on Academic Dishonesty (SAD) (McCabe & Trevino, 1997), the Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al., 1983), and a measure of self-control (Tangney et al., 2004). In addition, a novel probability discounting task was created as a second measure of academic cheating. This task assessed participants’ likelihood …
The Effect Of Gratitude And Compassion On Persuasion Processing, Patrick Otto
The Effect Of Gratitude And Compassion On Persuasion Processing, Patrick Otto
Honors Theses
The present study investigated the relationship between two positive emotions (gratitude and compassion) and persuasion susceptibility. Participants were randomly assigned to be induced to feel gratitude or compassion and read either strong or weak arguments. Participants then rated how favorable they found the arguments. We hypothesized that participants feeling gratitude would be more easily persuaded than those feeling compassion, particularly in the weak argument condition. The hypotheses were not supported. In the strong argument condition, the gratitude and compassion groups were equally persuaded. In the weak argument condition, the compassion group was more persuaded than the gratitude group, though not …
Quality Of School-Based Mental Health Services And Student Well-Being, Angelina Davis
Quality Of School-Based Mental Health Services And Student Well-Being, Angelina Davis
Honors Theses
Schools are essential in providing both students who struggle with mental health problems as well as the overall student population with services that improve well-being. Previous research has shown that, among other factors, the involvement of caregivers is important for the effectiveness of such programs, thus improving their quality. However, there is little evidence about the relationship between the quality of these mental health services and student well-being. This study aimed to fill this gap in literature. It was predicted that high quality mental health services and high caregiver involvement would be associated with increased student well-being, as indicated by …
Mediators Between Adversity And Well-Being Of College Students, Maria Kalpidou, Adam M. Volungis, Cassandra Bates
Mediators Between Adversity And Well-Being Of College Students, Maria Kalpidou, Adam M. Volungis, Cassandra Bates
Psychology Department Faculty Works
Although the concurrent link between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and both physical and mental health is established, little is known about the mechanisms that explain it. We investigated the relationship between ACEs and well-being and the mediating roles of coping, executive function (EF), and cognitive failure in a non-clinical sample of college students. Participants (N = 194) completed behavioral measures and self-reports. More than half of the sample had at least one ACE. Correlational and mediational analyses examined the relationships between ACEs, college adaptation, psychopathology, substance use, coping, and cognitive failure. ACEs did not correlate with indices of EF …
Exploration Of The Experiences And Perceptions Of Club Athletes Using Mindfulness And Meditation Techniques During Their Basketball Season, Brigett Fithian-Giantonio
Exploration Of The Experiences And Perceptions Of Club Athletes Using Mindfulness And Meditation Techniques During Their Basketball Season, Brigett Fithian-Giantonio
Honors Theses
Literature reveals that there is a direct effect of mindfulness and meditation on athletes at various levels in their career. The present study aims to explore the experience and perceptions of mindfulness and meditation on female collegiate club basketball players. A sample of 8 undergraduates at Assumption University completed daily guided mindfulness and meditation sessions via the Smiling Mind application. Simultaneously, they wrote journal entries expressing their thoughts. Participants were interviewed at the conclusion of the study. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data from the interviews and the journal entries finding two major themes, (1) mindful expressions and …
The Relationship Between Trait Mindfulness And Memory Performance, Kyra Belden
The Relationship Between Trait Mindfulness And Memory Performance, Kyra Belden
Honors Theses
Previous research has found a link between trait mindfulness and various aspects of wellbeing and cognition. Further, research on state mindfulness has found it to relate to performance on a memory task designed to examine eyewitness susceptibility. In the present study, I sought to expand on these findings by examining whether levels of trait mindfulness would also predict how susceptible individuals’ memories are to external suggestion. Seventy-three participants studied six common household scenes, and then rated the pleasantness of items they were told were recalled by another participant. These items included six suggested items not present in the scenes. After …
Psychological Factors And Consumer Behavior During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Adolfo Di Crosta, Irene Ceccato, Daniela Marchetti, Pasquale La Malva, Roberta Maiella, Loreta Cannito, Mario Cipi, Nicola Mammarella, Riccardo Palumbo, Maria Cristina Verrocchio, Rocco Palumbo, Alberto Di Domenico
Psychological Factors And Consumer Behavior During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Adolfo Di Crosta, Irene Ceccato, Daniela Marchetti, Pasquale La Malva, Roberta Maiella, Loreta Cannito, Mario Cipi, Nicola Mammarella, Riccardo Palumbo, Maria Cristina Verrocchio, Rocco Palumbo, Alberto Di Domenico
Management, Marketing, and Organizational Communication Department Student Works
The COVID-19 pandemic is far more than a health crisis: it has unpredictably changed our whole way of life. As suggested by the analysis of economic data on sales, this dramatic scenario has also heavily impacted individuals’ spending levels. To better understand these changes, the present study focused on consumer behavior and its psychological antecedents. Previous studies found that crises differently affect people’s willingness to buy necessities products (i.e., utilitarian shopping) and non-necessities products (i.e., hedonic shopping). Therefore, in examining whether changes in spending levels were associated with changes in consumer behavior, we adopted a fine-grained approach disentangling between necessities …
Practical Considerations For Researchers At Teaching-Focused Colleges, Cody Morris, Karen M. Lionello-Denolf
Practical Considerations For Researchers At Teaching-Focused Colleges, Cody Morris, Karen M. Lionello-Denolf
Psychology Department Faculty Works
Growth in the discipline of behavior analysis depends on research production in basic, translational, and applied areas from a variety of perspectives and research groups. Although doctoral programs in behavior analysis prepare students to become productive researchers, leading behavior-analytic journals tend to publish articles from a more circumscribed set of researchers than might be expected given the recent growth in the field. One reason may be that as new researchers graduate from their training programs, they take positions in very different environments from those of their training, such as teaching-focused colleges or clinical settings. Establishing and maintaining research production in …
Expansion Of Sidman's Theory: The Inclusion Of Prompt Stimuli In Equivalence Classes, Simone K. Palmer, R. W. Maguire, Karen M. Lionello-Denolf, Paula Braga-Kenyon
Expansion Of Sidman's Theory: The Inclusion Of Prompt Stimuli In Equivalence Classes, Simone K. Palmer, R. W. Maguire, Karen M. Lionello-Denolf, Paula Braga-Kenyon
Psychology Department Faculty Works
Stimulus equivalence is defined as the ability to relate stimuli in novel ways after training in which not all of the stimuli had been directly linked to one another. Sidman (2000) suggested all elements of conditional discrimination training contingencies that result in equivalence potentially become class members. Research has demonstrated the inclusion of samples, comparisons, responses, and reinforcers in equivalence classes. Given the evidence that all elements of a conditional discrimination become part of the class, the purpose of this study was to determine if class-specific prompts would also enter into their relevant equivalence classes. Experiment 1 investigated the inclusion …
Social Desirability And The Celebrity Attitude Scale, Robert T. Hitlan, Lynn E. Mccutcheon, Adam M. Volungis, Anupama Joshi, C. Brendan Clark, Marta Pena
Social Desirability And The Celebrity Attitude Scale, Robert T. Hitlan, Lynn E. Mccutcheon, Adam M. Volungis, Anupama Joshi, C. Brendan Clark, Marta Pena
Psychology Department Faculty Works
The possibility of social desirability bias has often been neglected in the construction and evaluation of attitudinal scales and personality inventories in psychology and related disciplines. The present study aimed to explore the potential influence of such biases on respondents’ self-reported celebrity worship. Specifically, we had a student sample (n = 187) complete a) measures of two different forms of social desirability bias (externally-oriented “Impression management” vs. internally-oriented “self-deceptive positivity”) and b) the Celebrity Attitude Scale (CAS). Results showed that neither measure correlated significantly with the CAS. Furthermore, neither gender nor delivery mode (online vs. paper-and-pencil) mediated the non-significant …
An Update On The Search For Symmetry In Nonhumans, Karen M. Lionello-Denolf
An Update On The Search For Symmetry In Nonhumans, Karen M. Lionello-Denolf
Psychology Department Faculty Works
Sidman et al.'s (1982) failure to find evidence for symmetry (bidirectional associations between stimuli) in monkeys and baboons set the stage for decades of work on emergent relations in nonhumans. They attributed the failure to the use of procedures that did not (1) promote stimulus control based on the relation between the sample and correct comparison and (2) reduce control by irrelevant stimulus features. Previous reviews of symmetry in nonhumans indicated that multiple exemplar training and successive matching might encourage appropriate stimulus control. This review examined 16 studies that investigated symmetry in 94 subjects, including pigeons, rats, capuchin monkeys, and …
Reciprocity With Unequal Payoffs: Cooperative And Uncooperative Interactions Affect Disadvantageous Inequity Aversion, Carla Jordão Suarez, Marcelo Frota Benvenuti, Kalliu Carvalho Couto, José Oliveira Siqueira, Josele Abreu-Rodrigues, Karen M. Lionello-Denolf, Ingunn Sandaker
Reciprocity With Unequal Payoffs: Cooperative And Uncooperative Interactions Affect Disadvantageous Inequity Aversion, Carla Jordão Suarez, Marcelo Frota Benvenuti, Kalliu Carvalho Couto, José Oliveira Siqueira, Josele Abreu-Rodrigues, Karen M. Lionello-Denolf, Ingunn Sandaker
Psychology Department Faculty Works
Cooperation among unrelated individuals can evolve through reciprocity. Reciprocal cooperation is the process in which lasting social interactions provide the opportunity to learn about others' behavior, and to further predict the outcome of future encounters. Lasting social interactions may also decrease aversion to unequal distribution of gains – when individuals accept inequity payoffs knowing about the possibility of future encounters. Thus, reciprocal cooperation and aversion to inequity can be complementary phenomena. The present study investigated the effects of cooperative and uncooperative interactions on participants' aversion to disadvantageous inequity. Participants played an experimental task in the presence of a confederate who …
The Establishment Of Auditory-Visual Equivalence Classes With A Go/No-Go Successive Matching-To-Sample Procedure, Karina N. Zhelezoglo, Robbie J. Hanson, Caio F. Miguel, Karen M. Lionello-Denolf
The Establishment Of Auditory-Visual Equivalence Classes With A Go/No-Go Successive Matching-To-Sample Procedure, Karina N. Zhelezoglo, Robbie J. Hanson, Caio F. Miguel, Karen M. Lionello-Denolf
Psychology Department Faculty Works
The current study evaluated the effectiveness of a go/no-go successive matching-to-sample procedure (S-MTS) to establish auditory–visual equivalence classes with college students. A sample and a comparison were presented, one at a time, in the same location. During training, after an auditory stimulus was presented, a green box appeared in the center of the screen for participants to touch to produce the comparison. Touching the visual comparison that was related to the auditory sample (e.g., A1B1) produced points, while touching or refraining from touching an unrelated comparison (e.g., A1B2) produced no consequences. Following AB/AC training, participants were tested on untrained relations …
College As A Pressure Cooker: Relationships Between The Pressure To Succeed, Mental Health Distress, And Coping In College Students, Jennifer Doherty
College As A Pressure Cooker: Relationships Between The Pressure To Succeed, Mental Health Distress, And Coping In College Students, Jennifer Doherty
Honors Theses
This study set out with the intent of examining the relationships between pressure to succeed, depression, anxiety, stress, and coping. While previous studies have not really begun to explore the pressure to succeed, many have found support for individual variables of stress. By compiling commonly cited stressors and possible reasons for why they cause stress, we created the pressure to succeed scale, transforming these variables into a larger construct. Through multiple surveys including the newly constructed PSS, the USS (used for convergent validity), the DASS-21, and the Brief COPE survey, this study found support for this new phenomenon. Specifically, positive …
Individual Differences, Economic Stability, And Fear Of Contagion As Risk Factors For Ptsd Symptoms In The Covid-19 Emergency, Adolfo Di Crosta, Rocco Palumbo, Daniela Marchetti, Irene Ceccato, Pasquale La Malva, Roberta Maiella, Mario Cipi, Paolo Roma, Nicola Mammarella, Maria Cristina Verrocchio, Alberto Di Domenico
Individual Differences, Economic Stability, And Fear Of Contagion As Risk Factors For Ptsd Symptoms In The Covid-19 Emergency, Adolfo Di Crosta, Rocco Palumbo, Daniela Marchetti, Irene Ceccato, Pasquale La Malva, Roberta Maiella, Mario Cipi, Paolo Roma, Nicola Mammarella, Maria Cristina Verrocchio, Alberto Di Domenico
Management, Marketing, and Organizational Communication Department Student Works
On January 30th 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 pandemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Italy has been one of the most affected countries in the world. To contain further spread of the virus, the Italian government has imposed an unprecedented long-period lockdown for the entire country. This dramatic scenario may have caused a strong psychological distress, with potential negative long-term mental health consequences. The aim of the present study is to report the prevalence of high psychological distress due to the COVID-19 pandemic on the general population, especially considering that this aspect is …
A Preliminary Two-Phase Test Of How Inequity Aversion Is Modulated By Previous Dyadic Interactions, Marcelo Benvenuti, José De Oliveira Siqueira, Carla Jordão Suarez, Cesar Augusto Villela Silva Do Nascimento, Karen M. Lionello-Denolf, Josele Abreu-Rodrigues
A Preliminary Two-Phase Test Of How Inequity Aversion Is Modulated By Previous Dyadic Interactions, Marcelo Benvenuti, José De Oliveira Siqueira, Carla Jordão Suarez, Cesar Augusto Villela Silva Do Nascimento, Karen M. Lionello-Denolf, Josele Abreu-Rodrigues
Psychology Department Faculty Works
No abstract provided.
The Signs Of Suicide (Sos) Prevention Program Pilot Study: High School Implementation Recommendations, Adam M. Volungis
The Signs Of Suicide (Sos) Prevention Program Pilot Study: High School Implementation Recommendations, Adam M. Volungis
Psychology Department Faculty Works
Suicide is the second leading cause of death for high school aged youth. There are many suicide prevention programs available, but few are evidence-based. The Signs of Suicide (SOS) Prevention Program is one of the few youth suicide prevention programs that have shown improvement in students’ knowledge and adaptive attitudes about suicide risk and depression, including a reduction in self-reported suicide attempts. With this being the high school’s first formal attempt at implementing a psychoeducation prevention program, they wanted to use an evidence-based program targeting a primary mental health concern – depression and suicide. One goal of the initial implementation …
How Prior Testing Impacts Misinformation Processing: A Dual-Task Approach, Leamarie Gordon, Vivek K. Bilolikar, Taylor Hodhod, Ayanna K. Thomas
How Prior Testing Impacts Misinformation Processing: A Dual-Task Approach, Leamarie Gordon, Vivek K. Bilolikar, Taylor Hodhod, Ayanna K. Thomas
Psychology Department Faculty Works
Research suggests that testing prior to the presentation of misinformation influences how that misinformation is processed. The present study examined the relationship between testing, the demands of misinformation narrative processing, and memory for original and post-event information. Using response latencies to a secondary task, we tested whether prior testing influenced the available resources for secondary task processing. Additionally, we investigated whether changes in narrative processing were specific to critical details tested earlier. Participants engaged in an eyewitness memory paradigm in which half were tested prior to receiving the post-event narrative. Participants responded to the secondary task at specified time points …
Developmental Care In The Nicu: Best Practices For Preterm Infants, Expectations Of Healthcare Providers, And Impact On Parents And Families, Alicia Burrows
Developmental Care In The Nicu: Best Practices For Preterm Infants, Expectations Of Healthcare Providers, And Impact On Parents And Families, Alicia Burrows
Honors Theses
Infants born prematurely experience a variety of medical complications, which can impair their growth and development. These complications can result in permanent disabilities and medical conditions that could necessitate a lifetime of medical treatment. Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) offer specialty units for infants born prematurely to receive excellent medical care to help them survive after being delivered at as soon as 23 weeks of gestation. A complementary form of care offered in some NICUs is developmental care, which focuses specifically on modifying the neonate’s physical environment to ensure proper growth and development. As developmental care is a relatively new …
The Role Of Depressed Mood And Family Expressiveness In Young Adults' Ability To Recognize Facial Expressions Of Emotions, Meghan Foster
The Role Of Depressed Mood And Family Expressiveness In Young Adults' Ability To Recognize Facial Expressions Of Emotions, Meghan Foster
Honors Theses
Young adults’ ability to recognize others’ emotions has been linked to the emotional expressiveness they experienced in their families of origin, with individuals from highly expressive families showing lower competency in identifying emotions. Current research has not yet explored the possible role of depressive symptoms in young adults’ perceptions of their families’ expressiveness, although there is evidence that parental depression impacts family expressiveness. In addition, past research on young adults’ emotion recognition has not considered that depression may influence correct identification of facial expressions, though studies on mothers’ Postpartum Depression suggest that depression may lead to misjudgments of the type …
A Review Of Trauma In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Orsolina O'Neill
A Review Of Trauma In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Orsolina O'Neill
Honors Theses
No abstract provided.
The Role Of Sibling Relationships In College Friendships, Amelia Botelho
The Role Of Sibling Relationships In College Friendships, Amelia Botelho
Honors Theses
Past research suggests that children’s sibling relationships play an important role in their friendships, though much less is known about these linkages during adulthood. The purpose of this study was to explore whether the quality of young adults’ sibling relationships is associated with the quality of their non-romantic friendships. A sample of fifty-nine Undergraduate students who were predominantly white and female and attending a small liberal arts college reported on their perceptions of their sibling and friendship relationship quality as well as their attachment orientation and personality characteristics. Findings indicated that young adults’ sibling relationship quality was associated with the …
Age Differences In False Memory, Mia Rapoza
Age Differences In False Memory, Mia Rapoza
Honors Theses
After witnessing an event, a witness may be exposed to additional details about the event. These details can be inaccurate and delivered by numerous sources including other witnesses, law enforcement, and news reports. The purpose of this study was to examine how such post-event details can influence eyewitness memory reports, specifically when the post-event details are delivered by individuals from a social in-group or social out-group. Participants were young and older adults who were paired with a fictional partner. The fictional partner was manipulated to appear a member of the same racial group or a different racial group. Participant and …
Alpha Band Signatures Of Social Synchrony, Paula Fitzpatrick, Teresa Mitchell, R. C. Schmidt, David Kennedy, Jean A. Frazier
Alpha Band Signatures Of Social Synchrony, Paula Fitzpatrick, Teresa Mitchell, R. C. Schmidt, David Kennedy, Jean A. Frazier
Psychology Department Faculty Works
Previous research has reported changes in mu rhythm, the central rhythm of the alpha frequency band, in both intentional and spontaneous interpersonal coordination. The current study was designed to extend existing findings on social synchrony to the pendulum swinging task and simultaneously measured time unfolding behavioral synchrony and EEG estimation of mu activity during spontaneous, intentional in-phase and intentional anti-phase interpersonal coordination. As expected, the behavioral measures of synchrony demonstrated the expected pattern of weak synchronization for spontaneous coordination, moderate synchronization for intentional anti-phase coordination, and strong synchronization for in-phase coordination. With respect to the EEG measures, we found evidence …
An Investigation Into The Impact Of Acute Stress On Encoding In Older Adults, Amy M. Smith, Katinka Dijkstra, Leamarie Gordon, L. Michael Romero, Ayanna K. Thomas
An Investigation Into The Impact Of Acute Stress On Encoding In Older Adults, Amy M. Smith, Katinka Dijkstra, Leamarie Gordon, L. Michael Romero, Ayanna K. Thomas
Psychology Department Faculty Works
Acute psychological stress commonly occurs in young and older adults’ lives. Though several studies have examined the influence of stress on how young adults learn new information, the present study is the first to directly examine these effects in older adults. Fifty older adults (M age = 71.9) were subjected to either stress induction or a control task before learning two types of information: a short video and a series of pictures. Twenty-four hours later, they were exposed to misleading information about the video and then completed memory tests for the video and pictures. Heart rate and cortisol measures …
Developmental Changes In Imitation During Mother-Infant Interactions, Maria Markodimitraki, Maria Kalpidou
Developmental Changes In Imitation During Mother-Infant Interactions, Maria Markodimitraki, Maria Kalpidou
Psychology Department Faculty Works
We investigated the continuity and stability of imitative episodes (IMEs) to shed light on the nature of early infant imitative ability. We observed and analyzed interactions of 27 mother-infant pairs as they played in their homes at one and 10 months. We coded the initiator, frequency, duration, kind, structure, and affect of IMEs. At 10 months, dyads engaged in more frequent and longer IMEs that tended to be vocal, turn-takings, and positive in affect. Significant stability was observed. Mothers who initiated more IMEs and expressed more positive affect had infants who did the same. Findings suggest that dyads set stable …
Smartphone Addiction And Its Relationship With Indices Of Social-Emotional Distress And Personality, Adam M. Volungis, Maria Kalpidou, Colleen Popores, Mark Joyce
Smartphone Addiction And Its Relationship With Indices Of Social-Emotional Distress And Personality, Adam M. Volungis, Maria Kalpidou, Colleen Popores, Mark Joyce
Psychology Department Faculty Works
We examined the relationships among smartphone addiction, social-emotional distress (e.g., anxiety, depression, sleep quality, and loneliness), and personality traits among 150 undergraduate college students. Participants completed the Smartphone Addiction Scale, the Outcome Questionnaire-45.2, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the UCLA Loneliness Scale-3, and the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Five-Factor Inventory-3. Results showed that the more students were addicted to their smartphone, the higher their reported social-emotional distress was. Additionally, logistic analyses supported the predictive nature of smartphone addiction on specific domains of social-emotional distress. Personality did not moderate the relationship between smartphone addiction and social-emotional distress. However, neuroticism had a positive relationship with …
Attachment, Conflict Resolution, Marital Satisfaction, And Culture In Women, Ione Bretaña, Itziar Alonso-Arbiol, Shiri Lavy, Fang Zhang
Attachment, Conflict Resolution, Marital Satisfaction, And Culture In Women, Ione Bretaña, Itziar Alonso-Arbiol, Shiri Lavy, Fang Zhang
Psychology Department Faculty Works
The aim of this study was to compare levels of attachment, conflict resolution strategies and marital satisfaction in women from Israel, United States, Turkey, and Spain (N = 343). A sample of individuals involved in a romantic relationship at ages 18-68 (M = 35.4, SD = 11.83) completed measures of attachment dimensions, conflict resolution strategies, and marital satisfaction. Tucker Phi coefficients revealed the same structure of the scales across all countries. Mean comparisons were used. Differences were observed among women from Israel, Turkey, USA, and Spain in attachment (avoidant and anxiety), as well as in own conflict resolution strategies and …
The Relationship Between Stress And Cognitive Functioning, Gabrielle Jasmin
The Relationship Between Stress And Cognitive Functioning, Gabrielle Jasmin
Honors Theses
Exposure to stress can negatively impact cognitive functions. The effects can depend on one’s health behaviors and mental health status. Participants in this study completed various surveys asking about their mental health status, their physical activity level, and other important information such as whether or not they take part in mindful meditation practices. In addition, they were randomly separated in two groups: a stress group who experienced the stressful version of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST; Kirschbaum, Pirke, & Hellhammer, 1993), and a control group who experienced a non-stressful version of TSST. Participants then completed a Stroop task on …
Relationship Between Theory Of Mind, Emotion Recognition, And Social Synchrony In Adolescents With And Without Autism, Paula Fitzpatrick, Jean A. Frazier, David Cochran, Teresa Mitchell, Caitlin Coleman, R. C. Schmidt
Relationship Between Theory Of Mind, Emotion Recognition, And Social Synchrony In Adolescents With And Without Autism, Paula Fitzpatrick, Jean A. Frazier, David Cochran, Teresa Mitchell, Caitlin Coleman, R. C. Schmidt
Psychology Department Faculty Works
Difficulty in social communication and interaction is a primary diagnostic feature of ASD. Research has found that adolescents with ASD display various impairments in social behavior such as theory of mind (ToM), emotion recognition, and social synchrony. However, not much is known about the relationships among these dimensions of social behavior. Adolescents with and without ASD participated in the study. ToM ability was measured by viewing social animations of geometric shapes, recognition of facial emotions was measured by viewing pictures of faces, and synchrony ability was measured with a spontaneously arising interpersonal movement task completed with a caregiver and an …