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Full-Text Articles in Psychology
The Social Psychology Of Perception Experiments: Hills, Backpacks, Glucose, And The Problem Of Generalizability, Frank H. Durgin, Brennan James Klein , '14, Ariana Michelle Spiegel , '13, Cassandra Joy Strawser , '13, Morgan James Christopher Williams , '14
The Social Psychology Of Perception Experiments: Hills, Backpacks, Glucose, And The Problem Of Generalizability, Frank H. Durgin, Brennan James Klein , '14, Ariana Michelle Spiegel , '13, Cassandra Joy Strawser , '13, Morgan James Christopher Williams , '14
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Experiments take place in a physical environment but also a social environment. Generalizability from experimental manipulations to more typical contexts may be limited by violations of ecological validity with respect to either the physical or the social environment. A replication and extension of a recent study (a blood glucose manipulation) was conducted to investigate the effects of experimental demand (a social artifact) on participant behaviors judging the geographical slant of a large-scale outdoor hill. Three different assessments of experimental demand indicate that even when the physical environment is naturalistic, and the goal of the main experimental manipulation was primarily concealed, …
Neuropsychological Outcomes In Adults Commencing Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment In South Africa: A Prospective Study, John Joska, John Joska, Jennifer Westgarth-Taylor, Jacqueline Hoare, Kevin Thomas, Robert Paul, Landon Myer, Dan Stein
Neuropsychological Outcomes In Adults Commencing Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment In South Africa: A Prospective Study, John Joska, John Joska, Jennifer Westgarth-Taylor, Jacqueline Hoare, Kevin Thomas, Robert Paul, Landon Myer, Dan Stein
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BackgroundInfection with HIV may result in significant neuropsychological impairment, especially in late stage disease. To date, there have been no cohort studies of the impact of highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART) in South Africa where clade C HIV is predominant.MethodsParticipants in the current study were recruited from a larger study of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and included a group of individuals commencing HAART (n = 82). Baseline and one-year neuropsychological function was assessed using a detailed battery, and summary global deficit scores (GDS) obtained. Associations with change in GDS were calculated.ResultsParticipants had a median CD4 cell count of 166 at …
The Tyranny Of Choice: A Cross-Cultural Investigation Of Maximizing-Satisficing Effects On Well-Being, A. Roets, Barry Schwartz, Y. Guan
The Tyranny Of Choice: A Cross-Cultural Investigation Of Maximizing-Satisficing Effects On Well-Being, A. Roets, Barry Schwartz, Y. Guan
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The present research investigated the relationship between individual differences in maximizing versus satisficing (i.e., seeking to make the single best choice, rather than a choice that is merely good enough) and well-being, in interaction with the society in which an individual lives. Data from three distinct cultural groups (adults), drawn respectively from the U.S. (N=307), Western Europe (N=263), and China (N=218), were analyzed. The results showed that, in societies where choice is abundant (i.e., U.S. and Western Europe), maximizers reported less well-being than satisficers, and this difference was mediated by experienced regret. However, in the non-western society (China), maximizing was …
From Reflecting To Making: Psychology In A World Of Change, Kenneth J. Gergen
From Reflecting To Making: Psychology In A World Of Change, Kenneth J. Gergen
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No abstract provided.
Social Construction And Relationalism: A Conversation With Kenneth Gergen, J. C. Aceros, Kenneth J. Gergen
Social Construction And Relationalism: A Conversation With Kenneth Gergen, J. C. Aceros, Kenneth J. Gergen
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Kenneth Gergen is one of the most widely known contributors to social constructionist thought in the world today. Since the publication of his paper "Social Psychology as History" he has become a central player in what is known as the Social Psychology Crisis. In his academic career, and from what he has called 'Relational Theory', Gergen has revisited a significant number of psychological constructs and has proposed various dialogical and collaborative practices in therapy, organizational development, education, community development, social work and peace-building, among other things. This paper is a conversation with Gergen in which together we explore the particular …
Sexual Trauma History Does Not Moderate Treatment Outcome In Attachment-Based Family Therapy (Abft) For Adolescents With Suicide Ideation, G. Diamond, T. Creed, Jane Gillham, R. Gallop, J. L. Hamilton
Sexual Trauma History Does Not Moderate Treatment Outcome In Attachment-Based Family Therapy (Abft) For Adolescents With Suicide Ideation, G. Diamond, T. Creed, Jane Gillham, R. Gallop, J. L. Hamilton
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Despite the well-documented association between history of sexual trauma (HSA) and suicide ideation, HSA is largely overlooked in suicide treatment studies. Existing studies showed that patients with a HSA have a weaker treatment response. In this randomized clinical trial for suicide ideation, HSA did not moderate treatment outcome for Attachment-Based Family Therapy (ABFT). Adolescents responded better to ABFT than a control condition, regardless of HSA status. At baseline, adolescents with HSA were also more likely to report past suicide attempts than those without HSA, indicating that they are a particularly important subgroup to consider when developing and evaluating interventions that …
Evaluation Of A Group Cognitive-Behavioral Depression Prevention Program For Young Adolescents: A Randomized Effectiveness Trial, Jane Gillham, K. Reivich, S. M. Brunwasser, D. R. Freres, N. D. Chajon, V. M. Kash-Macdonald, T. M. Chaplin, R. Abenavoli, S. L. Matlin, R. Gallop, M. E.P. Seligman
Evaluation Of A Group Cognitive-Behavioral Depression Prevention Program For Young Adolescents: A Randomized Effectiveness Trial, Jane Gillham, K. Reivich, S. M. Brunwasser, D. R. Freres, N. D. Chajon, V. M. Kash-Macdonald, T. M. Chaplin, R. Abenavoli, S. L. Matlin, R. Gallop, M. E.P. Seligman
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Depression is a common psychological problem in adolescence. Recent research suggests that group cognitive-behavioral interventions can reduce and prevent symptoms of depression in youth. Few studies have tested the effectiveness of such interventions when delivered by school teachers and counselors (as opposed to research team staff). We evaluated the effectiveness of the Penn Resiliency Program for adolescents (PRP-A), a school-based group intervention that targets cognitive behavioral risk factors for depression. We randomly assigned 408 middle school students (ages 10–15) to one of three conditions: PRP-A, PRP-AP (in which adolescents participated in PRP-A and parents were invited to attend a parent …
Mixing Metaphors In The Cerebral Hemispheres: What Happens When Careers Collide?, Selmaan Noah Chettih , '10, Frank H. Durgin, Daniel J. Grodner
Mixing Metaphors In The Cerebral Hemispheres: What Happens When Careers Collide?, Selmaan Noah Chettih , '10, Frank H. Durgin, Daniel J. Grodner
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Are processes of figurative comparison and figurative categorization different? An experiment combining alternative-sense and matched-sense metaphor priming with a divided visual field assessment technique sought to isolate processes of comparison and categorization in the 2 cerebral hemispheres. For target metaphors presented in the right visual field/left cerebral hemisphere (RVF/LH), only matched-sense primes were facilitative. Literal primes and alternative-sense primes had no effect on comprehension time compared to the unprimed baseline. The effects of matched-sense primes were additive with the rated conventionality of the targets. For target metaphors presented to the left visual field/right cerebral hemisphere (LVF/RH), matched-sense primes were again …
Medial Pfc Damage Abolishes The Self-Reference Effect, Carissa Philippi, Melissa Duff, Natalie Denburg, Daniel Tranel, David Rudrauf
Medial Pfc Damage Abolishes The Self-Reference Effect, Carissa Philippi, Melissa Duff, Natalie Denburg, Daniel Tranel, David Rudrauf
Psychology Faculty Works
No abstract provided.
Therapeutic Communication From A Constructionist Standpoint, Kenneth J. Gergen, M. M. Gergen
Therapeutic Communication From A Constructionist Standpoint, Kenneth J. Gergen, M. M. Gergen
Psychology Faculty Works
No abstract provided.
A Comparison Of Two Theories Of Perceived Distance On The Ground Plane: The Angular Expansion Hypothesis And The Intrinsic Bias Hypothesis, Z. Li, Frank H. Durgin
A Comparison Of Two Theories Of Perceived Distance On The Ground Plane: The Angular Expansion Hypothesis And The Intrinsic Bias Hypothesis, Z. Li, Frank H. Durgin
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Two theories of distance perception-ie, the angular expansion hypothesis (Durgin and Li, 2011 Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 73 1856-1870) and the intrinsic bias hypothesis (Ooi et al, 2006 Perception 35 605-624)-are compared. Both theories attribute exocentric distance foreshortening to an exaggeration in perceived slant, but their fundamental geometrical assumptions are very different. The intrinsic bias hypothesis assumes a constant bias in perceived geographical slant of the ground plane and predicts both perceived egocentric and exocentric distances are increasingly compressed. In contrast, the angular expansion hypothesis assumes exaggerations in perceived gaze angle and perceived optical slant. Because the bias functions of …
Expert Performance By Athletes In The Verbal Estimation Of Spatial Extents Does Not Alter Their Perceptual Metric Of Space, Frank H. Durgin, Keenan R. Leonard-Solis , '12, Owen T. Masters , '12, Brittany P. Schmelz , '12, Z. Li
Expert Performance By Athletes In The Verbal Estimation Of Spatial Extents Does Not Alter Their Perceptual Metric Of Space, Frank H. Durgin, Keenan R. Leonard-Solis , '12, Owen T. Masters , '12, Brittany P. Schmelz , '12, Z. Li
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Athletes often give more accurate estimates of egocentric distance along the ground than do non-athletes. To explore whether cognitive calibration was accompanied by perceptual change, athletes and non-athletes made verbal height and distance estimates and also did a perceptual matching task between perceived egocentric distances and frontal vertical extents. Both groups were well calibrated for height estimation for poles viewed frontally, but athletes were much better calibrated at estimating longer egocentric distances (which are systematically underestimated by non-athletes). Athletes were more likely to have learned specific units of ground distance from relevant sports contexts. Both groups reported using human height …
Manual Matching Of Perceived Surface Orientation Is Affected By Arm Posture: Evidence Of Calibration Between Proprioception And Visual Experience In Near Space, Z. Li, Frank H. Durgin
Manual Matching Of Perceived Surface Orientation Is Affected By Arm Posture: Evidence Of Calibration Between Proprioception And Visual Experience In Near Space, Z. Li, Frank H. Durgin
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Proprioception of hand orientation (orientation production using the hand) is compared with manual matching of visual orientation (visual surface matching using the hand) in two experiments. In experiment 1, using self-selected arm postures, the proportions of wrist and elbow flexion spontaneously used to orient the pitch of the hand (20 and 80%, respectively) are relatively similar across both manual matching tasks and manual orientation production tasks for most participants. Proprioceptive error closely matched perceptual biases previously reported for visual orientation perception, suggesting calibration of proprioception to visual biases. A minority of participants, who attempted to use primarily wrist flexion while …
Constant Enough: On The Kinds Of Perceptual Constancy Worth Having, Frank H. Durgin, Anna Jane Ruff , '09, Robert Calverley Russell , '08
Constant Enough: On The Kinds Of Perceptual Constancy Worth Having, Frank H. Durgin, Anna Jane Ruff , '09, Robert Calverley Russell , '08
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This chapter argues that whereas perceptual experience is underconstant in one sense, it is virtually constant insofar as it is functionally stable and predictable. The possibility of distinguishing perception and cognition is explored in experiments on the perception of surface orientation. These experiments are related to the study of self-motion perception and space perception. An experiment comparing monocular and binocular perception of hills revealed perceptual differences, between-subjects, that were masked in within-subject comparisons by metacognitive strategies. A second experiment found that participants wearing heavy backpacks gave (cognitively) elevated slope estimates only because of experimental demands not physical ones. Perceptual experience …
Can Consumers Be Wise? Aristotle Speaks To The 21st Century, Barry Schwartz, D. G. Mick
Can Consumers Be Wise? Aristotle Speaks To The 21st Century, Barry Schwartz, D. G. Mick
Psychology Faculty Works
No abstract provided.
Gender And Culture In Psychology: Theories And Practices, E. Magnusson, Jeanne Marecek
Gender And Culture In Psychology: Theories And Practices, E. Magnusson, Jeanne Marecek
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Gender and Culture in Psychology introduces new approaches to the psychological study of gender that bring together feminist psychology, socio-cultural psychology, discursive psychology and critical psychology. It presents research and theory that embed human action in social, cultural and interpersonal contexts. The book provides conceptual tools for thinking about gender, social categorization, human meaning-making, and culture. It also describes a family of interpretative research methods that focus on rich talk and everyday life. It provides a close-in view of how interpretative research proceeds. The latter part of the book showcases innovative projects that investigate topics of concern to feminist scholars …
Distinguishing Speed From Accuracy In Scalar Implicatures, L. Bott, T. M. Bailey, Daniel J. Grodner
Distinguishing Speed From Accuracy In Scalar Implicatures, L. Bott, T. M. Bailey, Daniel J. Grodner
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Scalar implicatures are inferences that arise when a weak expression is used instead of a stronger alternative. For example, when a speaker says, “Some of the children are in the classroom,” she often implies that not all of them are. Recent processing studies of scalar implicatures have argued that generating an implicature carries a cost. In this study we investigated this cost using a sentence verification task similar to that of Bott and Noveck (2004) combined with a response deadline procedure to estimate speed and accuracy independently. Experiment 1 compared implicit upper-bound interpretations (some [but not all]) with lower-bound interpretations …
Crowding Out Morality: How The Ideology Of Self-Interest Can Be Self-Fulfilling, Barry Schwartz
Crowding Out Morality: How The Ideology Of Self-Interest Can Be Self-Fulfilling, Barry Schwartz
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No abstract provided.
Spatial Biases And The Haptic Experience Of Surface Orientation, Frank H. Durgin, Z. Li
Spatial Biases And The Haptic Experience Of Surface Orientation, Frank H. Durgin, Z. Li
Psychology Faculty Works
No abstract provided.