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Articles 361 - 386 of 386
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Mother-Daughter Olfaction Identification, Linda N. Johnson
Mother-Daughter Olfaction Identification, Linda N. Johnson
Modern Psychological Studies
Research was undertaken to see if it is possible for females to identify their mother or daughter by olfactory cues alone. Twenty-two females, 11 daughters and 11 mothers, participated in the experiment. Mothers ranged in age from 37 to 46 and daughters ranged in age from 11 to 21. Each subject was blindfolded and asked to smell (hairline level) the necks of two different individuals. The individuals consisted of one relative (a mother or a daughter) and one control subject. Each subject, of course, was asked to identify her relative. Seventeen of the 22 subjects correctly identified her relative (p < .01, 2-tailed binomial test). A second experiment was administered to determine if subjects could correctly distinguish between cotton pads that had been placed, for the duration of experiment one, under the arm of another subject and under that of a relative. Fifteen of the 22 subjects correctly identified the cotton pad of their relative, (p <.05, 2-tailed binomial test). The null hypothesis that there would not be a statistically significant difference in the number of females able to recognize their mother or daughter and those who could not was rejected.
Female Managers: Their Struggle At Work And In The Home, Beth A. Mull
Female Managers: Their Struggle At Work And In The Home, Beth A. Mull
Modern Psychological Studies
The struggles that female managers face at work and in the home are reviewed. Research suggests that sex role stereotypes, discrimination, lack of mentors, and tokenism contribute to the "glass ceiling effect." Studies on the struggle in the home focus on female managers' role conflict and role overload as they juggle home and employment responsibilities. Spousal influences are also noted in their amount of contribution to child and household duties, their attitudes of career precedence, and their earning power as compared to their wives. Consequences of the female manager's struggle are noted, including lower pay, lack of upward influence, "fear …
Eyewitness Credibility As A Function Of Grammatical Usage And Presentation Medium, Gregory P. Shelley
Eyewitness Credibility As A Function Of Grammatical Usage And Presentation Medium, Gregory P. Shelley
Modern Psychological Studies
The present study investigated the perceived credibility of an eyewitness as a function of the grammar he uses on the stand, as well as the way in which his testimony is presented (written or videotaped format) to mock jurors. Fifty students, 19 males and 31 females, from Kutztown University participated in the study. Ages of the subjects ranged from 18 to 42 with a mean age of 21.94. Subjects were asked to read an exchange of dialogue between two lawyers, a defendant, and a plaintiff. Dialogue was taken, in part, from Levy (1950). Subjects either read or watched a videotape …
Children's Understanding Of Intentions, Emotions, And Intention-Emotion Relationships, Kathleen Grace Haver, Elaine M. Justice
Children's Understanding Of Intentions, Emotions, And Intention-Emotion Relationships, Kathleen Grace Haver, Elaine M. Justice
Modern Psychological Studies
This study examined children's understanding of the role of intentionality in social interactions. Four, six, and eight year olds were read stories, illustrated with simple pictures, depicting accidental or deliberate actions. The study used a forced choice paradigm that asked children to indicate which of two pictures showed (1) an intentional (or unintentional) act and (2) a situation in which the victim would be sad (or mad). Six and eight year olds, but not Four year olds, correctly identified deliberate actions at above chance levels. Eight year olds identified accidental actions and situations in which the victim would be mad …
The Effects Of Education On Homophobic Attitudes In College Students, Janell Horton, Mark Senffner, K. Schiffner, E. Riveria, Judith G. Foy
The Effects Of Education On Homophobic Attitudes In College Students, Janell Horton, Mark Senffner, K. Schiffner, E. Riveria, Judith G. Foy
Modern Psychological Studies
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether attitudes towards homosexuals could be modified by education from a biological or moral/religious perspective. Sixty-eight male and fifty-seven female volunteers from a mid-sized Catholic liberal arts university were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group viewed a video discussing homosexuality from a biological perspective. The second group viewed a video discussing homosexuality from a moral/religious perspective. The subject's attitudes towards homosexuality were measured with a modified version of Smith's "Homophobic Scale" (Lumby, 1976) immediately after viewing the video. A two-way (video x gender) ANOVA revealed significant main effects of video …
The Relationship Amond Self-, Teachers', And Peers' Perceptions Of Competence For Children With Severe Behavior Disorders, Anna Marie Stewart, David S. Glenwick
The Relationship Amond Self-, Teachers', And Peers' Perceptions Of Competence For Children With Severe Behavior Disorders, Anna Marie Stewart, David S. Glenwick
Modern Psychological Studies
This study investigated the feasibility of Harter's multidomain perceived self-competence scales with children evidencing severe behavior disorders. Subjects were 46 children in a psychoeducational day treatment program. The younger group (n=29), ages 5--7 years, was administered Harter's Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children. The older group (g=17), ages 8--9 years, was administered Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Children. Additionally, the children rated their peers on a peer rating scale, and their teachers rated the children's competence using Harter's teacher rating scales. The resulting pattern of correlations among self-, teachers', and peers' ratings, and ttests comparing self- …
Worry And The Inhibition Of Emotionally Valanced Stimuli In A Directed Forgetting Paradigm, T. Michelle Brown, Rich Metzger, Carol Bilbrey
Worry And The Inhibition Of Emotionally Valanced Stimuli In A Directed Forgetting Paradigm, T. Michelle Brown, Rich Metzger, Carol Bilbrey
Modern Psychological Studies
There is considerable evidence in support of an attentional bias among clinically anxious individuals for threatening stimuli. However, a similar bias is not usually found in non-clinical anxious individuals and neither population has tended to show a response bias for mood-congruent information. We proposed that the measurement of anxiety in normals has previously been flawed due to questionnaires which do not accurately select pathological worry, the cognitive component of anxiety. First, we administered the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and selected only those with the most extreme high and low scores. At the time of testing, these subjects were given a …
Perceptions Of Date Rape On A College Campus, Donita A. Phipps, Christine M. Szekeres
Perceptions Of Date Rape On A College Campus, Donita A. Phipps, Christine M. Szekeres
Modern Psychological Studies
The occurrences and attitudes about date rape were surveyed at a small Midwestern college campus. They were measured through a vignette in which a date rape occurred, and a survey which contained demographic questions, true/false and Likert scale items. The Likert items were divided into three types: 1) nine questions a date rapist would strongly agree with (male initiator items); 2) nine questions someone sophisticated about rape would strongly agree with (egalitarian items); and 3) three neutral questions (bystander items). From these items a male-initiator and egalitarian score was derived for each S. T-test results indicate that male Ss had …
Effects Of Juror And Expert Witness Gender On Jurors' Perceptions Of An Expert Witness, Lynelle Vondergeest, Charles R. Honts, Mary K. Devitt
Effects Of Juror And Expert Witness Gender On Jurors' Perceptions Of An Expert Witness, Lynelle Vondergeest, Charles R. Honts, Mary K. Devitt
Modern Psychological Studies
This study examined the effects of juror and expert witness gender on jurors' perceptions of an expert witness. Undergraduate psychology students completed the Bern Sex Role Inventory and then read an edited trial transcript of an armed robbery case. The trial transcript contained expert testimony from a polygraph examiner. In half of the transcripts the expert was male and in the other half the expert was female. Subjects were then asked to render a verdict and answer questions about their perceptions of the witnesses and the trial. No significant effects were found in either the verdicts or the questionnaire responses …
Birth, Death, And Recreation: An Archetypical Interpretation Of Mary Shelley's Waking Vision, Irish-Ann Burch
Birth, Death, And Recreation: An Archetypical Interpretation Of Mary Shelley's Waking Vision, Irish-Ann Burch
Modern Psychological Studies
Mary Shelly, the author of Frankenstein (Shelley, 1831), experienced a waking vision, leading to the creation of Frankenstein. Using Jungian theory, the characters in Frankenstein can be understood as projections of Mary's repressed feelings. These projections occurred because of Mary's strong identification with the mother archetype, consisting of 1) the maternal element and 2) the Eros. Mary had a hypertrophy (exaggerated identification) of the maternal element and a strong identification with the Eros, due to the early death of her mother and the later deaths of her three children. These events combined to produce Mary's unique personality development and her …
Personality Factors Related To Sobriety For Participants In Alcoholics Anonymous, Harold L. Goodearle, Colleen Hester
Personality Factors Related To Sobriety For Participants In Alcoholics Anonymous, Harold L. Goodearle, Colleen Hester
Modern Psychological Studies
The effects of extraversion introversion (E-I), locus of control (LC), and attitudes towards a "Power greater than ourselves" (PGO) on number of relapse episodes, number of times in treatment, and length of sobriety were explored. Volunteers from local Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) groups (n=72) and two inpatient treatment centers (n=52) completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory, the Rotter Locus of Control measure, a questionnaire designed by the author to assess attitudes concerning the concept adopted by A.A. of a PGO, and a brief self report survey. Results of the multiple regression analyses exploring the effects of E-I, LC, and PGO indicated the …
The Presence Of Gender Biases And Sex-Role Stereotypres In Animated Children's Movies, Tracey K. Wheatcraft
The Presence Of Gender Biases And Sex-Role Stereotypres In Animated Children's Movies, Tracey K. Wheatcraft
Modern Psychological Studies
This study explored the occurrences of gender biases and sex-role stereotypes in animated children's movies. The contents of thirteen movies were analyzed in this study, including both adventure and romance-based selections. Six of the movies featured female central characters and seven featured male central characters. The results of the study indicate that gender biases are present in the number of males and females portrayed (p < .01) as well as in the number of rescue behaviors exhibited by the characters (p < .01). Stereotypical differences in masculine and feminine personality characteristics were shown to be present, but not to a significant extent (p > .05).
The Effect Of Field Dependence And Target Type On Search Time, Joe Buissink
The Effect Of Field Dependence And Target Type On Search Time, Joe Buissink
Modern Psychological Studies
This study investigated search time as a function of field dependence and target type. Thirty-nine students were given the Gropp Embedded Figures Test (GEFT). Two female and two male students each were randomly selected from the first and fourth quartiles. These eight participants were given forty-five sets of background letters in which they were to locate either a specific number, a specific letter, or an any number target. The field independent participants located the embedded targets much more quickly than the field dependent participants. It was expected that the differences in scan times for target types would be significant, however, …
The Effects Of Modality And Stimilus Type On Memory For Frequency, Kelly Pritchard
The Effects Of Modality And Stimilus Type On Memory For Frequency, Kelly Pritchard
Modern Psychological Studies
The effect of presentation modality and stimulus type on memory for frequency was examined. In Experiment 1, forty undergraduate students viewed or handled 21 three-dimensional items. Items were either (a) geometric shapes, (b) nonsense objects, or (c) familiar items and occurred either 2, 4, or 6 times, creating a randomly ordered list of 72 items. Subjects were tested in the same modality on their memory for frequency of those items. Subjects were able to distinguish between items which occurred less frequently versus those which occurred more often. The average frequency estimates for nonsense and familiar items were closest to the …
Subliminal Perception And The Stroop Effect, Sandra Harvey, Shannon Keathley, Delinda Muniz, Ginger Tidmore
Subliminal Perception And The Stroop Effect, Sandra Harvey, Shannon Keathley, Delinda Muniz, Ginger Tidmore
Modern Psychological Studies
The Stroop effect and subliminal perception are two phenomena which have been studied for years. However, the potential relation between the two has not been conclusively explored. This experiment was designed to demonstrate that a relationship between the two may exist. The procedure consisted of subliminally presenting the name of a color written in black letters simultaneously with a colored stimulus. The supraliminal colored stimulus and subliminal word stimulus were presented on a screen by use of a projector and a tachistoscope (t-scope) respectively. It was hypothesized that subliminal perception would create interference on the projected Stroop Test simulating a …
The Effect Of Victim Bias On Length Of Defendant Sentencing, Joanne Economou
The Effect Of Victim Bias On Length Of Defendant Sentencing, Joanne Economou
Modern Psychological Studies
This research examined the effects of victim bias on the determination of the length of prison sentence given to perpetrators convicted of assault and battery. Three victim characteristics (gender, race, and sexual orientation) were targeted to determine whether they would evoke discrimination in sentencing. Forty subjects were asked to read nine brief crime scenarios and impose prison sentences on the convicted perpetrators of each of the crimes. Three target scenarios were intermixed within the nine crime scenarios. They depicted the crimes of assault and battery of a victim who was either black or white or homosexual. The targeted scenarios were …
The Interaction Of Source And Post-Event Misinformation On The Accuracy Of Eyewitness Testimony, Dirk Dickens, Alice Ishigame, David Subacz, Stephanie Sponsel, Matthew Strader, Judith Foy
The Interaction Of Source And Post-Event Misinformation On The Accuracy Of Eyewitness Testimony, Dirk Dickens, Alice Ishigame, David Subacz, Stephanie Sponsel, Matthew Strader, Judith Foy
Modern Psychological Studies
The recall of an event such as a robbery has been shown to be affected by how closely post-event information corresponds to what the witness actually saw. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the effect of misleading information may be influenced by expertise of the source of the post-event information. Results revealed that subjects recalled less accurately when they received misleading information in the narrative than when the information corresponded with what they had viewed, whereas the accuracy of the recall was unaffected by whether the witness in the narrative was an expert or a non-expert. Subjects …
A Comparison Of Non-Verbal God Concept In United Methodists, Jill Kasserman, Jennifer L. Johnson
A Comparison Of Non-Verbal God Concept In United Methodists, Jill Kasserman, Jennifer L. Johnson
Modern Psychological Studies
The goal of this project was to examine how a person's perception of God changes as a function of age within a Piagetian framework. After 88 United Methodist Sunday School attenders drew a picture of God, the drawings were analyzed in terms of the themes they communicated and the effort put forth. It has been concluded that the subjects did not stay entirely within the Piagetian framework. Furthermore, differences were evident between the United Methodist's perceptions and those of the Free Methodists and Wesleyans in that the United Methodists failed to draw pictures with strong Biblical themes, or abstract ideas.
Event Frequency Estimations For Non-Semantic Items, Max Ingersoll
Event Frequency Estimations For Non-Semantic Items, Max Ingersoll
Modern Psychological Studies
In order to further clarify the roles of labeling and semantic processing in event frequency encoding, fifty-six undergraduate students were tested on their memory for frequency of sounds. One half of the subjects were presented with familiar sounds (i.e. a telephone ring or wind chimes) and the other half with single musical notes or tones. The use of tones was to defeat the attempts at semantic labeling of the stimuli. It was found that subjects in the familiar sounds condition displayed a significant ability at estimating event frequency. Subjects in the pure tones condition, however, displayed no such ability.
The Priming Effects Of Parental Divorce On Relationship Attitudes, Donna Wetzel, Faye D. Plascak-Craig
The Priming Effects Of Parental Divorce On Relationship Attitudes, Donna Wetzel, Faye D. Plascak-Craig
Modern Psychological Studies
Past findings frequently reported that children with divorced parents exhibit negative behaviors at some time following the divorce, however, data have not consistently demonstrated attitudinal effects. In this study, 70 college undergraduates, half with divorced parents and half with intact families, were administered an original survey for recording ratings of relationship attitudes and eight semantic differential scales. Although adult children of divorced parents rated their parents relationships less positively than did those from intact families, there were no differences by parental history in their relationship fears. There were semantic differences in ratings of five constructs (FAMILY, FATHER, MARRIAGE, PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP, …
Glucose, Exercise, And Short-Term Memory, Brenda Davidson, Cheryle Sanders, Gwendolyn K. Murdock
Glucose, Exercise, And Short-Term Memory, Brenda Davidson, Cheryle Sanders, Gwendolyn K. Murdock
Modern Psychological Studies
This investigation determined the short-term memory effects of glucose and exercise. It was hypothesized that (a) glucose enhances short-term memory and (b) intense exercise diminishes short-term memory. Subjects were middle-aged volunteers who regularly exercise. Two within-subjects variables were (a) glucose vs. no-glucose, and (b) before- vs. after exercise. A between-subjects variable was no-glucose beverage type: aspartame, saccharin, or water. Performance on Subtest IV of the Wechsler Memory Scale was the dependent variable. A glucose by exercise interaction suggested an influence of fitness level. In a second experiment, short-term memory was assessed before, and at 20-min. intervals after exercise. Weight and …
The Role Of Hair Color In The Perception Of Attractiveness, Pamela R. Hinney
The Role Of Hair Color In The Perception Of Attractiveness, Pamela R. Hinney
Modern Psychological Studies
The concept of attractiveness pervades every aspect of society in the United States. Attractiveness is used to manipulate decisions, desires, and even needs; in turn, society allows itself to be manipulated by the same concept of attractiveness. This study was designed to determine if hair color plays a role in the perception of attractiveness. A questionnaire was administered to 36 West Virginia State College students. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to the data and a significant difference was found among blonde, brunette, and red hair color categories: F (2,99) = 14.92 p< .05. The experimental hypothesis that hair color plays a role in the perception of attractiveness was supported.
Gender And Sterotyping In The United States And Spain, Suzanne Whitmore
Gender And Sterotyping In The United States And Spain, Suzanne Whitmore
Modern Psychological Studies
This study investigated sex-trait stereotypes across two nations, the United States and Spain. Past research by Williams & Best (1990) examined gender-stereotyping within the same countries with children, and a more recent study by Best & Williams (D. L. Best, personal communication, November 25, 1991) surveyed 100 students from each of 25 countries. Male characteristics were found to be more socially desirable than those identified as characteristic of women and were rated higher by both males and females. Although the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) has been widely used in the United States in measuring traits considered either masculine or …