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Articles 1 - 16 of 16
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Mood And Emotion Control: Some Thoughts On The State Of The Field, Dianne Tice, Harry Wallace
Mood And Emotion Control: Some Thoughts On The State Of The Field, Dianne Tice, Harry Wallace
Harry M. Wallace
The myriad perspectives and topics introduced by the authors and commentators in this issue highlight the complexities of the current state of affect regulation research. The viewpoints expressed were incredibly diverse yet relatively few of these viewpoints were contradictory or redundant. This demonstrates the fertility of affect regulation as a research area but it presents problems for authors facing the task of literature integration. The authors, as well as the commentators, differed in their methods, definitions, emphasis, perspective, and breadth of scope. This diversity of approaches reflects the current state of the field of affect regulation: There is no dominant …
The Need For Closure And The Need For Structure: Interrelationships, Correlates, And Outcomes, Christopher Leone, Harry Wallace, Kevin Modglin
The Need For Closure And The Need For Structure: Interrelationships, Correlates, And Outcomes, Christopher Leone, Harry Wallace, Kevin Modglin
Harry M. Wallace
In this study, the authors administered the Need for Closure Scale (A. W. Kruglanski, D. M. Webster, & A. Klem, 1993) and the Personal Need for Structure Scale (as cited in S. L. Neuberg & J. T. Newsom, 1993) to 2 samples of undergraduates, to assess the reliability and validity of these measures. Scores on both scales as well as their sub-scales were internally consistent. As was found in prior investigations, no sex differences were obtained in this study for scores on these 2 personality measures. Additionally, age of the respondents was independent of responses to the Need for Closure …
Psychological Skills Do Not Always Help Performance: The Moderating Role Of Narcissism, Ross Roberts, Tim Woodman, Lew Hardy, Louise Davis, Harry Wallace
Psychological Skills Do Not Always Help Performance: The Moderating Role Of Narcissism, Ross Roberts, Tim Woodman, Lew Hardy, Louise Davis, Harry Wallace
Harry M. Wallace
Psychological skills are typically viewed as beneficial to performance in competition. Conversely, narcissists appear to thrive in competitive environments so should not need psychological skills to the same degree as less narcissistic individuals. To investigate this moderating hypothesis high-standard ice-skaters completed measures of narcissism, psychological skills, and anxiety before performing their competition routine during training. A week later, participants performed the same routine in competition. Performance was operationalized as the difference between competition and training scores. Moderated regression analyses revealed that narcissism moderated the relationship between psychological skills and performance. Psychological skill effectiveness depends on an individual's degree of narcissism.
Spontaneous Gender-Stereotypical Categorization Of Trait Labels And Job Labels, Jerzy Karylowski, Michael Motes, Harry Wallace, Heather Harckom, Eric Hewlett, Stacy Maclean, John Parretta, Cherin Vaswani
Spontaneous Gender-Stereotypical Categorization Of Trait Labels And Job Labels, Jerzy Karylowski, Michael Motes, Harry Wallace, Heather Harckom, Eric Hewlett, Stacy Maclean, John Parretta, Cherin Vaswani
Harry M. Wallace
Do people spontaneously categorize stereotypically masculine and stereotypically feminine trait and job labels according to gender even when the task at hand has nothing to do with gender? The present experiment provided a methodologically stringent test of such spontaneous gender-stereotypical categorization using a modification of a semantic priming task. Participants made name/no name judgments for targets that included nonsensical letter strings as well as male and female first names. Half of the first names in each gender category were selected to indicate members of participants’ own generation (Younger Generation names) and the other half were selected to indicate members of …
I Knew It All Along, Unless I Had To Work To Learn What I Know, Harry Wallace, Michelle Chang, Patrick Carroll, Jodi Grace
I Knew It All Along, Unless I Had To Work To Learn What I Know, Harry Wallace, Michelle Chang, Patrick Carroll, Jodi Grace
Harry M. Wallace
After receiving knowledge regarding some topic, people usually overestimate their prior topic knowledge. Two experiments investigated whether people would claim less prior knowledge if they worked to earn their present knowledge. In Study 1, students finishing a psychology course claimed less precourse psychology knowledge if they reported devoting more effort toward the course. In Study 2, the knew-it-all-along effect was stronger for participants who were simply given the answers to questions than for participants who studied for 20 minutes to learn the answers. Both cognitive and motivational factors can account for the observed effects of effort investment on retrospective knowledge …
The Influence Of Attitudes On Beliefs: Formation And Change, Kerry Marsh, Harry Wallace
The Influence Of Attitudes On Beliefs: Formation And Change, Kerry Marsh, Harry Wallace
Harry M. Wallace
No abstract provided.
The Reflected Self: Creating Yourself As (You Think) Others See You, Dianne Tice, Harry Wallace
The Reflected Self: Creating Yourself As (You Think) Others See You, Dianne Tice, Harry Wallace
Harry M. Wallace
No abstract provided.
The Performance Of Narcissists Rises And Falls With Perceived Opportunity For Glory, Harry Wallace, Roy Baumeister
The Performance Of Narcissists Rises And Falls With Perceived Opportunity For Glory, Harry Wallace, Roy Baumeister
Harry M. Wallace
Narcissists consider themselves to be exceptional performers, but past research has found no consistent relationship between narcissism and performance. The present research tested the hypothesis that the relationship between subclinical narcissism and performance is moderated by a motivational factor: perceived self-enhancement opportunity. Four experiments were conducted, each using different manipulations of self-enhancement opportunity and different performance tasks. In each study, narcissists performed better when self-enhancement opportunity was high rather than low. In contrast, the performance of participants with low narcissism was relatively unaffected by self-enhancement opportunity. Other findings suggested that narcissists' self-enhancement motivation stems more from a desire to garner …
Persistence, Dianne Tice, Harry Wallace, Andrew Harter
Persistence, Dianne Tice, Harry Wallace, Andrew Harter
Harry M. Wallace
Rockefeller’s story exemplifies persistence, an important human strength. He refused to quit when faced with disappointment and discouragement. He believed in himself when others did not, and his determination and positive mind-set allowed him to accomplish great things. Of course, perseverance does not guarantee success, but success is often unattainable without it. To achieve meaningful accomplishments, one must withstand setbacks. There are times when quitting is more prudent than persisting, but more often, it is the person who perseveres who is rewarded. In this chapter, we review psychological research on the predictors and consequences of human persistence.
Impact Of Situational Threat On The Behavioral Activation System, Paige Naylor, Kaileigh Byrne, Harry Wallace
Impact Of Situational Threat On The Behavioral Activation System, Paige Naylor, Kaileigh Byrne, Harry Wallace
Harry M. Wallace
Previous research has indicated that individuals respond differently to difficult tasks, depending on whether the situational factors surrounding the task make the individual perceive it as a challenge or a threat. Distinct response patterns between these two stress responses have been identified and vary based on an individual’s personality traits. In keeping with this research, the current study examined how performance pressure-induced threat impacts the relationship between trait approach motivation and prefrontal cortex activation utilizing a simple line bisection task. Participants completed line bisection tasks before and after performing a difficult motor skill task under pressure intended to provoke a …
Survival And Change In Judgments: A Model Of Activation And Comparison, Dolores Albarracin, Harry Wallace, Laura Glasman
Survival And Change In Judgments: A Model Of Activation And Comparison, Dolores Albarracin, Harry Wallace, Laura Glasman
Harry M. Wallace
A model of judgment maintenance and change is proposed that specifies the various processes that take place at the time of making a judgment on the basis of memory-based and online information. This model proposes that attitude maintenance and change depend on three processes: recalling a prior attitude, recalling or receiving other attitude-related information, and comparing the prior attitude with attitude-related information. Unlike prior models, the activation/comparison model assumes that all three processes can elicit attitude change and maintenance under different conditions. For instance, the mere activation of attitude-related information that is consistent with a prior attitude will favor stability, …
Coping And Ego Depletion: Recovery After The Coping Process, Roy Baumeister, Jon Faber, Harry Wallace
Coping And Ego Depletion: Recovery After The Coping Process, Roy Baumeister, Jon Faber, Harry Wallace
Harry M. Wallace
In this chapter, we combine a new approach to the self with a traditional, standard idea about coping in order to understand the coping process. The central idea is that many operations of the self involve the consumption of a limited resource. This resource is used in volition (e.g., choice, responsible decision-making, and active responses) and self-control. Stress makes severe demands on this resource, because people must engage in active responding and must regulate themselves so as to adapt to difficult circumstances. One major consequence of stress is that the resource becomes depleted. This will impair the person's functioning across …
Home-Field Advantage And Disadvantage, Harry Wallace
Home-Field Advantage And Disadvantage, Harry Wallace
Harry M. Wallace
The home-field advantage refers to the tendency for sports performers to win more often when competing at their home facility. Studies of professional, collegiate, and high school sports have consistently found that home performers defeat visiting performers in more than half of total games played. The aggregated winning percentages of home performers vary between sports and across eras, but they typically range from just above 50% to as high as 70%. Home-field advantage effects are common in team sports like baseball, basketball, and football as well as in individual sports such as tennis and wrestling.
Audience Support And Choking Under Pressure: A Home Disadvantage?, Harry Wallace, Roy Baumeister, Kathleen Vohs
Audience Support And Choking Under Pressure: A Home Disadvantage?, Harry Wallace, Roy Baumeister, Kathleen Vohs
Harry M. Wallace
This paper highlights the not-so-obvious but compelling reasons why the same supportive audiences that can help performers attain their highest potential also may increase performers' risk of choking under pressure. Drawing primarily from social psychology research and theory, we conclude that audience support magnifies performance pressure and induces performers to avoid failure rather than seek success during the most critical moments of performance contests. Although supportive audiences can inspire performers to excel when motivation would otherwise be lacking, audiences may also lead performers towards maladaptive self-monitoring and overcautiousness when the stakes are highest. The increased self-focus that supportive audiences induce …
Interpersonal Consequences Of Forgiveness: Does Forgiveness Deter Or Encourage Repeat Offenses?, Harry Wallace, Julie Exline, Roy Baumeister
Interpersonal Consequences Of Forgiveness: Does Forgiveness Deter Or Encourage Repeat Offenses?, Harry Wallace, Julie Exline, Roy Baumeister
Harry M. Wallace
Benefits of forgiveness have been well documented, but past research has not directly addressed the crucial question of whether forgiveness deters or invites repeat transgressions. Our research indicates that expressing forgiveness typically discourages future offenses. In Study 1, participants playing a form of the prisoner’s dilemma game were more likely to repeat their transgressions against unforgiving victims than forgiving victims, especially when victims had no chance to retaliate. In response to a hypothetical scenario presented in Study 2, participants reported that they would be less likely to risk offending someone for a second time if that person had forgiven their …
Conquest By Force: A Narcissistic Reactance Theory Of Rape And Sexual Coercion, Roy Baumeister, Kathleen Catanese, Harry Wallace
Conquest By Force: A Narcissistic Reactance Theory Of Rape And Sexual Coercion, Roy Baumeister, Kathleen Catanese, Harry Wallace
Harry M. Wallace
Men's efforts to force women to engage in unwanted sexual activity can be explained by a combination of reactance theory and narcissism. Reactance theory suggests that deprivation of specific sexual options will cause men to desire them more, to try to reclaim them by forcing sex and by aggressing against the woman who has refused them, and assorted findings support this analysis. Narcissism is proposed to moderate the link, especially because coercion is relatively rare in response to sexual refusals. Evidence about sexually coercive men supports the narcissism hypothesis, such as by showing self-serving cognitive distortions, an excessive concern with …