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Full-Text Articles in Geography
Is There A Future For Arrivecan At The Land Border?, Andrzej Jakubowski, Laurie D. Trautman
Is There A Future For Arrivecan At The Land Border?, Andrzej Jakubowski, Laurie D. Trautman
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led to the introduction of a number of restrictions as governments around the world sought to implement border management tools that could protect public health. One such example was the ArriveCAN app, introduced by the Government of Canada in November 2020. This advanced data submission tool aimed to reduce the spread of COVID-19 by ensuring arrivals were vaccinated and by facilitating contact tracing. This Border Policy Brief provides a summary of the nearly two-year use of ArriveCAN as a border management tool during the pandemic. We consider its impact on passenger flows through the …
Passenger Preclearance In The Pacific Northwest, Border Policy Research Institute
Passenger Preclearance In The Pacific Northwest, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
On March 16, 2015, the U.S. and Canada signed a Preclearance Agreement. The Agreement gives both countries the authority to implement passenger preclearance beyond the air mode (see sidebar) and expand to the land, rail, and marine modes of transportation. In addition, the Agreement enables Canada to request the U.S. to regularize existing U.S. immigration pre-inspection sites, namely at cruise, rail, and ferry terminals in British Columbia. This Border Policy Brief highlights rail and marine locations in the Pacific Northwest that will be affected by the Preclearance Agreement, and monetizes some of the benefits accrued to both travelers and operators …
Monetizing Some Benefits Of Participation In Nexus, Christopher Dingman, Daniel Edgel
Monetizing Some Benefits Of Participation In Nexus, Christopher Dingman, Daniel Edgel
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
There are many benefits of the NEXUS program, ranging from personal time savings to improved security. While monetizing those benefits is challenging, it is important to assess the value of NEXUS and provide information that can support further expansion of the program. This Border Brief quantifies certain individual economic benefits of membership in the NEXUS program using data from 2012 to 2014. We focus on the Peace Arch/Douglas crossing, where the traffic volume is high and a large percentage of travelers are enrolled in NEXUS.
A Business Case For Increasing Rfid At The Canada - Us Land Border, Border Policy Research Institute
A Business Case For Increasing Rfid At The Canada - Us Land Border, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
This business case presents results-to-date of ongoing work by the Whatcom Council of Governments (WCOG) and the Border Policy Research Institute (BPRI) to investigate the benefits and costs of significantly increasing the portion of cross-border traffic using radio frequency identification (RFID). Before reviewing the analysis, it is useful to review the current policy context as well as some details about travel documents and U.S.-Canada cross-border traffic operations.
Pilot Project: Using Rfid To Reduce Border Queues, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson
Pilot Project: Using Rfid To Reduce Border Queues, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
Since 9/11, about $500 million has been spent on border infrastructure in the Cascade Gateway region, including new port facilities, improvements to approaching highways, and deployments of technologies such as wait-time systems. Yet there frequently are queues in excess of 60 minutes for the many travelers who are not enrolled in NEXUS (a program that provides trusted travelers with access to a dedicated highway lane). While regional stakeholders know that queues would be far worse in the absence of past investments, efforts are continually underway to improve border mobility. Greater usage of RFID-enabled documents is a proven method of bolstering …
The Pre-Inspection Pilot Test At Blaine: Field Data, Border Policy Research Institute
The Pre-Inspection Pilot Test At Blaine: Field Data, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
The Beyond the Border Action Plan called for USCBP to implement “a truck cargo facilitation pilot project in at least one location in Canada,” and agencies settled upon a twophase approach, as described in the left sidebar. USCBP invited our institute to gather field data in Blaine during the phase 1 pilot.
Is Rfid The Answer To Resurgent Border Traffic?, Border Policy Research Institute
Is Rfid The Answer To Resurgent Border Traffic?, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
With respect to cross-border passenger travel at Blaine, Washington (the I-5 corridor), two things were evident in the aftermath of 9/11—the volume of travel dropped dramatically, and the at-booth inspection process became more time-consuming. The combined effect was that wait-times remained roughly comparable to what existed pre-9/11, despite traffic volumes that were 25 percent lower. The constant worry, though, was “How will we cope when traffic volumes climb?” For eight years regional stakeholders pursued initiatives intended to reduce wait-times, even as traffic volumes languished at an average volume of about 215,000 cars per month. The tail end of that eight-year …
The "Beyond The Border" Dialogue At Age One: Policy And Political Implications For The Pacific Northwest, Border Policy Research Institute
The "Beyond The Border" Dialogue At Age One: Policy And Political Implications For The Pacific Northwest, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
On February 4, 2011, President Obama and Prime Minister Harper issued the "Beyond the Border" (BTB) Declaration, announcing a new initiative regarding management of the Canada – US border. The Declaration contemplated the creation of an Action Plan, which was released on December 7, 2011. The goal of this seminar was to examine the Action Plan and assess its implications and impact on Canada-US border management going forward.
Regional Freight Capacity Management: Free And Secure Trade (Fast) Program Optimization At The Pacific Highway, Northbound Crossing, Mark (Mark Christopher) Springer
Regional Freight Capacity Management: Free And Secure Trade (Fast) Program Optimization At The Pacific Highway, Northbound Crossing, Mark (Mark Christopher) Springer
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
This study is the latest in a series of studies examining issues with and possible enhancements to the FAST program at the Pacific Highway Crossing (PHC) in Blaine, WA. The FAST, or Free and Secure Trade program (USCBP, 2005), was designed to increase the security of commercial freight crossing the Canada – U.S. border. To qualify for FAST, carriers, drivers, and shippers are required to follow certain security procedures which aim to enhance the safety and security of supply chains. In the "model" configuration, FAST-qualified trucks are then allowed to use a dedicated approach lane and inspection booth, thus minimizing …
Testing A Reconfiguration Of Fast At The Blaine Poe, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson
Testing A Reconfiguration Of Fast At The Blaine Poe, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
In prior articles we have described problems with efficacy of the Free and Secure Trade (FAST) trusted-shipper program at the Blaine, Washington, port-of-entry (POE). At Blaine, state and provincial transportation agencies invested in the construction of highway lanes dedicated to FAST trucks, but there has been relatively light usage of those lanes. In a 2009 field study we found that 23 percent of southbound trucks and just 2 percent of northbound trucks used the FAST lanes. Of the southbound FAST traffic, 73 percent of the trucks were empty. Southbound, the FAST lane seems primarily to be a rapid path by …
Eliminating The Fast Lane At The Pacific Highway Crossing: Results Of A Pilot Project, Mark (Mark Christopher) Springer
Eliminating The Fast Lane At The Pacific Highway Crossing: Results Of A Pilot Project, Mark (Mark Christopher) Springer
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
A 2010 study of the Southbound Pacific Highway Crossing (PHC) focused on alternative configurations for an under-utilized approach lane and inspection booth (Springer, 2010). At the time of the study, both the lane and the booth were restricted to enrollees in the FAST, or Free and Secure Trade, program (USCBP, 2005). The FAST program was designed to encourage members of the trucking industry to increase freight security by rewarding qualifying participants with shorter travel times. To qualify for FAST, carriers, drivers, and shippers are required to follow certain security procedures which enhance the safety and security of the border. Trucks …
Seminar Proceedings: Perimeter Security And The Beyond The Border Dialogue: Perspectives From The Pnw-Western Canada Region: Special Report, Border Policy Research Institute
Seminar Proceedings: Perimeter Security And The Beyond The Border Dialogue: Perspectives From The Pnw-Western Canada Region: Special Report, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
The Harper-Obama Washington Declaration of February 4, 2011 stated: "to preserve and extend the benefits our close relationship has helped bring Canadians and Americans alike, we intend to pursue a perimeter approach to security, working together within, at, and away from the borders of our two countries to enhance our security and accelerate the legitimate flow of people, goods, and services between our two countries." As of June, 2011, there were no details on what "perimeter security" might look like. What was clear is that whatever form it takes will likely depend on the Ottawa and Washington, DC intergovernmental Beyond …
2011 Pacific Highway Southbound Fast Lane Study: Final Report, Border Policy Research Institute
2011 Pacific Highway Southbound Fast Lane Study: Final Report, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
In the spring of 2011, a pilot test was conducted at the U.S. commercial port of entry (POE) at Blaine, Washington. The test was designed to determine whether a reconfiguration of operations at the POE would lead to improved southbound freight mobility. This report documents the methods and results of the pilot test.
Eliminating The Fast Lane At The Pacific Highway Crossing: A Simulation Analysis, Mark (Mark Christopher) Springer
Eliminating The Fast Lane At The Pacific Highway Crossing: A Simulation Analysis, Mark (Mark Christopher) Springer
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
A recent study by Springer (2011) analyzed the results of a 2011 pilot project at the Southbound Pacific Highway Crossing (PHC) for commercial freight traffic. The goal of the study was to gauge the impact of opening the FAST booth, which was restricted to enrollees in the FAST, or Free and Secure Trade program (USCBP, 2005), to general purpose (GP) commercial freight traffic. To qualify for FAST, carriers, drivers, and shippers are required to follow certain security procedures which enhance the safety and security of the border. Trucks enrolled in FAST were then allowed to use the dedicated lane and …
Regional Freight Capacity Management: Free And Secure Trade (Fast) Program Optimization At The Pacific Highway, Southbound Crossing, Mark (Mark Christopher) Springer
Regional Freight Capacity Management: Free And Secure Trade (Fast) Program Optimization At The Pacific Highway, Southbound Crossing, Mark (Mark Christopher) Springer
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
In the spring of 2011, a pilot project at the southbound Pacific Highway Crossing (PHC) tested the impact of opening the previously restricted FAST lane at the PHC to all commercial freight traffic. The FAST, or Free and Secure Trade program (USCBP, 2005), was designed to increase the security of southbound commercial freight into the United States. To qualify for FAST, carriers, drivers, and shippers are required to follow certain security procedures which aim to enhance the safety and security of the border. Trucks enrolled in FAST are then allowed to use the dedicated lane and inspection booth at the …
Proceedings: Seminar On Canada-Us Border Management Policy Issues April 12, 2010, Border Policy Research Institute
Proceedings: Seminar On Canada-Us Border Management Policy Issues April 12, 2010, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
Much has been said and written in recent years about the need to develop effective border policies that integrate trade and security. Though the problem of expediting cross border commerce and travel pre-dates 9/11, it has taken on a new urgency because of concerns that a more robust North American security paradigm increases the costs of trade and therefore imperils North American competitiveness. These concerns have become especially prominent in the aftermath of the 2008 recession.
Whti, The Recession, And Cross-Border Travel, Border Policy Research Institute
Whti, The Recession, And Cross-Border Travel, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
A year has passed since final implementation of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI, the so-called passport law), and almost two years have passed since the economic “meltdown” of late 2008. Each of these events would be expected to have an impact on cross-border travel. This article looks at recent cross-border travel trends, seeking to understand the impacts attributable to the two events. While our usual focus is the Canada – US border, trends at the Mexico – US border are also examined here, as the two borders have exhibited differing patterns in recent years, and the differences are instructive.
How Dhs Might Address The Mission Of Trade Facilitation, Border Policy Research Institute
How Dhs Might Address The Mission Of Trade Facilitation, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
In the post-9/11 era, businesses engaged in cross-border commerce have persistently said that “security has trumped trade” to an extent that is damaging to our integrated North American economy. This refrain has grown louder in the aftermath of the deep economic recession that began two years ago. Recent reports from academia, think-tanks, and the private sector have urgently called for new efforts to facilitate crossborder trade in order to preserve our competitiveness within the global economy, and thus preserve our way of life.
'Breaking Points,' But No 'Broken' Border: Stakeholders Evaluate Border Issues In The Pacific Northwest Region, Victor A. Konrad
'Breaking Points,' But No 'Broken' Border: Stakeholders Evaluate Border Issues In The Pacific Northwest Region, Victor A. Konrad
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
At the beginning of the 21st century, as global flows emanate from North America and from all around the world to stream across our continent in every direction, the enhanced border between Canada and the United States of America appears strangely enigmatic. Due to the immense pressure on the one hand to step up security, and the almost equally strong imperative on the other to expedite crossing, the border has been re-invented to enable the rapid crossing of some goods and services, and some people (Konrad and Nicol, 2008; Brunet-Jailly, 2007).
Additional Powers Of Search And Seizure At And Near The Border, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson, Gina Kim
Additional Powers Of Search And Seizure At And Near The Border, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson, Gina Kim
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
In normal practice, the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution requires individualized suspicion together with procurement of a warrant prior to a government search and/or seizure. Federal courts have recognized some exceptions, however, with the most common one pertaining at the nation’s borders, where most stops and searches are exempt from the usual requirements. That exception is justified by the understanding that a sovereign nation has the power to control who and what comes within its borders. This article describes practices related to searches and seizures at and near the border. A lengthy discussion of U.S. practices is followed by …
United States And Canadian Citizens' Perceptions Of Border Security: The Influence Of Emotional Reactions, James F. (James Freeman) Faucet
United States And Canadian Citizens' Perceptions Of Border Security: The Influence Of Emotional Reactions, James F. (James Freeman) Faucet
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
Efforts to bolster support of border policy are dependent on an understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying perception of border management. Hazard-focused emotional reactions of fear and anger and the management-focused emotion of trust have been shown to influence risk perception. To determine the generality of these findings, the current study sampled United States and Canadian citizens living near the Northwest Washington / Southwest British Columbia border. Emotional reactions were shown to effect perception of border management across knowledge levels and country of residence. U.S. citizens reported higher levels of fear, anger, and worry about border security compared to Canadian …
Special Report: Trade And Travel Patterns At The Canada-Us Border: Policy Implications, Border Policy Research Institute
Special Report: Trade And Travel Patterns At The Canada-Us Border: Policy Implications, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
The Border Policy Research Institute (BPRI) was established in 2005 in order to examine processes and policies related to the Canada – U.S. border. The motivating factor was widespread awareness that the border was impacting commerce and society to an increased extent in the post-9/11 era. The BPRI has sought to understand and analyze border-related processes, to explain policy implications, and to assist in the development of new policy. The body of research we have undertaken since 2005 has pointed to significant problems in the efficient and secure management of cross-border flows of trade and travel.
Issues With Efficacy Of Fast At The Cascade Gateway, Border Policy Research Institute
Issues With Efficacy Of Fast At The Cascade Gateway, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
This article uses recently collected data to examine issues related to the efficacy of the FAST program at the Cascade Gateway. The data was collected by the Border Policy Research Institute (BPRI) in collaboration with the Whatcom Council of Governments (WCOG), a planning entity located in Bellingham, WA. WCOG facilitates the International Mobility and Trade Corridor (IMTC) project, which is a binational forum that seeks to improve mobility through the Cascade Gateway (i.e., the four ports-of-entry that collectively serve the I-5 corridor).
Bilateral Cooperation And Bounded Sovereignty In Counter-Terrorism Efforts, Bidisha Biswas
Bilateral Cooperation And Bounded Sovereignty In Counter-Terrorism Efforts, Bidisha Biswas
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
The ‘Global War on Terror,’ led by the United States, emphasizes the role of international alliances in tackling terrorist threats. By their very nature, international counterterrorism efforts challenge state sovereignty by requiring changes to both foreign and domestic policies. This, in turn, creates complex sovereignty issues and raises some interesting questions for closer examination. How has cooperation in counterterrorism altered the perceptions and behavior of allies of the United States? Has the post-9/11 security environment constrained the sovereignty of other nations? This paper will analyze Canada’s cooperation with the US in order to explore these questions. The study argues that …
Initiating An Investigation Of The Border's Performance, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson, Stacia Dreyer, Bryant Hammond
Initiating An Investigation Of The Border's Performance, David L. (David Lindsay) Davidson, Stacia Dreyer, Bryant Hammond
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
In recent months, two distinct projects designed to gauge the performance of the Canada – US border have been initiated. The University at Buffalo Regional Institute (UBRI) proposed the development of a “Border Barometer,” which is anticipated to be a set of metrics replicable along the breadth of the 49th parallel. UBRI is our partner in a new consortium that performs border-related research—the Northern Border University Research Consortium (NBURC)—and courtesy of a grant from the Canadian government, the NBURC is launching the Border Barometer project.
The Economic Impact Of Whti In Washington State (Revisited), Border Policy Research Institute
The Economic Impact Of Whti In Washington State (Revisited), Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
Two years ago this month, the inaugural edition of the Border Policy Brief discussed the expected impact of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) upon the state of Washington. New analyses and data have become available since then, so in this issue we revisit the topic. WHTI, commonly referred to as the “passport law,” imposes new documentation requirements that could affect the volume of cross-border travel.
Governing Through Risk At The Canada/Us Border: Liberty, Security, Technology, Benjamin J. Muller
Governing Through Risk At The Canada/Us Border: Liberty, Security, Technology, Benjamin J. Muller
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
The border is not where it is supposed to be; the border is getting thicker; the border “needs a fix.” These are just a few of the sentiments one encounters with shocking regularity when discussing the Canada/US border in the Pacific Northwest, known as the Cascade Gateway, or sometimes referred to as “Cascadia”. Generally unsolicited, these comments and many others are often vain attempts to encapsulate the recent changes to this border, particularly in the post-9/11 epoch.
Border-Crossing Documentation, Border Policy Research Institute
Border-Crossing Documentation, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
This article discusses issues involved with the design and development of an ID card that could serve both as a driving license and as a border-crossing document acceptable for transit of the Canada – U.S. land border. This topic is of interest because of two recent U.S. federal laws. One law, known as the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI), changed the documentation requirements applicable to travelers entering the U.S. via the land borders. Whereas driving licenses have in the past been sufficient ID for some travelers, by June 2009 each traveler must carry either a passport or an alternative document …
Canada-Us Information Sharing And The Case Of Maher Arar, Bidisha Biswas
Canada-Us Information Sharing And The Case Of Maher Arar, Bidisha Biswas
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
This article discusses the controversy related to the detention and rendition by US authorities of Maher Arar, a Canadian citizen. The Arar case is particularly significant because of the intense publicity, debate, and mobilization that it has engendered in Canada. This case illustrates problems posed by the expectations and practices of information sharing in Canada – US security cooperation.
Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative, Border Policy Research Institute
Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative, Border Policy Research Institute
Border Policy Research Institute Publications
On January 1, 2008, U.S. legislation known as the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) will become effective at land ports-of-entry on the Canadian border. On that date, all persons entering the U.S. must possess either a passport or another federally-approved form of secure documentation, whereas at present, Canadian and American citizens crossing into the U.S. are able to rely upon documents such as a driver’s license and birth certificate.