Income Distribution Commons^™

Horizontal Economic Inequality And Mass Atrocity Risk: A Large-Sample Empirical Inquiry, Charles H. Anderton, Roxane A. Anderton

Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal

Our research question is: Does inter-group horizontal economic inequality elevate state-perpetrated mass atrocity risk? Theoretical perspectives in genocide studies show how economic and other forms of discrimination against ethnic or religious groups can elevate the risk of government violence against them. Among the approximately five dozen large-sample empirical studies of mass atrocity risk, only a few consider the effects of economic discrimination. Moreover, no large-sample empirical studies, to the best of our knowledge, test hypotheses related to how inter-group horizontal economic inequalities (as distinct from vertical economic inequalities based on GINI coefficients or quantile income or wealth measures) affect mass …

Gender Wage Gap And Commuting Time: An Empirical Analysis In The Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Thiraffi Akhsananta Abdillah, Ariska Nurfajar Rini, Okki Alfianto

Jurnal Ekonomi Kependudukan dan Keluarga

This study aims to analyze the role of commuting time in explaining the gender wage gap in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area. This study presents an analysis of the gender wage gap as well as its explained and unexplained components using the Blinder-Oaxaca method with data provided by 2019 Jakarta Metropolitan Area Commuter Survey. The addition of commuting time as one of the explanatory factors is a novel aspect of the analysis. Two different methods known as ordinary least squares and the Heckman selection model are used to estimate wage equality for men and women. Depending on the methodology, estimates of …

Union, John C. Lyden

Journal of Religion & Film

This is a film review of Union (2024), directed by Stephen Maing and Brett Story.

An Analysis Of Poverty Convergence: Evidence From Pennsylvania Counties, Angel Alcantara, Stephanie M. Brewer, James J. Jozefowicz

The Journal of Economics and Politics

This paper extends applications of unconditional and conditional β-convergence and σ-convergence analysis to poverty rates in a panel data sample of Pennsylvania counties during the period 1990-2019. Spatial structural breaks between rural and urban counties in Pennsylvania plus the possibility that Philadelphia County is an outlier are acknowledged to avoid spurious inferences. The findings support the existence of unconditional β-convergence in the pooled, urban, and rural samples with non-metropolitan areas exhibiting the greatest convergence. However, the largest conditional β-convergence is observed for urban counties, and this outcome is robust to the exclusion of Philadelphia County. Graphical evidence evinces a greater …

Explaining The Proliferation Of U.S. Billionaires During The Neoliberal Period, Rob Piper

Class, Race and Corporate Power

This article explains the proliferation of U.S. billionaire wealth during the neoliberal period (1980 to the present). Using the work of scholars, investigative journalists, and government researchers, it examines descriptive evidence from the past forty years of the economic, social, and political trends associated with the capital accumulation that led to so much wealth being concentrated with so few individuals. It further creates a theoretical framework of institutional factors (or “drivers”) that help to understand how these trends link together to provide a comprehensive explanation for the increase of billionaires in comparison with other economic gauges like GDP, income distribution, …

Anti-Capitalist Ideologies Uncovered In The Marxist Analysis Of Hwang Dong-Hyuk’S Netflix Original Squid Game (2021), Yuri A. Arakaki

Access*: Interdisciplinary Journal of Student Research and Scholarship

Through a Marxist analytical lens, this research presents a critical examination of Hwang Dong-hyuk’s Netflix Original Squid Game (2021). With the objective of exposing the major liabilities of a modern capitalist model, this paper provides context and a framework of Marxist analysis, followed by a discussion of the media form itself, the illusion of freedom, and elements of dehumanization and violence. It also examines the rapacious urgency of supply and demand, perpetuated by capitalism in the television show, as well as in its parallel manifestation in reality.

Revisiting Development Discourse Amidst Informal Sector Crises Covid-19 Pandemic, Anjan Chakrabarti, Pooja Sharma

International Journal on Responsibility

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, India has experienced a severe catastrophe of the informal sector, related to both health and livelihood. The informal sector and migrant workers are closely linked and they became easy prey during the nationwide lockdown at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The informal sector, primarily a fallout of the prevailing dual economy, makes it highly imperative to revisit not only India’s growth and development process but also the distribution. The paper attempts to evaluate the development process adopted by developing countries and their relevance in terms of growth and inequality. The study finds the missing link …

Analysing Pandemic Induced Economic Inequality In Developing Nations, Ravneet Kaur Bhogal

International Journal on Responsibility

The dawn of the new decade of the 21st century saw an unprecedented global crisis. This crisis led the world to halt economic and social progress. It led to a galloping increase in the economic inequality and migration of people in search of opportunities to save them from the current situation. The developing nations saw a sea of people migrating back to their roots in search of safe havens. This has led to the loss of jobs which has increased income inequality. Migrants face the risk of contagion and also the possible loss of employment, wages, and health insurance coverage. …

Tuberkulosis Di Indonesia: Apakah Status Sosial-Ekonomi Dan Faktor Lingkungan Penting?, Amalia Kusumaningrum, Grace Wulandari, Achmad Kautsar

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia

This study aims to find the social-economic status and environmental factors for tuberculosis in Indonesia by using Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) data in 2014. First, this study analyzes individual characteristics with regression logistic method. Second, this study estimating social-economic status by entering a correction from the first stage. Meanwhile at the third stage, adding factors home environmental conditions and entering a correction from the previous stage. This study find that household income is the affecting factors, especially for households with incomes of less than IDR 600.000. In additions, level education especially high school and college also has a significant …

The Great Resignation Among Restaurant Workers: A Content Analysis Of News Sources’ Portrayals Of The Covid-19 Labor Shortage, Mackenzie M. Williams

The Cardinal Edge

When workers left the labor market in large numbers during the COVID-19 pandemic, proclamations of a labor shortage emerged extensively throughout the news. In this study, I analyze the coverage of the worker shortage among three news sources with different political orientations. Several themes emerged from analyzing a total of 75 articles. The findings showed that the perspective shown in the article, the cause of the labor shortage, restaurant worker portrayal, support of solutions, and opinion of the labor shortage all differed based on the political identity of the news source. This research supports previous findings that show there is …

Does Microcredit Reduce Poverty? An Empirical Exploration In India, Aneel Karnani, Seema Sahai

Markets, Globalization & Development Review

Microcredit has grown dramatically over the last few decades and its supporters have made extravagant promises about its potential impact on reducing poverty. However, much recent research has shown that microcredit has no significant impact on reducing poverty. In this exploratory study we interview 205 clients of for-profit microcredit to better understand the causes of why microcredit has not lived up to its promise. We find the basic problem is that the lending policies of the microcredit organizations are designed to lower the costs and risks, and hence increase the profits of the organization, and are not responsive to the …

Kontribusi Teknologi Informasi Dan Komunikasi Terhadap Kelompok Ketimpangan Pendapatan Daerah, Dyah Makutaning Dewi, Yaya Setiadi, Mohammad Ikhwanuddin, Laila Amalia Fadhilah

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia

Inequality is one of the recent problems in Indonesia. Difference in Gini ratio in some provinces in the country is due to many factors, one of which is ICT. This study is analyze effect of ICT on Gini ratio in high and low inequality area in 2012–2018. Panel data regression is used as the analysis method. Results showed that in areas with high inequality, percentage of households that own or able to use computers had a positive and significant effect while the percentage of households accessing internet had a negative and significant effect on Gini ratio and in the areas …

Poverty Map Sebagai Potret Ketimpangan Pendapatan Area Kecil Di Kota Yogyakarta, Dewi Widyawati, Siti Muchlisoh

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia

Inequality occurs in the process of economic development along with dierences in the natural resources and infrastructure owned by each region. Income inequality reduction programs require accurate data collection and have to reach the smallest areas. This study discusses the application of the Elbers, Lanjouw, and Lanjouw (ELL) and Counterfactual methods to obtain estimates of income inequality indicators at the sub-district and village levels in the Kota Yogyakarta and map them in the form of a poverty map. The data used are Population Census 2010, SUSENAS (2010 and 2018), PODES (2011 and 2018), as well as other BPS publications. The …

The Effect Of Income On Healthy Food Options, Hannah M. Doherty

Undergraduate Economic Review

This paper explores the effect of income per capita on the number of grocery stores and fast-food franchises in an area. Using a panel dataset to allow for the inclusion of every county in the United States across a period of three years, the results suggest that the income per capita of a county significantly impacts the number of grocery stores and fast-food restaurants in the area. Other factors such as education, age, and attributes regarding time constraints also play an important role in determining the number of grocery stores and fast-food franchises in a location.

Invited Perspective - Nutritional Needs And Implications For Children In Subsistence Marketplaces, Nagendra Rangavajla

Subsistence Marketplaces

Today, while the number of stunted children is decreasing in all geographies, the progress is not consistent. Moreover, there is an increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescent. Globally, about half of all children under five do not receive essential nutrients, often unnoticed until too late. On the other end of the spectrum, the incidence of overweight and obesity in 5-19 year old has increased from 4% in 1975 to 18% in 2016 ¹. These trends reflect a ‘triple burden of malnutrition’, a burden that impacts the survival, growth, and development of children, and in turn, …

Direct Dan Indirect Effect: Determinan Upah Minimum Kabupaten/Kota Di Jawa Barat, Alphin Pratama Husada, Risni Julaeni Yuhan

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the determinants of the regional minimum wage (UMK) directly and indirectly in West Java in year 2010–2019. The author found that the minimum wage model that considers spatial dependence produces two different interpretations, namely direct and indirect impacts. The regression model used in this study is the spatial durbin model (SDM). In the spatial model, partial reduction is carried out to get direct and indirect effects. The results of the study show that there are direct and indirect influences originating from the MSE variables, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), Human Development Index (HDI) and the …

The Socio-Economic Factors Of Poverty: Empirical Evidence From District Lasbela, Balochistan, Fida Muhammad, Parvez Ahmed Shaikh, Hazrat Yousaf

Business Review

Poverty is defined as a lack of basic necessities for survival. The current study examines the socio-economic factors that contribute to poverty in five of the district of Lasbela's nine tehsils, namely (Bela, Dureji, Hub, Sonmiani, and Uthal. Lasbela is Balochistan's tenth most deprived district, located near Karachi. The data for this study is cross-sectional and contributed from the project's 2014 Base Line Survey (BLS, 2014). The Logit model was used to evaluate the variables under study in order to achieve the study goal. According to our empirical findings, the average daily income in this district was less than $1.50. …

Invited Perspective - Engaging Aspirations To Nurture Communities, Kentaro Toyama

Subsistence Marketplaces

For subsistence communities, the question is whether aspirations can be applied to motivate behavior that is, on the one hand consistent with people’s aspirations, but which might otherwise be difficult to elicit. Could poorer households be encouraged to save, to spend more on their children’s education, or to act against unhealthy social norms? A couple of examples suggest this is not only possible, but highly successful in contexts where other appeals fail.

The Effect Of A Financial Crisis On Household Finances: A Case Study Of Iceland’S Financial Crisis, Axel Hall, Andri S. Scheving, Gylfi Zoega

Journal of Financial Crises

Iceland experienced a financial crisis in 2008–2009 when its banking system collapsed, the currency lost half its value, most businesses became technically insolvent, house prices fell, and household debt increased due to indexation to foreign currencies or the price level. This paper tells the story of the crisis and maps the losses to households using a dataset from tax returns that includes all taxpayers in the country and contains the value of housing, mortgage debt, disposable income, and net worth. For relative losses in net worth, the results show that families with children, especially those with parents aged between 24 …

Pengaruh Kebijakan Peningkatan Upah Minimum Terhadap Ketimpangan Upah (Studi Kasus Provinsi-Provinsi Di Jawa), Zaitun Rohmah, Prani Sastiono

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia

This research estimates the effect of the minimum wage increase on the wage inequality in Java provinces between 2008 and 2014 using semiparametric methods. It is found that the increase in minimum wage decrease the wage inequality in DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, and Banten Provinces if the employment effects of the minimum wage increase are ignored and the opposite results if we consider the employment effects. Different results occur in Yogyakarta Special Region and East Java provinces, the minimum wage increase will lead to an increase in wage inequality both for the inclusion or exclusion of the employment …

Measuring The Impact Of Loan-To-Deposit Ratio (Ldr) On Banks' Liquidity In Nigeria, A. O. Adenuga, J. A. Mohammed, C. V. Laniyan, A. A. Akintola, O. C Asuzu

Economic and Financial Review

The study measures the impact of loan to deposit ratio (LDR) on Banks' liquidity in Nigeria between 2000Q1 and 2019Q3. The paper applied the Factor-Augmented Vector Autoregressive (FAVAR-X) methodology for estimation and forecasting. The result suggests that an LDR of 70.0 per cent, which reduces Banks' liquidity from N187.95 billion in 2019Q4, through N153.09 billion in 2020Q2 to close at N135.15 billion in 2020Q4, may require cautious acceptance. Thus, increasing LDR beyond 70.0 per cent may impact Banks' liquidity negatively. Furthermore, a direct relationship is established between LDR and inflation. The findings conform to a priori expectations as higher LDRs …

Extension-Led Demonstration: Grameen Microfinance Methods And Capital Access For Low-Income Female Entrepreneurs, Mark A. Edelman

The Journal of Extension

A nonprofit community development financial institution and Extension collaborated to conduct a demonstration project to evaluate efficacy of Grameen peer-group microfinance methodology in addressing barriers faced by low-income women entrepreneurs in a small metro area. Program performance metrics achieved by 284 culturally diverse, low-income entrepreneurs (almost all women) over 5 years included a program loan repayment rate of 99%, increased average client income, bank savings accumulation, and increased opportunities for improved credit scores. Client survey responses indicated program methods developed confidence and skills in finances, leadership, and teamwork. Extension professionals may play various roles in such endeavors.

Subsistence Marketplaces: Journal, Knowledge-Practice Portal, And Organization, Madhu Viswanathan

Subsistence Marketplaces

Subsistence Marketplaces: Journal, Knowledge-Practice Portal and Organization

Labor Market Monopsony And Wage Inequality: Evidence From Online Labor Market Vacancies, Samuel I. Thorpe

Undergraduate Economic Review

This paper estimates the effects of employer labor market power on wage inequality in the United States. I find that inequality as measured by interdecile range is 23.7% higher in perfectly monopsonistic labor markets than in perfectly competitive markets, even when controlling for commuting zone and occupation fixed effects. I also decompose these results into 50/10 and 90/50 ratios, finding much larger impacts on inequality among low earners. These results suggest that monopsony power has significant and policy-relevant impacts on wage inequality, and particularly harms the lowest earning subsets of the labor force.

Monetary Policy And Income Inequality In The United States And Spain, Brooke Whetstone

ELAIA

Background Contractionary monetary policy has long-term effects on inequality (Feldkircher & Kakamu, 2018). However, other forms of monetary policy do not have a clear effect on income inequality. Central banks defend the position that other factors are the driving forces behind income inequality (Powell, 2018).

Methodology This investigation utilized ANOVA regression analysis to determine if income inequality, as measured by wage growth by sector, is related to interest rates in the United States and Spain. If applicable, slopes of the regression lines for each sector were compared to see if they were significantly different in a statistical sense.

Results At …

Intensifying Forage Legume Strata System Technology Through Dairy Cattle Production, Marcos E. Bollido, Teresa B. Polbos, Feleciano R. Bejar

ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement

Intensification of forage legume strata system technology (FLSST) through dairy cattle production was implemented in collaboration with the Department of Agriculture and the local government unit of San Jorge, Samar, Republic of the Philippines. The beneficiaries of the program were selected based on specific criteria and qualifications. Farmers were given training on dairy cattle production, and 10 beneficiaries in five communities received one ready-to-breed cow. Each farmer-beneficiary established a 500 sqm pasture area using FLSST. Abundant grasses and leguminous forages helped improve the health of the cattle. Cattle weighing an average of 150 kg grew to an average weight of …

Determinants Of County-Level Poverty Rates In 2017: An Upper-Midwest Comparison, Trey V. Perez

Undergraduate Economic Review

The American upper-Midwest as a region throughout the 2010s has experienced lower-than-average poverty rates. This paper seeks to uncover the determinants that have the greatest impact on the county-level poverty rates for five states (Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the Dakotas). Outcomes for this study came from an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression to estimate the impact each independent variable had on the poverty rate. The empirical results showed the unemployment rate, the percentage of households headed solely by females, and percent of the population that was Native American in 2017 had a significant impact on a county’s poverty rate.

Incarcerated, T.Willaim Wallin

Toyon: Multilingual Literary Magazine

No abstract provided.

Investigating The Impact Of Widening Price Limits On Volatility: The Experience Of The Nigerian Stock Exchange, Mohmmed A. Yadudu

Bullion

This paper empirically evaluates the impact of return volatility from widening price limits from 5% to 10% on the Nigerian Stock Exchange(NSE) on September 18, 2012 using a Stochastic Volatility model in an event study framework. Using daily trading data from September 2010 to September 2014, the study finds that widening of price limits in the NSE has not increased volatility as feared by some regulators. Stocks with higher free floats and institutional ownership display lower volatility when price limits are widened. This suggests that smaller stock exchanges can improve market efficiency by widening price limits without increasing volatility. The …

Bank Loan Loss Provisioning During Election Years In Nigeria, Peterson Kitakogelu Ozili

Bullion

The paper investigates the behavior of loan loss provisions during election years in Nigeria. Election events create uncertainties in the business environment. Election and post-election events may amplify credit risks for banks, requiring banks to keep higher loan loss provisions. Using country-level data, it was revealed that the election year did not have a significant effect on the level of loan loss provisions in the Nigerian banking sector. However, the banking sector had high provisions when it is undercapitalized during election years.