Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Least Restrictive Approaches To Supporting Individuals As Decision Makers, University Of Montana Rural Institute For Inclusive Communities

Independent Living and Community Participation

Too often full guardianship is the default option for individuals who need assistance with decision-making, which is very restrictive. There are alternative approaches to guardianship that are flexible and can adapt to the changing needs an individual may experience. This fact sheet shares some alternative approaches to guardianship, defines guardianship, addresses myths about decision-making supports, and provides links to guardianship and decision-making resources for further information.

2019 Whitefish Farmers Market Survey Kit, Megan Schultz

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

This study was conducted for the Whitefish Farmers Market to provide insights into the characteristics of attendees of the 2019 Whitefish Farmers Market. There were 192 surveys completed using tablets on site during the 2019 farmers market season. Of the valid residence responses, Montana residents made up 76% of the respondents and of those Montana residents, 83% were from Whitefish. Out-of-area respondents spent an average of 5.17 nights away from home. Of those nights, an average of 5.81 nights were in Montana and 3.44 nights (on average) were in Whitefish. Rental home/cabin/condo purchases received the highest total dollars spent during …

Rock Glaciers Of The Beartooth And Northern Absaroka Ranges, Montana, Usa, Zachary M. Seligman, Anna E. Klene, Frederick E. Nelson

Geography Faculty Publications

Six hundred sixty‐one rock glaciers in the northern Absaroka and Beartooth Ranges of south‐central Montana were digitized and evaluated using geographic information systems technology and an array of topographic and environmental parameters. Beartooth rock glaciers are larger, occur at higher elevations, receive more precipitation, and are subject to lower temperatures than northern Absaroka rock glaciers. Elevation is strongly correlated with rock glacier activity. Comparative analysis of these adjacent mountain ranges indicates that Beartooth geomorphic landscapes are shifting from predominantly glacial to periglacial regimes, and that the northern Absarokas have largely completed this transition. Because glaciers are declining in response to …

Repeat Visitors - Assessing Motivations For Return Visits And The Influence Of Previous Visits To Montana, Norma P. Nickerson, Carter Bermingham, Kara Grau

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Repeat visitors are more than three fourths of all nonresident visitors to Montana. This report highlights the characteristics of Montana’s repeat visitors attempting to understand what brings them back to Montana, where they travel, and if they might explore more parts of Montana on future trips.

Highlights:

• Montana’s repeat visitor loves mountain-type vacations over any other type of experience for a vacation.
• Repeat visitors want both the familiar and variety while visiting Montana.
• Most repeat visitors who spent time visiting or living in Montana as a child have a high degree of love for the scenery, people, and recreation opportunities. …

Economics And Characteristics Of Alpine Skiing In Montana - 2018-2019 Ski Season, Jeremy L. Sage

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Skier visits to Montana ski areas have seen year over year growth for the past four years and a generally positive trajectory for at least the past 30 years. This study surveyed skiers and snowboarders at 6 of Montana’s ski areas to collect information on skier demographics, characteristics, and spending behaviors. Montana ski areas as a whole are seeing increasing proportions of nonresident skiers. These skiers generated nearly $177 million in economic contribution and 1,970 jobs in the 2018/19 season.

2019 Montana Spartan Race Survey Kit Visitor Study, Megan Schultz, Carter Bermingham

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

This study was conducted for the Kalispell Chamber of Commerce/Convention and Visitor Bureau to provide insight into the characteristics of attendees of the 2019 Montana Spartan Race. Paper surveys on site were completed by 424 attendees and/or participants of the event. Results show that 64% of respondents were registered participants of the event while 36% were spectators. Residents of Montana made up 43% of the respondents and of those Montana residents, 22% were from Flathead County. Out-of-county respondents spent an average of 3.51 nights away from home. Of those nights, an average of 3.45 nights were in Montana and 2.12 …

Indian Country Cultural And Heritage Tourism, Jeremy L. Sage, Iree Wheeler, Norma P. Nickerson

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Visitors and potential visitors to Montana were surveyed regarding their desire to learn about Native American history and culture in Montana. Respondents were placed into four groups: Montana Residents, Avid Montana Visitors, Potential US/Canadian Visitors, and Potential International Visitors. Across all four groups surveyed, strong majorities indicated that they are interested or even very interested in exploring sites and experiences related to Native American culture and history. However, a quarter to a half of travelers do not stop while passing through a reservation because they don’t know what is available. This disconnect between travelers’ stated preferences for experiences and revealed …

Conservation Education: Using Birds To Connect Communities To Their Natural Environment, Kathryn A. Olson

Graduate Student Portfolios, Professional Papers, and Capstone Projects

The theme of my portfolio is conservation education, using birds as an example of how to connect people of all ages to their natural environment. Birds were chosen as an example because of a personal curiosity for the animal, and because they are an accessible and tangible element of nature for all people, urban and rural. The first component is a Curriculum Development Guide created for the Wings Over Water program of the Montana Natural History Center. It synthesizes scientific research on Ospreys, relates central themes of the literature to Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) and provides inventive activity ideas …

Montana Trends: Travel And Recreation, Norma P. Nickerson, Megan Schultz, Kara Grau

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Surveyors asked questions related to their travel and recreation plans for the upcoming Memorial Day Weekend and 4th of July holiday. 3,542 Montana residents (18 and older) representing every county and weighted to the population of the state were intercepted at gas stations from April 1 to May 15, 2019.

2018 Nonresident Visitation, Expenditures & Economic Impact Estimates, Kara Grau

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

A collection of 2018 full year and quarterly estimates of nonresident visitation, expenditures by nonresident travelers, and economic impact estimates, including expenditures by purpose of trip, airport of arrival, and international visitors.

Motorcycle Touring In Montana: A Market Analysis, Norma P. Nickerson, Kara Grau, Jeremy L. Sage, Carter Bermingham

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Motorcycle tourism is a relatively understudied market in the U.S. but has the potential to assist rural communities in their efforts to develop a tourism economy. This report highlights the characteristics of motorcyclists and their travel needs as well as the potential for marketing to this niche of travelers.

Highlights:

• Motorcyclists tend to ride on scenic roads, eat and drink local cuisine, and stay away from the busy highways leading to the idea that ‘off the beaten’ path communities could benefit from motorcycle tourism.

• Nonresident motorcyclists’ average age was 60, while resident motorcyclists’ average age was much younger …

The Holistic Power Of Young Adult Books, Donna Lynn Miller

The Montana English Journal

Young adult books like The Art of Starving by Sam J. Miller carry a healing power when readers experience their pause and ponder moments. Because they impose reflection time, Pause and Ponder Moments reinforce reading as a deliberate and patient process. Imposing time to pause and think through points and concepts enables readers to truly grapple with content in meaningful ways. Pause and Ponder Moments also inspire attributional retraining and option awareness, an alternative to simply accepting the status quo. These moments carry promise for enriching how we read the world, how we respond to others, and how we live …

The Flow: Educate. Empower. Change, Kirsten Tucker, Shaylee Ragar, Madison Haynes, Lea Graham, Monica Paul

Undergraduate Theses, Professional Papers, and Capstone Artifacts

Menstruation is often misrepresented, stigmatized, and ignored. A lack of education and distorted view of periods in society greatly impacts young menstruators as they begin to have periods and can have long-term negative effects on their physical, mental, and emotional well-being. In order to design a project that effectively addressed this global problem, we used the Human Centered Design approach. This process has three steps: Inspiration, Ideation, and Implementation. During the Inspiration phase, we conducted expert interviews with professionals in the field of menstrual health and completed a literature review to further our understanding of the issues facing menstruators. After …

The Economic Review Of The Travel Industry In Montana, 2018 Edition, Norma P. Nickerson, Jeremy L. Sage, Kara Grau, Megan Schultz

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

The Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research provides leadership, direction, and information to aid citizens, entrepreneurs, leaders, and policy makers in decisions related to the visitor and outdoor recreation industries in Montana. From economic impacts to rural community assistance, ITRR provides objective, valid, and reliable data for Montana. This economic snapshot is made possible via allocations from the Lodging Facility Use Tax. Visit itrr.umt.edu for all tourism and recreation publications.

A Brief History Of Digital Preservation, Erin Baucom

Mansfield Library Faculty Publications

Digital objects are composed of bitstreams, sequences of 1’s and 0’s, which require specific software (and in some cases hardware) to make the content understandable to human users. Digital objects, like word processing documents, digital images, websites, e-mails, datasets and so much more, are fragile, easy to modify, and susceptible to bit rot (loss or reordering parts of the bitstream) and obsolescence. Digital preservation is a combination of policies and workflows that dictate the active management of digital objects to ensure their continued authenticity and meaningful access over time. Obsolescence is one of the unending battles that digital preservationists fight. …

A Qualitative Study Of Native American Older Adults And Elderly Depressive Symptoms And Protective Factors, Kristen K. Pyke

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Research of depression in Native American older adults and elderly has been limited. The research that has been done has typically fallen into three domains: exploring the frequency of depression (Carleton et al., 2013), identifying or developing culturally competent measurement tools (Ackerson, Dick, Manson, & Beals, 2018), and determining the protective factors that reduce the effects of depressions. More specifically, Kaufman et al. (2013) found that spirituality was beneficial in reducing depression; however, this varied by tribe within their sample. Whitbeck et al. (2002) found that perceived social support among elderly Native Americans was a protective factor for the individuals …

Dna Integrity In Forensic Samples, Samantha L. Ramey

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

When packaged genetic evidence samples are stored in close proximity, there is a higher chance for cross-contamination, which can lead to potential false results. The goal of this study was to test DNA storage methods and environments to determine the best way to avoid potential cross-contamination. Established protocols for storing different types of genetic evidence samples were evaluated: biological swabs and DNA cards. A known concentration of pig DNA was introduced to the evidence samples. Three different evidence drying times of the DNA-free swabs and cards were implemented before packaging: immediate packaging, an hour drying, and 24 hours drying. The …

Making The Most Of People We Do Not Like: Capitalizing On Negative Feedback, Christopher Edward Anderson

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Capitalization was first articulated by Langston (1994) to describe how individuals increase their own positivity by sharing good news with others. This study tests the idea that sometimes people share positive news with others they do not like in an attempt to savor their dissatisfaction with shared accomplishments. A fully crossed randomized 2 X 2 experiment was used to set an initial impression (positive or negative) followed by an interview procedure where the participants would disclose some recent positive event and the confederate interviewer would provide feedback (positive or negative). This procedure was used to test capitalization processes in a …

A Comprehensive Case Report For The University Of Montana Forensic Anthropology Laboratory Case #18-188, Elizabeth Rose Valentine

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

This report consists of the skeletal remains, assessment of the minimum number of individuals, a biological profile analysis and a literature review on pathology analyses for forensic anthropology case reporting. The human remains are consistent with a MNI of one. The individual is likely an adult male of European ancestry with an estimated age range of 30 to 50 years at time of death. This individual has a probable forensic stature of 5’3’’ to 5’4’’. This individual may be identified by the burr hole or trepanation located on the frontal bone as there are likely medical records for this procedure.

Dna Analysis On Ceramic Cooking Vessels, Britney J. Radford

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Ceramic vessels are a durable material found in abundance throughout the archaeological record. Organic residue analysis has been used to study ceramic vessels utilizing lipid analysis and protein analysis. Lipids and proteins analysis provide limited information at the genus level, leaving out valuable information that species-specific results can tell us such as unique genetic and environmental information. Lipids and proteins analysis provide limited information at the genus and taxonomic levels leading to issues of misclassification of species. If only certain animals or plants of a genus are being used, then unique genetic and environmental information found only at the species …

Final Vowel Devoicing In Blackfoot, Samantha Leigh Prins

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

This thesis presents a study of final vowel devoicing in Blackfoot, an indigenous language of Montana and Alberta. Previous research on final vowel devoicing in Blackfoot variously suggests word-final, phrase-final, and utterance-final vowel devoicing processes (e.g. Taylor 1965, Bliss & Gick 2009, Frantz 2017), though, the conditioning environment for this phenomenon had not been a research focus prior to this study. The present study investigates intonation units (IUs) as the conditioning domain for final vowel devoicing in Blackfoot.

Final vowel devoicing in Blackfoot is investigated here by examining the common word-final suffixes –wa (3SG.AN) and –yi (4SG) in two recordings …

Utilization Of Various Methods And A Landsat Ndvi/Google Earth Engine Product For Classifying Irrigated Land Cover, Andrew Nemecek

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Methods for classifying irrigated land cover are often complex and not quickly reproducible. Further, moderate resolution time-series datasets have been consistently utilized to produce irrigated land cover products over the past decade, and the body of irrigation classification literature contains no examples of subclassification of irrigated land cover by irrigation method. Creation of geospatial irrigated land cover products with higher resolution datasets could improve reliability, and subclassification of irrigation by method could provide better information for hydrologists and climatologists attempting to model the role of irrigation in the surface-ground water cycle and the water-energy balance. This study summarizes a simple, …

Fear, Power, & Teeth (2007), Olivia Hockenbroch

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Vagina dentata is the myth of the toothed vagina; in most iterations, it serves as a warning to men that women’s vaginas must be conquered to be safe for a man’s sexual pleasure (Koehler, 2017). The vagina dentata myth has been carried forth from ancient ancestors in numerous cultures all over the world (Koehler). It is one of many destructive cultural myths that guides discourses about sex and women’s bodies. In this paper, I explore a recent articulation of the myth, the 2007 film Teeth, and I argue that in this film, the vagina dentata is made more complicated. While …

Navigating The Closet: A Mixed Methods Approach To Assessing The Impact Of Concealment On Psychological Outcomes For Sexual And Gender Minorities, James Michael M. Brennan

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Background: Sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals suffer at disproportionate rates of depression, anxiety, and substance use, among other mental and physical health outcomes, compared to heterosexual individuals. Concealment of non-heterosexual sexual identity and/or non-cisgender gender identity may be a key contributor to these disparities. Many SGM individuals engage in concealment as a means to avoid victimization, or because of negative perceptions of their own identity. Concealment as a construct has been conceptualized as comprising cognitive, affective, and behavioral components, each of which individually has been demonstrated to have negative health impacts. Additionally, concealment occurs over time between the intrapersonal …

Water Use In Confined Animal Feeding Operations (Cafos) In Minnesota: Who’S Keeping Track?, Dara Meredith Fedrow

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are highly concentrated feedlots that raise large numbers of livestock with an emphasis on efficiency and maximizing output. Hog and dairy feedlots in Minnesota are shrinking in number, yet growing in size. In hand with the rise of CAFOs, water scarcity is a growing concern as the effects of climate change worsen and the human population increases. Though Minnesota is a state of abundant water, it is not evenly distributed throughout the state raising concerns about sustainable water usage.

This paper describes and analyzes how Minnesota’s water appropriation permit system is overseeing water usage in …

The Quest Of Vision: Visual Culture, Sacred Space, Ritual, And The Documentation Of Lived Experience Through Rock Imagery, Aaron Robert Atencio

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

This document will approach the multifaceted concepts that arise through the study of rock art and the cultivation of culture and belief through vision. Through this document the audience will encounter conceptual ideas regarding belief systems, ritual, experience, cognition, sacredness, and space/landscape — and how these are all essential dynamics that take place in the processes that cultivate the Shoshone visual culture. This document will employ an anthropological lens on the mentioned subject matters, while also approaching these concepts with an interdisciplinary curiosity of how they intermingle; creating a cohesive experience that focuses on these processes which empowered these people[s] …

Human Vs. Non-Human Bone: A Non-Destructive Histological Method, Haley N. O'Brien

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Species identification is one of the first steps in the analysis of bone fragments in both forensic and archaeological contexts. Current methods for human vs. non-human taxa identification include morphoscopic, histological, and DNA analyses in order to determine forensic significance and assess what is present in an assemblage. This study will use an MA1000 AmScope camera microscope to examine the longitudinally fractured surface of cortical bone fragments to gauge if non-destructive taxa identification is possible from fragmentary remains without morphologically identifying features. This method is testing for a notable difference in human vs. bovid vs. cervid endosteal cortical bone without …

Protecting Natural Resources On Agricultural Lands: Producers' Perspectives On The Conservation Stewardship Program In Montana, Mary Ellis

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Industrial agricultural production contributes to some of the most significant environmental problems in the United States today. Scientists have identified agricultural production as a primary cause for the decline of native species, soil degradation, and water pollution in the U.S. In response to this crisis, grassroot organizations crafted, and got Congress to pass, the Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP), a federal program aimed to incentivize producers to increase on-farm conservation practices. CSP is designed to serve as a space for producers to gain access to financial and technical support, test out new practices, and provide a platform to discuss best practices …

"Fenced-In Place": White Settler Colonialism As Opposition To Increased Tribal Management Of The National Bison Range, Brittany Lee Palmer

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Since the Tribal Self Governance Act was passed in 1994, the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes (CSKT) in western Montana have sought increased management responsibilities at the National Bison Range, which is fully encompassed by the Flathead Indian Reservation. Though the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has managed the Bison Range since it was established in 1908, the Tribes assert that they were the original stewards of bison in the area, and have requested both the reinstatement of the National Bison Range to Tribal trust ownership and increased management responsibilities through negotiated Annual Funding Agreements with the Department of Interior. …

Mapping Ideologies: Place Names In Glacier National Park, Kaitlin E. Pipitone

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

This thesis examines the intersection of place names and language ideologies. In particular, I identify and analyze the emergent language ideologies in discussions about place names in six written sources related to Glacier National Park. I propose that the authors construct language ideologies about place names through the three semiotic processes identified by Irvine and Gal (2000): iconization, fractal recursivity, and erasure. Further, I argue that language ideologies have historically authorized choices about place names on the basis of linguistic differentiation.

Examining six written sources, the publication of which span nearly a century, I identify several excerpts in which authors …