Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Innovative And Collaborative Strategies To Reduce Population-Wide Sodium Intake, Karen E. Charlton, Kelly Langford, Jenny Kaldor

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

The World Health Organization promotes salt reduction as a best-buy strategy to reduce chronic diseases, and member states have agreed to a 30 % reduction target in mean population salt intake by 2025. This systematic literature review identified a number of innovative population-level strategies, including promotion of a substitute for table salt, provision of a salt spoon to lower the amount used in home cooking and social marketing and consumer awareness campaigns on salt and health. In high-income nations, engagement with the food industry to encourage reformulation of processed foods-whether through voluntary or mandatory approaches-is key to salt reduction. Legislation …

Australian Overview Of Best Practices In Recovery And Rehabilitation Services For People With Schizophrenia, Nagesh B. Pai

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Abstract of a presentation.

Sugar In The Diet: Is There A Sweet Spot?, Cinthya Wibisono, Rhoda Ndanuko

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

A round-up of insights p resented at ILSI SEAR Australasia's symposium, Sugar in the d ie t: is the re a swe e t sp ot? held in Sydney on 30 October 2015.

Academic Guidance In Medical Student Research: How Well Do Supervisors And Students Understand The Ethics Of Human Research?, Kathryn M. Weston, Judy Mullan, Wendy Hu, Colin J. H Thomson, Warren C. Rich, Patricia J. Knight-Billington, Brahmaputra Marjadi, Peter L. Mclennan

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Research is increasingly recognised as a key component of medical curricula, offering a range of benefits including development of skills in evidence-based medicine. The literature indicates that experienced academic supervision or mentoring is important in any research activity and positively influences research output. The aim of this project was to investigate the human research ethics experiences and knowledge of three groups: medical students, and university academic staff and clinicians eligible to supervise medical student research projects; at two Australian universities. Training in research ethics was low amongst academic staff and clinicians eligible to supervise medical student research. Only two-thirds of …

Jack Ruby's Complex: The Factors Driving The Assassin Of Lee Harvey Oswald, Robert M. Kaplan

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Jack Ruby, the assassin of Lee Harvey Oswald, has been consigned to a footnote of history. What Ruby did was to eliminate the only man who could explain the assassination of the US President, setting in train a mass conspiracy delusion that continues to cast doubt on the likely assassin to this day. Who was Jack Ruby, and what motivated him to do this murder that changed history? Ruby's fragmenting Jewish identity played a significant role in the events that led to the killing of Oswald and the loss of his sanity. In the year prior to the Kennedy visit, …

What An Anticardiovascular Diet Should Be In 2015, David R. Jacobs Jr, Linda C. Tapsell

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Purpose of review: Given scientific and public debate about optimal diet to prevent cardiovascular disease, and interest in diet and other chronic diseases, we propose that following a few simple dietary principles would reduce chronic disease incidence. Recent findings: Nutrition research has been criticized for focusing on individual nutrients and foods, treated like drug therapy. With a few important exceptions, clinical trials of supplemental nutrients have not shown benefit. Although highly specific nutrition information is elusive, diet patterns have provided consistent answers, important for public health. Observational cohort studies have found that some dietary patterns are reported with high …

Not Just About Sunburn - The Ozone Hole's Profound Effect On Climate Has Significant Implications For Southern Hemisphere Ecosystems, Sharon A. Robinson, David J. Erickson

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Climate scientists have concluded that stratospheric ozone depletion has been a major driver of Southern Hemisphere climate processes since about 1980. The implications of these observed and modelled changes in climate are likely to be far more pervasive for both terrestrial and marine ecosystems than the increase in ultraviolet-B radiation due to ozone depletion; however, they have been largely overlooked in the biological literature. Here, we synthesize the current understanding of how ozone depletion has impacted Southern Hemisphere climate and highlight the relatively few documented impacts on terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Reviewing the climate literature, we present examples of how …

Ultraviolet Photodissociation Action Spectroscopy Of The N-Pyridinium Cation, Christopher Hansen, Stephen J. Blanksby, Nahid Chalyavi, Evan Bieske, Jeffrey R. Reimers, Adam J. Trevitt

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

The S1←S0 electronic transition of the N-pyridinium ion (C5H5NH+) is investigated using ultraviolet photodissociation (PD) spectroscopy of the bare ion and also the N2-tagged complex. Gas-phase N-pyridinium ions photodissociate by the loss of molecular hydrogen (H2) in the photon energy range 37 000-45 000 cm−1 with structurally diagnostic ion-molecule reactions identifying the 2-pyridinylium ion as the exclusive co-product. The photodissociation action spectra reveal vibronic details that, with the aid of electronic structure calculations, support the proposal that dissociation occurs through an intramolecular rearrangement on the ground electronic state following internal conversion. Quantum chemical calculations are used to analyze the measured …

An Investigation Into The Interactions Of Gold Nanoparticles And Anti-Arthritic Drugs With Macrophages, And Their Reactivity Towards Thioredoxin Reductase, Lloyd James, Zhi-Qiang Xu, Ronald Sluyter, Emma Hawksworth, Celine Kelso, Barry Lai, David J. Paterson, Martin D. De Jonge, Nicholas E. Dixon, Jennifer Beck, Stephen F. Ralph, Carolyn T. Dillon

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Gold(I) complexes are an important tool in the arsenal of established approaches for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while some recent studies have suggested that gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) may also be therapeutically efficacious. These observations prompted the current biological studies involving gold(I) anti-RA agents and Au NPs, which are aimed towards improving our knowledge of how they work. The cytotoxicity of auranofin, aurothiomalate, aurothiosulfate and Au NPs towards RAW264.7 macrophages was evaluated using the MTT assay, with the former compound proving to be the most toxic. The extent of cellular uptake of the various gold agents was determined using graphite …

Experiences And Views Of A Brokerage Model For Primary Care For Aboriginal People, Sarah Dennis, Iqbal Hasan, Lisa Jackson Pulver, Ian Wilson, Nicholas Arnold Zwar

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Objective A mixed methods study was conducted to determine the views of Aboriginal people on their experiences of a brokerage model for access to community-based health services in an urban setting. Methods A broad range of approaches, using surveys, semi-structured interviews and community forums with Aboriginal people were used to find out people's views and experiences of using the brokerage service. Results Of the 1304 people invited to participate, only 127 people provided feedback on the brokerage service model for Aboriginal people. Of these, 120 people identified as being Aboriginal. Participants said that the service helped them to navigate the …

Earthquakes Down Under: A Rare But Real Hazard, Solomon Buckman

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Australia is generally regarded as a flat and seismically inert continent that is safe from any serious earthquake hazard. While this is generally true, we do occasionally experience moderate earthquakes, with a magnitude greater than 5.

Selecting Australian Marine Macroalgae Based On The Fatty Acid Composition And Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Janice Mccauley, Barbara J. Meyer, Pia Winberg, Marie Ranson, Danielle Skropeta

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Increasingly, macroalgae are being recognised as a growth opportunity for functional foods and nutritional security in the future. Dominating traits of interest are metabolites that function as anti-inflammatories and are antiproliferative. However, seaweeds from the northern hemisphere dominate this field of research. Australia has a unique flora of macroalgae, and it is poorly understood which species should be targeted for cultivation towards food and health markets. Here, six Australian marine macroalgae were selected for screening of one anti-inflammatory group; n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). PUFA profiles were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and multivariate analysis. Thirty-one fatty acids (FA) were …

Adult Attention Deficit Disorder And Aggressive Behaviour: An Exploration Of Relationships Between Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scales And The Aggression Questionnaire, Mitchell K. Byrne, Natalie Parletta, David G. Webster, Marijka Batterham, Barbara J. Meyer

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Aggressive and violent behaviour is often associated with a diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This article investigates the relationship between adult attention deficit disorder (ADD) and aggressive cognitions. The Aggression Questionnaire and the Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scales were administered to two samples: a "low-risk sample" comprising university students (n = 60), and a "high-risk sample" of prison inmates (n = 117). The prevalence of "probable ADD" was found to be higher in the prison sample (33%), compared with the university sample (20%). There were moderate correlations >r = .5 (p < .01) between total ADHD and Aggression Questionnaire scores in both groups. There were also moderate to strong correlations between subscales of both measures, including cognitive processes such as attention and memory and various forms of aggression, which were particularly apparent in the prison sample. The relationship between ADHD and aggressive behaviour suggests that the treatment of adult ADHD may aid in the management of aggressive behaviour.

Evaluation Of A Pilot Volunteer Feeding Assistance Program: Influences On The Dietary Intakes Of Elderly Hospitalised Patients And Lessons Learnt, Chi-Sheng Huang, Kim Dutkowski, Alexandra Fuller, Karen Walton

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Objectives Malnutrition is a serious concern in hospitals and is known to be associated with increased complications for patients, increased hospital costs and length of stay. Trained volunteers that assist 'at risk' and malnourished patients at lunch meals have been shown to effectively increase nutritional intake in a suburban hospital in Sydney. The pilot study reported here aimed to evaluate and share learnings from a similar, newly implemented program, comparing energy and macronutrient intakes on days with no volunteer assistance, to days with volunteers. Design Dietary intakes were determined by visual estimation of meal trays before and after meals, for …

Casein Structures In The Context Of Unfolded Proteins, David C. Thorn, Heath Ecroyd, John A. Carver, Carl Holt

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Caseins were among the first proteins to be recognised as functional but unfolded. Many others are now known, providing better models of casein behaviour than either detergents or folded proteins. Caseins are members of a paralogous group of unfolded phosphoproteins, some of which share the ability to sequester amorphous calcium phosphate through phosphate centres. Non-covalent interactions of caseins can be through Pro- and Gln-rich sequences. Similar sequences in other unfolded proteins can also form open and highly hydrated structures such as gels, mucus and slimes. Many unfolded proteins, including κ- and αS2-caseins, can form amyloid fibrils under physiological conditions. The …

Experimental Evidence For Competitive N-O And O-C Bond Homolysis In Gas-Phase Alkoxyamines, David L. Marshall, Ganna Gryn'ova, M Coote, Philip J. Barker, Stephen J. Blanksby

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

The extensive use of alkoxyamines in controlled radical polymerisation and polymer stabilisation is based on rapid cycling between the alkoxyamine (R1R2NO-R3) and a stable nitroxyl radical (R1R2NO•) via homolysis of the labile O-C bond. Competing homolysis of the alkoxyamine N-O bond has been predicted to occur for some substituents leading to production of aminyl and alkoxyl radicals. This intrinsic competition between the O-C and N-O bond homolysis processes has to this point been difficult to probe experimentally. Herein we examine the effect of local molecular structure on the competition between N-O and O-C bond cleavage in the gas phase by …

Testing Of A Single Grain Osl Chronology Across The Middle To Upper Palaeolithic Transition At Les Cottés (France), Zenobia Jacobs, Bo Li, Nathan Jankowski, Marie Soressi

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

The timing of the Middle Palaeolithic to Upper Palaeolithic transition in France is important to help understand when, where and how Neanderthals have been replaced by Homo sapiens. Radiocarbon dating has been the dating workhorse in constructing the chronological framework pertinent to these questions. In this study, we are testing whether single grain OSL dating has the accuracy and precision to be useful as a complementary dating method. The site of Les Cottés provides an ideal testing ground because of its stratigraphic integrity and reliable radiocarbon chronology. We applied single grain OSL dating of quartz to 19 samples and multi-aliquot …

Validation Of Sciamachy Hdo/H2o Measurements Using The Tccon And Ndacc-Musica Networks, R A. Scheepmaker, Christian Frankenberg, Nicholas M. Deutscher, Matthias Schneider, Sabine Barthlott, Thomas Blumenstock, Omar E. Garcia, Frank Hase, Nicholas B. Jones, Emmanuel Mahieu, Justus Notholt, Voltaire A. Velazco, J Landgraf, Ilse Aben

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Measurements of the atmospheric HDO/H2O ratio help us to better understand the hydrological cycle and improve models to correctly simulate tropospheric humidity and therefore climate change. We present an updated version of the column-averaged HDO/H2O ratio data set from the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY). The data set is extended with 2 additional years, now covering 2003-2007, and is validated against co-located ground-based total column δD measurements from Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC, produced within the framework of the …

Sonication-Induced Effects On Carbon Nanofibres In Composite Materials, Reece Gately, Holly Warren, Mattia Scardamaglia, Anthony C. Romeo, Carla Bittencourt, Marc In Het Panhuis

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

The preparation and characterization of carbon nanofibre-gellan gum composite materials is presented. Electron microscopy analysis reveals that nanofibres are affected by sonolysis, i.e. fibre length reduces, while filling occurs. Spectroscopic analysis suggests that the nanofibres are modified during the preparation of the dispersions. It is shown that despite these effects, composite materials prepared using a short period of sonolysis (4 min) exhibit robust conductivity, strain at failure and Young's modulus values of 35 ± 2 S cm−1, 20 ± 1% and 1.3 ± 0.3 MPa, respectively.

Identifying Fire Plumes In The Arctic With Tropospheric Ftir Measurements And Transport Models, C Viatte, Kimberly Strong, J W. Hannigan, E Nussbaumer, L K. Emmons, Stephanie Conway, Clare Paton-Walsh, J Hartley, Joshua Benmergui, J Lin

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

We investigate Arctic tropospheric composition using ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) solar absorption spectra, recorded at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL, Eureka, Nunavut, Canada, 80°05' N, 86°42' W) and at Thule (Greenland, 76°53' N, −68°74' W) from 2008 to 2012. The target species, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), ethane (C2H6), acetylene (C2H2), formic acid (HCOOH), and formaldehyde (H2CO) are emitted by biomass burning and can be transported from mid-latitudes to the Arctic. By detecting simultaneous enhancements of three biomass burning tracers (HCN, CO, and C2H6), ten and eight fire events are identified at Eureka and Thule, respectively, …

Reversal Of Human Multi-Drug Resistance Leukaemic Cells By Stemofoline Derivatives Via Inhibition Of P-Glycoprotein Function, Sonthaya Umsumarng, Pornsiri Pitchakarn, Kwankamol Sastraruji, Supachai Yodkeeree, Alison T. Ung, Stephen G. Pyne, Pornngarm Limtrakul

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Our previous study reported multi-drug resistance (MDR) reversing properties of synthetic stemofoline derivatives (STFD), OH-A1, NH-B6 and NH-D6 on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpressing leukaemic cells (K562/Adr); however, the mechanism was unclear. In this study, we further investigated whether the STFD reverse MDR through either the inhibition of P-gp function or expression in K562/Adr cells, or both. The P-gp functional studies showed that the STFD increased the accumulation of calcein-AM, rhodamine 123 and [14C]-doxorubicin in K562/Adr cells, while the effects have not been seen in their parental sensitive cancer cell line (K562). Further, the STFD did not alter the P-gp expression as …

Potential Of Establishing A 'Global Standardised Growth Curve' (Gsgc) For Optical Dating Of Quartz From Sediments, Bo Li, Richard G. Roberts, Zenobia Jacobs, Sheng-Hua Li

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

We report investigations of the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signals of sedimentary quartz from different regions of Asia, Africa, Europe and North America using a single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) procedure. We show that variations in the shape of dose response curves (DRCs), or growth curves, of the test dose sensitivity-corrected OSL signals among single aliquots composed of multiple grains can be greatly reduced by normalising the DRCs using one of the regenerative dose OSL signals. We refer to this regenerative-dose normalisation procedure as 're-normalisation'. We find a common re-normalised DRC extends to doses of ∼250 Gy for samples that differ significantly …

Does Clinical Placement Location Affect Medical Student Exam Performance In Psychiatry?, Kerry Dawes, Alistair Lethbridge, Nagesh B. Pai

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Abstract of a poster presentation at the RANZCP 2015 Congress, Brisbane, Australia, 3-7 May 2015.

Contrasting Topoclimate, Long-Term Macroclimatic Averages, And Habitat Variables For Modelling Ant Biodiversity At Landscape Scales, John R. Gollan, Daniel Ramp, Michael B. Ashcroft

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Spatial modelling is part of the solution for incorporating insects into conservation policy. Uptake, however, rests on identifying robust environmental predictors. Coarse-grained climate models based on long-term averages and similarly coarse environmental features may not be adequate, especially at regional scales where most planning is done. Here, we test whether topoclimatic variables, which are derived from local-scale climate forcing factors, are more important for structuring ant assemblages.

We quantified ant richness and species composition at 86 sites across a large (200 x 300 km) temperate region of southeast Australia, and tested the explanatory power of three groups of environmental variables: …

An Integrative Review Of Facilitators And Barriers Influencing Collaboration And Teamwork Between General Practitioners And Nurses Working In General Practice, Susan Mcinnes, Kathleen Peters, Andrew D. Bonney, Elizabeth J. Halcomb

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Aim To identify facilitators and barriers influencing collaboration and teamwork between general practitioners and nurses working in general (family) practice. Background Internationally, a shortage of doctors entering and remaining in general practice and an increasing burden of chronic disease has diversified the nurse's role in this setting. Despite a well-established general practice nursing workforce, little attention has been paid to the ways doctors and nurses collaborate in this setting. Design Integrative literature review. Data sources CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Life, Cochrane Library, Joanna Briggs Institute Library of Systematic Reviews and Trove (dissertation and theses) were searched for papers published between …

You Have To Open It To Eat It: Does Food Packaging Used In Hospitals Impede Intake In A Well Older Population?, Alison F. Bell, Karen L. Walton, Emma Jenkins, Sarah Ryman

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Abstract of a presentation at the ICCAS 2015 - The International Conference on Culinary Arts and Sciences: Opportunities and Challenges for Food and Eating in Society, Montclair State University, New Jersey, USA, 3-5 June.

Evaluating The Efficacy Of The Driving And Dementia Decision Aid (Dadd) As A Resource For Health Professionals To Support Drivers Living With A Dementia Facing Decisions Who May Need To Consider Driving Retirement, Catherine L. Andrew, Victoria Traynor, John Carmody, Jan Erven

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Abstract presented at the 30th International Conference of Alzheimer's Disease International, 15 - 18 April 2015, Perth, Australia

Advancing Practice In The Care Of People With Dementia: A National Approach To Education And Knowledge Transfer, Margaret Winbolt, Richard Fleming, Elizabeth Beattie, Kathryn Cunningham, Andrew Stafford, Hannah P. Baral

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Abstract presented at the 30th International Conference of Alzheimer's Disease International, 15 - 18 April 2015, Perth, Australia

Designing Public Buildings To Be Dementia Friendly, Kirsty A. Bennett

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Abstract presented at the 30th International Conference of Alzheimer's Disease International, 15 - 18 April 2015, Perth, Australia

Drying Inland Seas Probably Helped Kill Australia’S Megafauna, Tim J. Cohen, Gerald C. Nanson, John D. Jansen, Joshua R. Larsen

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Events some 40,000 to 60,000 years ago marked a critical juncture in the Australian continent’s history. This is when humans first arrived and also the time when many huge beasts, known as megafauna, seem to have disappeared. So what caused their demise: humans, a changing climate, or both?