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Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
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- Keyword
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- rats. (4)
- Simple schedules (3)
- pigeons. (2)
- Bar press (2)
- Bar pressing (2)
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- Behavioral competition (2)
- Behavioral contrast (2)
- Key peck (2)
- Matching theory (2)
- Multiple schedules (2)
- Satiation (2)
- Variable-interval response function (2)
- Within-session effects (2)
- PIGEONS. (1)
- bias. (1)
- rat. (1)
- Apomorphine (1)
- Autoshaping (1)
- Behavioral cost (1)
- Behavioral economics (1)
- Block clock (1)
- Darkened key (1)
- Dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptors (1)
- Early peak (1)
- Food density (1)
- Generalized matching law (1)
- Herrnstein's equation (1)
- Interim responding (1)
- Lever press (1)
- Local rates (1)
- Publication Year
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Articles 1 - 22 of 22
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
The Role Of Dopamine In Reinforcement: Changes In Reinforcement Sensitivity Induced By D1-Type, D2-Type, And Nonselective Dopamine Receptor Agonists, Natalie A. Bratcher, Valeri Farmer-Dougan, James Dougan, Byron A. Heidenreich, Paul A. Garris
The Role Of Dopamine In Reinforcement: Changes In Reinforcement Sensitivity Induced By D1-Type, D2-Type, And Nonselective Dopamine Receptor Agonists, Natalie A. Bratcher, Valeri Farmer-Dougan, James Dougan, Byron A. Heidenreich, Paul A. Garris
James Dougan
Dose-dependent changes in sensitivity to reinforcement were found when rats were treated with low, moderate, and high doses of the partial dopamine D1-type receptor agonist SKF38393 and with the nonselective dopamine agonist apomorphine, but did not change when rats were treated with similar doses of the selective dopamine D2-type receptor agonist quinpirole. Estimates of bias did not differ significantly across exposure to SKF38393 or quinpirole, but did change significantly at the high dose of apomorphine. Estimates of goodness of fit (r2) did not change significantly during quinpirole exposure. Poor goodness of fit was obtained …
Fox Urine As An Aversive Stimulus:, Valeri Farmer-Dougan, Seshanand Chandrashekar, David Stutzman, Kari Bradham, James Dougan
Fox Urine As An Aversive Stimulus:, Valeri Farmer-Dougan, Seshanand Chandrashekar, David Stutzman, Kari Bradham, James Dougan
James Dougan
Predator urine, specillcally fox urine, is a noxious but harmless olfactory stimulus. The results of previous studies have shown that fox urine is aversive to rats, and that rats react to fox urine in a similar manner as to other psychostressors. In the present study, the authors further investigated the use of fox urine as an aversive or stressful stimulus, specillcally examining behavior change in open-field place-preference task. Three methods of presenting the fox urine were examined. Results indicated thai fox urine decreased behavior, especially locomotion, during both fox-urine presentation and during a post-fox-urine recovery session. Data suggested that (a) …
Behavioral Contrast In A Group Foraging Paradigm, James Dougan, Valeri Farmer-Dougan
Behavioral Contrast In A Group Foraging Paradigm, James Dougan, Valeri Farmer-Dougan
James Dougan
Two experiments examined multiple schedule behavioral contrast in a group foraging paradigm. Groups of five rats foraged simultaneously in a large open field apparatus with two feeding stations. Food pellets were delivered at each of the feeding stations on multiple Variable Time schedules. As predicted by both the matching law and the ideal free distribution, the relative distribution of behavior between the two feeding stations roughly matched the relative rate of food delivery at the feeding stations. These differences were reflected in both the behavior of individual animals and in the behavior of the group. Positive behavioral contrast was found …
Locomotion Induced By Non-Contingent Intracranial Electrical Stimulation: Dopamine Dependence And General Characteristics, James Dougan, John Martin, Qun Wu, Laura Stanisz, Scott Martyn, Sandra Rokosik, Paul Garris, Valeri Farmer-Dougan
Locomotion Induced By Non-Contingent Intracranial Electrical Stimulation: Dopamine Dependence And General Characteristics, James Dougan, John Martin, Qun Wu, Laura Stanisz, Scott Martyn, Sandra Rokosik, Paul Garris, Valeri Farmer-Dougan
James Dougan
Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is induced by delivery of electrical stimulation contingent upon a response such as bar pressing. This procedure has been widely used to investigate the brain reward system. Recent investigations, however, have noted that non-contingent electrical stimulation, also called experimenter applied stimulation (EAS), produces a unique set of locomotion behaviors that appear to be related to ICSS, and that these behaviors resemble locomotion similar to those elicited by dopamine enhancing drugs. However, little is known about the general characteristics of EAS-induced locomotion. While ICSS appears to be robust, long lasting, and highly rewarding in that the rat will …
Locomotion Induced By Non-Contingent Intracranial Stimulation:, James Dougan, Valeri Farmer-Dougan, Sandra Rokosik, Julie Lewis, Paul Garris
Locomotion Induced By Non-Contingent Intracranial Stimulation:, James Dougan, Valeri Farmer-Dougan, Sandra Rokosik, Julie Lewis, Paul Garris
James Dougan
Non-contingent experimenter-applied stimulation (nEAS) to the ventral mesencephalon, unlike contingent intracranial selfstimulation (ICSS), elicits high rates of general locomotion. This locomotion may be due to the nature of the presentation of stimulation, in that nEAS is non-contingent, while ICSS depends on a specific and focused response (e.g., bar pressing). Psychomotor stimulants also elicit high amounts of general locomotion, with the locomotion attributed to increased dopamine release. Interestingly, dopamine release decreases or is absent with repeated ICSS, but not nEAS. This suggests that the locomotion elicited by nEAS may be the result of DA release similar to that observed with psychomotor …
The Man Who Listens To Behavior: Folk Wisdom And Behavior Analysis From A Real Horse Whisperer, James Dougan, Valeri Farmer-Dougan
The Man Who Listens To Behavior: Folk Wisdom And Behavior Analysis From A Real Horse Whisperer, James Dougan, Valeri Farmer-Dougan
James Dougan
The popular novel and movie The Horse Whisperer are based on the work of several real-life horse whisperers, the most famous of whom is Monty Roberts. Over the last 50 years, Roberts has developed a technique for training horses that is both more effective and less aversive than traditional training techniques. An analysis of Roberts’ methods (as described in his book, The Man Who Listens to Horses) indicates a deep understanding of behavioral principles including positive reinforcement, timeout, species-specific defense reactions, ‘‘learned helplessness,’’ and the behavioral analysis of language. Roberts developed his theory and techniques on the basis of …
Within-Session Changes In The Vi Response Function: Separating Food Density From Elapsed Session Time, James Dougan, Laura Campbell
Within-Session Changes In The Vi Response Function: Separating Food Density From Elapsed Session Time, James Dougan, Laura Campbell
James Dougan
Previous studies examining the relationship between response rate and reinforcement rate on variable- interval schedules (the variable-interval response function) have confounded elapsed session time with within-session changes in food density. The present experiments attempted to manipulate these factors independently and thus isolate their effects on responding. In Experiment 1, 7 rats pressed a bar for food on a series of four variable-interval schedules (7.5 s, 15 s, 30 s, and 480 s). Elapsed session time was held constant while food density was manipulated via a presession feeding. Changes in food density altered the form of the variable-interval response function, independently …
Gallistel’S The Organization Of Learning: This Is Not Creation Science, James Dougan
Gallistel’S The Organization Of Learning: This Is Not Creation Science, James Dougan
James Dougan
No abstract provided.
Session Duration And The Vi Response Function: With-In Session Prospective And Retrospective Efffects, James Dougan, Alfred Kuh, K. Vink
Session Duration And The Vi Response Function: With-In Session Prospective And Retrospective Efffects, James Dougan, Alfred Kuh, K. Vink
James Dougan
Two experiments examined the effects of session duration on responding during simple variable-interval schedules. In Experiment 1, rats were exposed to a series of simple variable-interval schedules differing in both session duration (10 min or 30 min) and scheduled reinforcement rate (7.5 s,15 s, 30 s, and 480 s). The functions relating response rate to reinforcement rate were predominantly monotonic for the short (10-min) sessions but were predominantly bitonic for the long (30-min) sessions, when data from the entire session were considered. Examination of responding within sessions suggested that differences in the whole-session data were produced by a combination of …
Inelastic Supply: An Economic Approach To Simple Interval Schedule, James Dougan
Inelastic Supply: An Economic Approach To Simple Interval Schedule, James Dougan
James Dougan
Economic theory predicts an inverse relationship between the quantity of a commodity supplied to the marketplace and the equilibrium market price of that commodity. This prediction was tested in three experiments. Pigeons responded on simple variable-interval schedules, and quantity of reinforcement supplied was varied in a different way in each experiment. In Experiment 1, quantity supplied was varied by manipulating reinforcement rate while keeping session length constant. In Experiment 2, quantity supplied was varied by manipulating reinforcement rate while keeping reinforcers per session constant. In Experiment 3, quantity supplied was varied by manipulating reinforcer magnitude while keeping number of reinforcers …
The Autoshaping Procedure As A Residual Block Clock, James Dougan, James Dinsmoor, John Pfister, Edda Thiels
The Autoshaping Procedure As A Residual Block Clock, James Dougan, James Dinsmoor, John Pfister, Edda Thiels
James Dougan
In the first experiment, 4 pigeons were each presented with a recurring sequence of four key colors followed by the delivery of grain (block clock). Once the rate of pecking had stabilized, three of the colors were replaced, during different series of sessions, by a darkening of the key. The rate of pecking was reduced within those segments of the interval between deliveries of food during which the key was dark; when the key was dark during the final portion of the interval, rates were reduced throughout the entire interval. In the second experiment, 3 new pigeons were exposed to …
Total Duration Weighed By Frequency: A Meaningful Measure?, James Dougan, W. Timberlake
Total Duration Weighed By Frequency: A Meaningful Measure?, James Dougan, W. Timberlake
James Dougan
No abstract provided.
Behavioral Contrast In Pigeons And Rats: A Comparative Analysis, James Dougan, Frances Mcsweeney, Valeri Farmer-Dougan
Behavioral Contrast In Pigeons And Rats: A Comparative Analysis, James Dougan, Frances Mcsweeney, Valeri Farmer-Dougan
James Dougan
The effects of reinforcement rate on behavioral contrast were examined in pigeons and rats. Each species was exposed to a series of 12 multiple variable-interval schedules, divided into four 3-schedule series. Each series consisted of a standard contrast manipulation, and baseline schedules provided a different rate of reinforcement in each of the series. The functions relating reinforcement rate to the magnitude of contrast were different across species. Rats showed a U-shaped function, with reliable contrast occurring only at high reinforcement rates. Pigeons showed an inverted U-shaped function, with contrast occurring on all schedules except the schedule providing the lowest rate …
The Phylogeny Of Information Processing, James Dougan, Roger Davis
The Phylogeny Of Information Processing, James Dougan, Roger Davis
James Dougan
No abstract provided.
Reinforcement In The 16th Century: Was The Bard A Behaviorist?, James Dougan
Reinforcement In The 16th Century: Was The Bard A Behaviorist?, James Dougan
James Dougan
Shakespeare's play The Taming of the Shrew is described in terms of behavior analysis. Changes in the behavior of the character Kate result from her husband Petruchio's manipulation of environmental contingencies. Aspects ofbehavior analysis found in the play include the identification of target behavior, the establishment of events as reinforcers, the arrangement of contingencies between responses and reinforcers, and the assessment of post-intervention responding. Several aspects of Shakespeare's description are related to current issues in behavior analysis bearing on theory, cultural practices, and public relations.
Behavioral Contrast As A Function Of Component Duration And Baseline Rate Of Reinforcement, James Dougan, Frances Mcsweeney, Valeri Farmer, Jennifer Higa
Behavioral Contrast As A Function Of Component Duration And Baseline Rate Of Reinforcement, James Dougan, Frances Mcsweeney, Valeri Farmer, Jennifer Higa
James Dougan
Three experiments examined changes in size of multiple-schedule behavioral contrast with changes in an independent variable. Experiment 1 found that positive contrast generally increased with increases in component duration when pigeons pressed treadles. Experiments 2 and 3 found that positive and negative contrast generally increased with increases in the baseline rates of reinforcement when pigeons pecked keys. The experiments show that positive and negative contrast vary as similar functions of the same variables. Experiment 1 also suggests that these functions are different for different responses.
The Generalized Matching Law As A Description Of Multiple-Schedule Responding, James Dougan, Frances Mcsweeney, Valeri Farmer, J. Whipple
The Generalized Matching Law As A Description Of Multiple-Schedule Responding, James Dougan, Frances Mcsweeney, Valeri Farmer, J. Whipple
James Dougan
The literature was examined to determine how well the generalized matching law (Baum, 1974) describes multiple-schedule responding. In general, it describes the data well, accounting for a median of 91% of the variance. The median size of the undermatching parameter was 0.46; the median bias parameter was 1.00. The size of the undermatching parameter, and the proportion of the variance accounted for by the equation, varied inversely with the number of schedules conducted, with the number of sessions conducted per schedule, and with the time within a component. The undermatching parameter also varied with the operanda used to produce reinforcers …
Simple Schedule And Signal-Key Multiple Schedule Responding And Behavioral Contrast, James Dougan, Frances K. Mcsweeney, Valerie A. Farmer
Simple Schedule And Signal-Key Multiple Schedule Responding And Behavioral Contrast, James Dougan, Frances K. Mcsweeney, Valerie A. Farmer
James Dougan
Pigeons' rates of responding on simple schedules appearing alone or as components of signal-key multiple schedules were not systematically different early in training, but were different later in training. This suggests that a simple schedule may be an appropriate baseline from which to measure behavioral contrast. Positive behavioral contrast, like the present differences between simple and multiple schedule responding, does not appear when naive subjects respond on signal-key multiple schedules, but does appear when experimentally experienced subjects are used.
Behavioral Contrast In Competitive And Non-Competitive Environments, James Dougan, Frances Mcsweeney, Valeri Farmer-Dougan
Behavioral Contrast In Competitive And Non-Competitive Environments, James Dougan, Frances Mcsweeney, Valeri Farmer-Dougan
James Dougan
Three experiments examined the effects of opportunities for an alternative response (drinking) on positive behavioral contrast of rats' food-reinforced bar pressing. In both Experiments I and 2 the baseline multiple variable-interval schedules were rich (variable interval 10-s), and contrast was examined both with and without a water bottle present. In Experiment 1, the rats were not water deprived. When one component of the multiple schedule was changed to extinction, the rate of bar pressing increased in the constant component (positive behavioral contrast). The magnitude of contrast was larger when the bottle was absent than when it was present, as predicted …
Some Parameters Of Behavioral Contrast And Allocation Of Interim Behavior In Rats, James Dougan, Frances Mcsweeney, Valeri Farmer
Some Parameters Of Behavioral Contrast And Allocation Of Interim Behavior In Rats, James Dougan, Frances Mcsweeney, Valeri Farmer
James Dougan
Two experiments examined the effects of baseline reinforcement rate and component duration on behavioral contrast and on re-allocation of interim behavior in rats. Positive behavioral contrast occurred during multiple variable-interval 10-second extinction (VI 10 EXT) after a multiple VI 10 VI 10 baseline condition, but not during multiple VI 60 EXT following multiple VI 60 VI 60 baseline. Component duration had no significant effect on contrast. These results differed from those found in studies of pigeons' key pecking. Contrast was accompanied by an increased rate of drinking in the changed component, but drinking in the constant component did not decrease. …
Variation In Herrnsein’S R0 As A Function Of Alternative Reinforcement Rate, James Dougan, Frances K. Mcsweeney
Variation In Herrnsein’S R0 As A Function Of Alternative Reinforcement Rate, James Dougan, Frances K. Mcsweeney
James Dougan
In a test of Herrnstein's (1970, 1974) equation for simple schedules, 15 pigeons pecked a key that produced food delivered according to variable-interval schedules. One group of birds was water deprived, and food-reinforced key pecking occurred in the presence of free water. Two other groups were not water deprived; water was present for one and absent for the other. As predicted by Herrnstein, the parameter ro was significantly higher in the water-deprived group than in the two nondeprived groups. Contrary to Herrnstein's interpretation of ro, the rate of drinking varied across schedules. Herrnstein's interpretation can be salvaged …
Skinner, Equipotentiality, And The New Law Of Effect, James Dougan
Skinner, Equipotentiality, And The New Law Of Effect, James Dougan
James Dougan
No abstract provided.