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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

A Practical Application Of Self Psychology In Counseling, A. Jordan Wright Dec 2021

A Practical Application Of Self Psychology In Counseling, A. Jordan Wright

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Self psychology has undergone a significant evolution since it was initially developed and proposed by Heinz Kohut, including broadening conceptions of what purposes selfobjects can serve for individuals. Its application to counseling has been as an organizing framework and overarching theory of human development and psychopathology. The concept of selfobjects, however, has the potential to provide specific guidance and technique in micro-interactions within counseling. Individual moments within counseling present opportunities for a counselor to intervene, and self psychology can provide a deliberate decision-making tool for how to respond. Being deliberate in interventions throughout counseling has the potential to improve outcomes. …


Supervision Strategies To Facilitate Vicarious Post Traumatic Growth Among Trauma Counselors, Jennifer D. Deaton, Brooke Wymer, Ryan G. Carlson Dec 2021

Supervision Strategies To Facilitate Vicarious Post Traumatic Growth Among Trauma Counselors, Jennifer D. Deaton, Brooke Wymer, Ryan G. Carlson

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Counselors working with clients who have experienced trauma may encounter a range of indirect trauma responses (i.e., vicarious trauma, compassion fatigue, and/or secondary traumatic stress). Alternatively, counselors may experience positive affects such as living life more fully, treating others differently, or becoming more emotionally expressive in their relationships due to indirect trauma exposure. The latter experience is called vicarious post traumatic growth and has implications for more positive counselor functioning and better client outcomes. In this article, we review four enabling factors of vicarious post traumatic growth to provide supervision strategies to address indirect trauma; meaning making, social interests, social …


Integrating Vicarious Resilience Into Counselor Education Programs, Olivia T. Ngadjui Dec 2021

Integrating Vicarious Resilience Into Counselor Education Programs, Olivia T. Ngadjui

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

To support the retention of counselors in the field, suggestions influenced by a deficit lens caution and affirm the importance of preventative wellness to counselors while highlighting the impact related to the lack of attentiveness towards counselors’ well-being such as impairment, vicarious trauma, compassion fatigue and burnout. The construct of vicarious resilience is a transformative lens of care (Hernandez-Wolfe, 2018). For counselors, this lens includes substantial benefits towards the counselor’s wellbeing when collaborating with empathy and care to reframe initial thinking surrounding the therapeutic relationship. This article consists of a conceptual framework for integrating vicarious resilience into counselor education as …


A Social Justice Recruitment And Retention Model For Diversifying School Counselor Education, Caroline Lopez-Perry, Malti Tuttle, Jung H. Hyun, Shanel Robinson Dec 2021

A Social Justice Recruitment And Retention Model For Diversifying School Counselor Education, Caroline Lopez-Perry, Malti Tuttle, Jung H. Hyun, Shanel Robinson

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

A social justice recruitment and retention model for BIPOC school counselors into counselor education doctoral programs is described. This article represents a call to action for counselor educators to examine their practices and policies for recruiting and retaining BIPOC school counselors in doctoral programs and the field of counselor education.


Counselor Educators Experiences And Techniques Teaching About Social-Health Inequities, Kaprea Johnson, Lauren B. Robins Dec 2021

Counselor Educators Experiences And Techniques Teaching About Social-Health Inequities, Kaprea Johnson, Lauren B. Robins

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) are social-health inequities which cause wellness disparities amongst the population. This phenomenological investigation explored counselor educators’ (N=12) methods for teaching about SDOH. Two structural themes (pedagogic strategies and instructor context) and seven textural themes were identified, displaying the comprehensive coverage of SDOH in counseling courses. Implications for refinement of SDOH coverage are included.


Enhancing Clinical Competencies In Counselor Education: The Deliberate Practice Coaching Framework, Taylor Irvine, Chelsea Fullilove, Arielle Osman, Lilia Farmanara, Kelly Emelianchik-Key Dec 2021

Enhancing Clinical Competencies In Counselor Education: The Deliberate Practice Coaching Framework, Taylor Irvine, Chelsea Fullilove, Arielle Osman, Lilia Farmanara, Kelly Emelianchik-Key

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

In the counselor education (CE) literature, there remains a paucity of available research on systematic methods to enhance counselors-in-training (CIT) clinical competencies. Currently, CIT report feeling not only ill-equipped in essential counseling competencies upon graduating, but they also indicate diminished self-efficacy before engaging in clinical work. Therefore, we propose the Deliberate Practice Coaching Framework (DPCF) to address these issues. This systematic framework integrates deliberate practice components and coaching, with a peer mentoring relationship, to help enhance CIT clinical competencies and skill development, as well as promote overall self-efficacy. We provide a case illustrating the application of the DPCF. We also …


Tenure Standards, Scholarly Productivity, And Workloads Of Counselor Educators At Doctoral And Master's-Only Counseling Programs, Gregory Hatchett Dec 2021

Tenure Standards, Scholarly Productivity, And Workloads Of Counselor Educators At Doctoral And Master's-Only Counseling Programs, Gregory Hatchett

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This article describes the results of a survey that inquired about the tenure standards, scholarly productivity, and workloads of counselor educators (N = 119) at doctoral-level counselor education programs. These survey results were then compared to the results attained in an earlier study of counselor educators (N = 168) at master’s-only programs at comprehensive universities (Hatchett, 2020). These two groups of counselor educators differed on the following variables: proportion of counselor educators with Ph.D.’s, binary gender, perceptions of tenure criteria, scholarly productivity on an annual basis and at the time of tenure applications, teaching schedules, distribution of work …


In-Home Counseling Clinical Supervision: A Multiple-Case Study Analysis, Janelle M. Cox, Connie T. Jones, Stephanie F. Dailey Dec 2021

In-Home Counseling Clinical Supervision: A Multiple-Case Study Analysis, Janelle M. Cox, Connie T. Jones, Stephanie F. Dailey

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

An understanding of the knowledge and skills necessary for clinical supervision of in-home counselors is scarce in counseling. To address this gap, the authors conducted a multiple-case study with three clinical supervisors from two in-home counseling agencies in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Data was collected through multiple sources: individual interviews, clinical supervisors contracts, and philosophies. Within-case and cross-case analysis resulted in four themes: clinical supervision practices, training and evaluation, ethical dilemmas, and boundary setting. Implications of these findings suggest clinical supervisors at in-home agencies are not receiving formal training and rely heavily on previous experience to guide their clinical supervision practice, …


Creativity In Supervision Using The Integrated Developmental Model Of Supervision, Kyle Bellinger, Stacia Carone Dec 2021

Creativity In Supervision Using The Integrated Developmental Model Of Supervision, Kyle Bellinger, Stacia Carone

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Clinical supervision is a primary task of the professional counseling supervisor. The American Counseling Association (2014) Code of Ethics includes requirements for supervisors to be competent in the delivery of supervision. The Integrated Developmental Model (IDM) (McNeill & Stoltenberg, 2015; Stoltenberg & Delworth, 1987) is a widely accepted supervision model (Salvador, 2016) that can be utilized to conceptualize supervisees’ levels of expertise and corresponding skills. The use of creativity in supervision has been reported to improve counselor insight and resulting conceptualizations of and relationships with clients (Lahad, 2000). The IDM of supervision, in conjunction with creative interventions can be implemented …


Developmental Networks And Interpersonal Support Of Beginning Counselors, Nathan B. West, Joel F. Diambra, Laura S. Wheat Sep 2021

Developmental Networks And Interpersonal Support Of Beginning Counselors, Nathan B. West, Joel F. Diambra, Laura S. Wheat

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

As beginning counselors complete graduate school and enter the workplace they often experience a turbulent transition (Moss et al., 2014). Interpersonal relationships play a vital role in counselors’ development during this period of change (Skovholt & Trotter-Mathison, 2011). This qualitative study explored beginning counselors’ perspectives regarding the role of interpersonal relationships in their development. Analysis of interviews with 12 beginning counselors (within two years post-graduation) resulted in five themes: Context of Personal-Professional Identity; Adjustment/Transition; Growth Orientation; Network Organization; and Connective Tissue. Implications suggest educators promote effective developmental relationships and encourage established counseling professionals to foster workplace environments that help beginning …


Academic Job Negotiation Experiences, Reflections, And Biases In Counselor Education: A Descriptive Study, Cheryl L. Pence, Andrea Kirk-Jenkins Sep 2021

Academic Job Negotiation Experiences, Reflections, And Biases In Counselor Education: A Descriptive Study, Cheryl L. Pence, Andrea Kirk-Jenkins

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This descriptive study explored the job negotiation experiences of 93 counselor educators through an embedded survey design to examine their negotiation experiences, reflections, and potential hiring biases. The most common negotiation preparation strategy was consulting a mentor (80%) and while salary was most regularly negotiated (76%), a list of other benefits was included. Although a majority of participants regretted not making a request (53%), most reported overall positive experiences (63%). These findings support implications for counselor educators including preparing early, using successful negotiation strategies, exploring all potential benefits, and articulating requests for a more positive negotiation experience.


Counseling Students’ Experiences Learning How To Assess Youth Suicide Risk, Laura L. Gallo, Raissa Miller, Diana M. Doumas, Aida Midgett, Sherise Porchia Sep 2021

Counseling Students’ Experiences Learning How To Assess Youth Suicide Risk, Laura L. Gallo, Raissa Miller, Diana M. Doumas, Aida Midgett, Sherise Porchia

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Suicide rates continue to rise in the United States, especially within our youth population. Preparing counselors to confidently address suicide risk with their clients is crucial in suicide prevention. The authors conducted a phenomenological investigation of a youth suicide prevention course with 10 counseling students. The course included both a didactic component and an experiential component. We extracted four themes suggesting students believe a) suicide assessment is integral to the counselor role b) suicide is a complex phenomenon; c) the course enhanced self-efficacy; and d) interactive activities supported learning. Implications focusing on the importance of building self-efficacy in risk assessments, …


The Impact Of Race-Ethnicity On Foreign-Born Students’ Counselor Self-Efficacy And Acculturative Stress, Claudia Interiano-Shiverdecker, Sejal Parikh, Claudia Flowers, Mahsa Maghsoudi Sep 2021

The Impact Of Race-Ethnicity On Foreign-Born Students’ Counselor Self-Efficacy And Acculturative Stress, Claudia Interiano-Shiverdecker, Sejal Parikh, Claudia Flowers, Mahsa Maghsoudi

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Foreign-born students are present in counselor education programs, yet limited research exists understanding how their race-ethnicity impacts their counselor self-efficacy or acculturative stress. This current investigation examined the effects of race-ethnicity on counselor self-efficacy and acculturative stress within a sample of 94 foreign-born counseling students (FBCSs). Results of a one-way MANOVA revealed that compared with Caucasian FBCSs, students who self-identified as Hispanic/Latinx, Asian/Pacific Islander, Black/African, and other reported significant changes in counselor self-efficacy and acculturative stress. These groups reported less counselor self-efficacy and higher levels of acculturative stress than Caucasian FBCSs, highlighting the importance of with-in group differences, such as …


Addressing Heterosexism: Student Narratives Of A Guided Imagery Activity, Jenny L. Cureton, Victoria Giegerich, Jennifer Murdock Bishop Sep 2021

Addressing Heterosexism: Student Narratives Of A Guided Imagery Activity, Jenny L. Cureton, Victoria Giegerich, Jennifer Murdock Bishop

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

A published guided imagery (GI) offers an innovative active learning tool for teaching about heterosexism in counselor education. A literature review precedes the description of a critical narrative inquiry of students’ experiences with the GI activity. A sample of 19 students in two sections of a counseling course recounted stories of their GI experience in individual written reflections and focus group interviews. Findings describe individual and collective meaning-making, resulting in three themes about their struggles, insights, and perspectives of themselves and their personal and professional worlds. Implications for counselor education professionals include conceptualization and implementation of guided imagery for active …


Counselor Education Doctoral Students’ Gatekeeper Experiences At A Large, Public Midwestern University: A Pilot Study, Diana Charnley Sep 2021

Counselor Education Doctoral Students’ Gatekeeper Experiences At A Large, Public Midwestern University: A Pilot Study, Diana Charnley

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This pilot study seeks to understand the gatekeeping experiences doctoral students have had during their training at a large, public midwestern university in a CACREP-accredited program. Using a basic qualitative approach, five students were interviewed about their gatekeeping experiences and learning process as well as how they navigate their multiple professional roles as developing gatekeepers. The following themes and sub-themes are discussed: (a) gatekeeping experiences, a process with several gates; (b) learning to gatekeep, primarily through experience and overcoming barriers; and (c) multiple professional roles in gatekeeping, focused on teaching and supervision and the impact of faculty mentors.


Imposter Phenomenon And Research Experiences Among Counselor Educators, Jaimie Stickl Haugen, Carrie A. Wachter Morris, Kelly L. Wester, Jordan L. Austin, Shreya Vaishnav, Lindsey K. Umstead, Heather Delgado Sep 2021

Imposter Phenomenon And Research Experiences Among Counselor Educators, Jaimie Stickl Haugen, Carrie A. Wachter Morris, Kelly L. Wester, Jordan L. Austin, Shreya Vaishnav, Lindsey K. Umstead, Heather Delgado

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Content analysis was employed to explore research experiences and imposter phenomenon (IP) among 25 counselor educators. Six overarching categories emerged including inconsistent areas of efficacy in the research process, supports in conducting research, barriers in conducting research, experiences of IP across roles, triggers of IP, and factors that quiet IP, with implications for counselor educators.


Counselor Educator, Supervisor, And Practitioner Perspectives On Distance Counseling And Telemental Health Training And Practice, Heather C. Robertson, Ryan Lowell Sep 2021

Counselor Educator, Supervisor, And Practitioner Perspectives On Distance Counseling And Telemental Health Training And Practice, Heather C. Robertson, Ryan Lowell

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

As distance counseling and telemental health practices continue to grow, it is unclear how counselor training programs are responding to the change or how frequently supervisors and practitioners utilize distance modalities. Counseling professionals (N =103) were surveyed to examine their perceptions of distance counseling training and practice. Respondents indicated multiple roles as Counselor Educators (CE, n = 74), Counseling Supervisors (CS, n = 61), and Counseling Practitioners (CP, n = 86). The majority of CE expressed dissatisfaction with amount of distance counseling content in their training program yet felt confident to teach distance counseling and TMH concepts. Personal experience with …


Program Experiences Associated With Research Competencies Development Of Doctoral-Level Scholar-Practitioners In Counselor Education And Supervision Programs, Amanda Rockinson-Szapkiw, John J. S. Harrichand Sep 2021

Program Experiences Associated With Research Competencies Development Of Doctoral-Level Scholar-Practitioners In Counselor Education And Supervision Programs, Amanda Rockinson-Szapkiw, John J. S. Harrichand

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This study examined how the program experiences of Counselor Education and Supervision doctoral students were associated with their research competency development as scholar-practitioners. Three hundred and thirty doctoral students completed a survey and data were analyzed with a regression analysis. The results demonstrated that program experiences including faculty-mentored research experiences, field-based experience with research application, opportunities to disseminate research, reflecting on identity development, and being in the dissertation phase were significantly associated students’ development as scholars. These findings provide implications for program curriculum and intervention development.


Readiness Of Counselor Education And Supervision For Suicide Training: A Cqr Study, Jenny L. Cureton, Elysia V. Clemens, Janessa Henninger, Connie Couch Sep 2021

Readiness Of Counselor Education And Supervision For Suicide Training: A Cqr Study, Jenny L. Cureton, Elysia V. Clemens, Janessa Henninger, Connie Couch

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

The Counselor Education and Supervision professional community is responsible for providing training on suicide to Master’s students in counseling. Elevated suicide rates and historically insufficient training along with updated practice, ethical, and accreditation standards necessitate changes to counselor preparation on suicide. Readiness assessment can support the CES community’s aims to meet such standards. A Consensual Qualitative Research team utilized a community readiness framework to analyze interviews with fifteen educators, administrators, and supervisors in diverse CACREP-accredited programs. Readiness findings inform counselor preparation and policy at the course, program, state, and national level.


Screening, Brief Intervention And Referral To Treatment (Sbirt) Training With Counselor Education Students, Tiffany Lee, Stephen E. Craig, Andrew Clay, Karis Callaway, Diana Charnley May 2021

Screening, Brief Intervention And Referral To Treatment (Sbirt) Training With Counselor Education Students, Tiffany Lee, Stephen E. Craig, Andrew Clay, Karis Callaway, Diana Charnley

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Counselors should be proficient in screening for problematic substance use and also demonstrate the ability to provide a brief intervention, when appropriate. As part of a three-year grant project, counselor educators at one institution provided intensive training on Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) to clinical mental health counseling students. This SBIRT protocol is designed to promote early detection and effective intervention for clients at risk of developing a substance use disorder. The purpose of this article is to present an in-depth narrative related to the process, content, and pedagogical methods of the training. The authors also address …


Predicting Burnout In Graduate Student Counselors Using A Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Of Workaholism Tendencies, Grit, And Academic Entitlement, Rebekah Reysen, Sumedha Therthani, Kristen Butler, Smyth Sexton, Phillip Shumate May 2021

Predicting Burnout In Graduate Student Counselors Using A Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Of Workaholism Tendencies, Grit, And Academic Entitlement, Rebekah Reysen, Sumedha Therthani, Kristen Butler, Smyth Sexton, Phillip Shumate

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

We investigated the relationship between workaholism tendencies, academic entitlement, and grit on burnout for graduate student counselors (n = 113). Workaholism was the most significant predictor of burnout, with approximately 30% of participants illustrating these tendencies. We conclude with a discussion of future research and implications for the counseling field.


Doctoral-Level Ces Students’ Lived Experiences Pursuing Courses In An Online Learning Environment, Sara Bender, Jennifer Werries May 2021

Doctoral-Level Ces Students’ Lived Experiences Pursuing Courses In An Online Learning Environment, Sara Bender, Jennifer Werries

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

The increase in accredited online CES doctoral programs coupled with established online learning guidelines suggests that counselor educators understand the value of the online medium in training emerging counselor educators. Given the elevated level of nuanced learning that occurs within graduate studies, it is fair to assume that doctoral-level learning experiences and outcomes are likely to vary by field. To date, there remains minimal published research related to understanding the dynamics within online counselor education and supervision (CES) doctoral programs. The purpose of this interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) was to understand the experiences of doctoral CES students pursuing a degree …


Using Photovoice To Explore Racial Microaggressions Experienced By Doctoral Students Of Color, Shreya Vaishnav May 2021

Using Photovoice To Explore Racial Microaggressions Experienced By Doctoral Students Of Color, Shreya Vaishnav

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Racial microaggressions are prevalent in academia and negatively impact the engagement and well-being of students of color. Despite this, little is known regarding the experiences of doctoral students with racial microaggressions in counselor education (CE) programs. The purpose of this study was to better understand the impact of racial microaggressions on doctoral students of color in CE programs. The study utilized Photovoice methodology, which incorporated pictures, captured by participants, to highlight the racial microaggressions experienced by six doctoral students of color in CE programs. Themes expressed by participants included Struggle, Racism, Sacrificing Ourselves, and Advocacy as central to their experience …


Clash Of Generations: Attitudes Toward Tattoos In Counselor Education, Philip Mullins, Mary Alice Bruce May 2021

Clash Of Generations: Attitudes Toward Tattoos In Counselor Education, Philip Mullins, Mary Alice Bruce

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Counselor Education doctoral students, administrators, and faculty (N=244) were surveyed nationally to assess current generational differences in attitudes toward tattoos in higher education. Results offer information and implications regarding tattoo placement, attitudes, hiring in higher education, comfort levels, ramifications for graduate student admission, and impact of tattoos on faculty hiring.


Supporting Practicing School Counselor’S Skill Development: A Hip Hop And Spoken Word Professional Development Intervention, Ian Levy, Matthew E. Lemberger-Truelove Feb 2021

Supporting Practicing School Counselor’S Skill Development: A Hip Hop And Spoken Word Professional Development Intervention, Ian Levy, Matthew E. Lemberger-Truelove

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Given the paucity of professional development (PD) opportunities, gaps in cultural competence, and deterioration of direct counseling service opportunities for many school counselors, it is reasonable to conjecture that there is an inadvertent abandonment of skill development and related student outcomes. This mixed-methods study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of an innovative PD series for school counselors, exploring participants' self-efficacy in counseling skill use and cross-cultural competence. The researchers administered a multi-session PD to school counselors in an Urban, Northeast School District in the US. Data from pre- and post-training surveys, vignettes, and post-training focus groups indicated a significant decrease …


Preparing Cacrep-Accredited Doctoral Students To Teach, Meredith Lt Montgomery, Mei Tang Feb 2021

Preparing Cacrep-Accredited Doctoral Students To Teach, Meredith Lt Montgomery, Mei Tang

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Counselor education literature addresses training of future counselors although little is known about the preparation of doctoral students as teachers. This qualitative thematic analysis utilizes a Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) theoretical framework and a Contextualism philosophical framework to answer the question: How are doctoral students in CACREP-accredited doctoral programs prepared to teach? Faculty (n=6) and students (n=10) from ten CACREP-accredited Counselor Education and Supervision (CES) programs across the United States participated. A narrative description of the process of preparing doctoral students to teach is based on three identified themes: relationship, pedagogy, and effort. Implications include a need for stewardship of …


Is This What Counselors Are? Conflict Stories In Multicultural Coursework, Lauren Melamed Feb 2021

Is This What Counselors Are? Conflict Stories In Multicultural Coursework, Lauren Melamed

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Classroom-based conversations about multicultural issues can be difficult, ranging with various degrees of tension that span between affective stress to full on turbulent emotional exchanges. The purpose of this narrative inquiry was to better understand the student perspective of conflict in the classroom. Understanding conflict stories are imperative for the training of professional counselors bound to both cultural competency and professional growth. Findings reveal both content and structure of students’ conflict stories in multicultural counseling classes as they navigate the tasks of professional identity development. Themes of gatekeeping and collective accountability emerged, in addition to transformation and meaning-making.


Enhancing Social Justice And Multicultural Counseling Competence Through Cultural Immersion: A Guide For Faculty, Sonya Lorelle, Katherine Atkins, Rebecca Michel Feb 2021

Enhancing Social Justice And Multicultural Counseling Competence Through Cultural Immersion: A Guide For Faculty, Sonya Lorelle, Katherine Atkins, Rebecca Michel

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Cultural immersion experiences can have a lifelong impact on counseling students’ development and identity. The authors describe the connection between cultural immersion experiences and multicultural competence. The authors also offer their professional experiences with international cultural immersion, provide a framework for counselor educators to create these experiences for counseling students, and include practical examples of how to intentionally structure each component of the trip to enhance student growth and development.


A Content Analysis Of Counselor Educators' Teaching Philosophy Statements, Daniel P. Hall, Phillip L. Waalkes Dr., Paul H. Smith Feb 2021

A Content Analysis Of Counselor Educators' Teaching Philosophy Statements, Daniel P. Hall, Phillip L. Waalkes Dr., Paul H. Smith

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

An educator’s teaching philosophy can have a direct impact on student learning and many counselor educators report feeling underprepared in the development of their teaching philosophy. Utilizing conventional qualitative content analysis, the authors analyzed counselor educators’ (N = 15) teaching philosophy statements to understand how they described and structured their teaching philosophies. Emergent categories included theoretical influences on teaching, facilitation of learning strategies, student learning goals, developmental process as a teacher, and beliefs about teaching and learning. Developing a more specific theoretical orientation may help counselor educators intentionally approach their teaching in ways that could lead to better learning …


Attitudes And Action: Social Tolerance And Legal Coercion Towards Those Suffering From Schizophrenia, Fred A. Washburn, Meaghan C. Nolte Feb 2021

Attitudes And Action: Social Tolerance And Legal Coercion Towards Those Suffering From Schizophrenia, Fred A. Washburn, Meaghan C. Nolte

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This study examines stigma towards those suffering from schizophrenia on two levels: social tolerance and support for legal coercion. Recent research has found that counselors are more tolerant towards those suffering from schizophrenia than the general population (Smith & Cashwell, 2010; Smith & Cashwell, 2011; Crowe & Averett, 2015; Crowe et al., 2016). These studies have not examined support for legal coercion. Findings from this study indicate that counseling students have greater levels of social tolerance than undergraduates in other educational programs, there were no differences in social tolerance for counseling students when compared to other graduate students. No significant …