Condensed Matter Physics Commons^™

Gate-Controlled Supercurrent Effect In Dry-Etched Dayem Bridges Of Non-Centrosymmetric Niobium Rhenium, Jennifer Koch, Carla Cirillo, Sebastiano Battisti, Leon Ruf, Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki, Alessandro Paghi, Armen Gulian, Serafim Teknowijoyo, Giorgio De Simoni, Francesco Giazotto, Carmine Attanasio, Elke Scheer, Angelo Di Bernardo

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

The application of a gate voltage to control the superconducting current flowing through a nanoscale superconducting constriction, named as gate-controlled supercurrent (GCS), has raised great interest for fundamental and technological reasons. To gain a deeper understanding of this effect and develop superconducting technologies based on it, the material and physical parameters crucial for the GCS effect must be identified. Top-down fabrication protocols should also be optimized to increase device scalability, although studies suggest that top-down fabricated devices are more resilient to show a GCS. Here, we investigate gated superconducting nanobridges made with a top-down fabrication process from thin films of …

Breakdown Of The Drift-Diffusion Model For Transverse Spin Transport In A Disordered Pt Film, Kirill D. Belashchenko, Giovanni G. Baez Flores, Wuzhang Fang, Alexey Kovalev, Mark Van Schilfgaarde, Paul M. Haney, Mark D. Stiles

Department of Physics and Astronomy: Faculty Publications

Spin-accumulation and spin-current profiles are calculated for a disordered Pt film subjected to an in-plane electric current within the nonequilibrium Green's function approach. In the bulklike region of the sample, this approach captures the intrinsic spin Hall effect found in other calculations. Near the surfaces, the results reveal qualitative differences with the results of the widely used spin-diffusion model, even when the boundary conditions are modified to try to account for them. One difference is that the effective spin-diffusion length for transverse spin transport is significantly different from its longitudinal counterpart and is instead similar to the mean-free path. This …

Majorana Bound States In A D-Wave Superconductor Planar Josephson Junction, Hamed Vakili, Moaz Ali, Mohamed Elekhtiar, Alexey Kovalev

Department of Physics and Astronomy: Faculty Publications

We study phase-controlled planar Josephson junctions comprising a two-dimensional electron gas with strong spin-orbit coupling and d-wave superconductors, which have an advantage of a high critical temperature. We show that a region between the two superconductors can be tuned into a topological state by the in-plane Zeeman field, and can host Majorana bound states. The phase diagram as a function of the Zeeman field, chemical potential, and the phase difference between superconductors exhibits the appearance of Majorana bound states for a wide range of parameters. We further investigate the behavior of the topological gap and its dependence on the …

Effective Nanomembranes From Chitosan/Pva Blend Decorated Graphene Oxide With Gum Rosin And Silver Nanoparticles For Removal Of Heavy Metals And Microbes From Water Resources, Mohamed Morsy

Nanotechnology Research Centre

No abstract provided.

Asymmetric Control Of Light At The Nanoscale, Christos Argyropoulos

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications

Breaking reciprocity at the nanoscale can produce directional formation of images due to the asymmetric nonlinear optical response of subwavelength anisotropic resonators. The self-induced passive non-reciprocity has advantages compared to magnet or time modulation approaches and may impact both classical and quantum photonics.

Infrared Dielectric Functions And Brillouin Zone Center Phonons Of Α-Ga2O3 Compared To Α-Al2O3, Megan Stokey, Rafal Korlacki, Matthew J. Hilfiker, Sean Knight, Steffen Richter, Vanya Darakchieva, Riena Jinno, Yongjin Cho, Huili Grace Xing, Debdeep Jena, Yuichi Oshima, Kamruzzaman Khan, Elaheh Ahmadi, Mathias Schubert

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications

We determine the anisotropic dielectric functions of rhombohedral α-Ga₂O₃ by far-infrared and infrared generalized spectroscopic ellipsometry and derive all transverse optical and longitudinal optical phonon mode frequencies and broadening parameters. We also determine the high-frequency and static dielectric constants. We perform density functional theory computations and determine the phonon dispersion for all branches in the Brillouin zone, and we derive all phonon mode parameters at the Brillouin zone center including Raman-active, infrared-active, and silent modes. Excellent agreement is obtained between our experimental and computation results as well as among all previously reported partial information from experiment …

High-Frequency And Below Bandgap Anisotropic Dielectric Constants In Α-(AlXGa1-X)2O3 (0≤X≤1), Matthew Hilfiker, Ufuk Kilic, Megan Stokey, Riena Jinno, Yongjin Cho, Huili Grace Xing, Debdeep Jena, Rafal Korlacki, Mathias Schubert

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications

A Mueller matrix spectroscopic ellipsometry approach was used to investigate the anisotropic dielectric constants of corundum α-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃ thin films in their below bandgap spectral regions. The sample set was epitaxially grown using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on m-plane sapphire. The spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements were performed at multiple azimuthal angles to resolve the uniaxial dielectric properties. A Cauchy dispersion model was applied, and high-frequency dielectric constants are determined for polarization perpendicular (ε_∞,⟂) and parallel (ε_∞,∥) to the thin film c-axis. The optical birefringence is negative throughout the …

A Study Of Magnetism And Possible Mixed-State Superconductivity In Phosphorus-Doped Graphene, Julian E. Gil Pinzon

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Evidence of superconducting vortices, and consequently mixed-state superconductivity, has been observed in phosphorus-doped graphene at temperatures as high as 260 K. The evidence includes transport measurements in the form of resistance versus temperature curves, and magnetic measurements in the form of susceptibility and magnetic Nernst effect measurements. The drops in resistance, periodic steps in resistance, the appearance of Nernst peaks and hysteresis all point to phosphorus-doped graphene having a broad resistive region due to flux flow as well as a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition at lower temperatures.

The observation of irreversible behavior in phosphorus-doped graphene under the influence of a thermal …

Optical Phonon Modes, Static And High-Frequency Dielectric Constants, And Effective Electron Mass Parameter In Cubic In2O3, Megan Stokey, Rafal Korlacki, Sean Knight, Alexander Ruder, Matthew J. Hilfiker, Zbigniew Galazka, Klaus Irmscher, Yuxuan Zhang, Hongping Zhao, Vanya Darakchieva, Mathias Schubert

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications

A complete set of all optical phonon modes predicted by symmetry for bixbyite structure indium oxide is reported here from a combination of far-infrared and infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry, as well as first principles calculations. Dielectric function spectra measured on high quality, marginally electrically conductive melt grown single bulk crystals are obtained on a wavelength-by-wavelength (also known as point-by-point) basis and by numerical reduction of a subtle free charge carrier Drude model contribution. A four-parameter semi-quantum model is applied to determine all 16 pairs of infrared-active transverse and longitudinal optical phonon modes, including the high-frequency dielectric constant, ε_∞=4.05±0.05. The …

Voltage-Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy In Antiferromagnetic Mgo-Capped Mnpt Films, P. H. Chang, Wuzhang Fang, T. Ozaki, Kirill Belashchenko

Kirill Belashchenko Publications

The magnetic anisotropy in MgO-capped MnPt films and its voltage control are studied using first-principles calculations. Sharp variation of the magnetic anisotropy with film thickness, especially in the Pt-terminated film, suggests that it may be widely tuned by adjusting the film thickness. In thick films the linear voltage control coefficient is as large as 1.5 and -0.6 pJ/Vm for Pt-terminated and Mn-terminated interfaces, respectively. The combination of a widely tunable magnetic anisotropy energy and a large voltage-control coefficient suggest that MgO-capped MnPt films can serve as a versatile platform for magnetic memory and antiferromagnonic applications.

Zinc Gallate Spinel Dielectric Function, Band-To-Band Transitions, And Γ-Point Effective Mass Parameters, Matthew J. Hilfiker, Megan Stokey, Rafal Korlacki, Ufuk Kilic, Zbigniew Galazka, Klaus Irmscher, Stefan Zollner, Mathias Schubert

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications

We determine the dielectric function of the emerging ultrawide bandgap semiconductor ZnGa₂O₄ from the near-infrared (0.75 eV) into the vacuum ultraviolet (8.5 eV) spectral regions using spectroscopic ellipsometry on high quality single crystal substrates. We perform density functional theory calculations and discuss the band structure and the Brillouin zone Γ-point band-to-band transition energies, their transition matrix elements, and effective band mass parameters. We find an isotropic effective mass parameter (0.24m_e) at the bottom of the Γ-point conduction band, which equals the lowest valence band effective mass parameter at the top of the highly anisotropic …

Plasmonic Waveguides To Enhance Quantum Electrodynamic Phenomena At The Nanoscale, Ying Li, Christos Argyropoulos

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications

The emerging field of plasmonics can lead to enhanced light-matter interactions at extremely nanoscale regions. Plasmonic (metallic) devices promise to efficiently control both classical and quantum properties of light. Plasmonic waveguides are usually used to excite confined electromagnetic modes at the nanoscale that can strongly interact with matter. The analysis of these nanowaveguides exhibits similarities with their low frequency microwave counterparts. In this article, we review ways to study plasmonic nanostructures coupled to quantum optical emitters from a classical electromagnetic perspective. These quantum emitters are mainly used to generate single-photon quantum light that can be employed as a quantum bit …

Anisotropic Dielectric Functions, Band-To-Band Transitions, And Critical Points In Α-Ga2O3, Matthew J. Hilfiker, Rafal Korlacki, Riena Jinno, Yongjin Cho, Huili Grace Xing, Debdeep Jena, Ufuk Kilic, Megan Stokey, Mathias Schubert

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications

We use a combined generalized spectroscopic ellipsometry and density functional theory approach to determine and analyze the anisotropic dielectric functions of an α-Ga₂O₃ thin film. The sample is grown epitaxially by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on m-plane sapphire. Generalized spectroscopic ellipsometry data from multiple sample azimuths in the spectral range from 0.73 eV to 8.75 eV are simultaneously analyzed. Density functional theory is used to calculate the valence and conduction band structure. We identify, for the indirect-bandgap material, two direct band-to-band transitions with M₀-type van Hove singularities for polarization perpendicular to the c axis, …

Surface Acoustic Waves Increase Magnetic Domain Wall Velocity, Anil Adhikari, Shireen Adenwalla

Shireen Adenwalla Papers

Domain walls in magnetic thin films are being explored for memory applications and the speed at which they move has acquired increasing importance. Magnetic fields and currents have been shown to drive domain walls with speeds exceeding 500 m/s. We investigate another approach to increase domain wall velocities, using high frequency surface acoustic waves to create standing strain waves in a 3 micron wide strip of magnetic film with perpendicular anisotropy. Our measurements, at a resonant frequency of 248.8 MHz, indicate that domain wall velocities increase substantially, even at relatively low applied voltages. Our findings suggest that the strain wave …

Ultrafast Spin-Currents And Charge Conversion At 3d-5d Interfaces Probed By Time-Domain Terahertz Spectroscopy, T. H. Dang, J. Hawecker, E. Rongione, G. Baez Flores, D. Q. To, J. C. Rojas-Sanchez, H. Nong, J. Mangeney, J. Tignon, F. Godel, S. Collin, P. Seneor, M. Bibes, A. Fert, M. Anane, J. M. George, L. Vila, M. Cosset-Cheneau, D. Dolfi, R. Lebrun, P. Bortolotti, Kirill Belashchenko, S. Dhillon, H. Jaffrès

Kirill Belashchenko Publications

Spintronic structures are extensively investigated for their spin-orbit torque properties, required for magnetic commutation functionalities. Current progress in these materials is dependent on the interface engineering for the optimization of spin transmission. Here, we advance the analysis of ultrafast spin-charge conversion phenomena at ferromagnetic-Transition metal interfaces due to their inverse spin-Hall effect properties. In particular, the intrinsic inverse spin-Hall effect of Pt-based systems and extrinsic inverse spin-Hall effect of Au:W and Au:Ta in NiFe/Au:(W,Ta) bilayers are investigated. The spin-charge conversion is probed by complementary techniques-ultrafast THz time-domain spectroscopy in the dynamic regime for THz pulse emission and ferromagnetic resonance spin-pumping …

Proximity-Induced Magnetization In Graphene: Towards Efficient Spin Gating, Mihovil Bosnar, Ivor Lončarić, P. Lazić, Kirill Belashchenko, Igor Žutić

Kirill Belashchenko Publications

Gate-tunable spin-dependent properties could be induced in graphene at room temperature through the magnetic proximity effect by placing it in contact with a metallic ferromagnet. Because strong chemical bonding with the metallic substrate makes gating ineffective, an intervening passivation layer is needed. Previously considered passivation layers result in a large shift of the Dirac point away from the Fermi level, so that unrealistically large gate fields are required to tune the spin polarization in graphene (Gr). We show that a monolayer of Au or Pt used as the passivation layer between Co and graphene brings the Dirac point closer to …

Detection Of Uncompensated Magnetization At The Interface Of An Epitaxial Antiferromagnetic Insulator, Pavel N. Lapa, Min Han Lee, Igor V. Roshchin, Kirill Belashchenko, Ivan K. Schuller

Kirill Belashchenko Publications

We have probed directly the temperature and magnetic field dependence of pinned uncompensated magnetization at the interface of antiferromagnetic FeF₂ with Cu, using FeF₂-Cu-Co spin valves. Electrons polarized by the Co layer are scattered by the pinned uncompensated moments at the FeF₂-Cu interface giving rise to giant magnetoresistance. We determined the direction and magnitude of the pinned uncompensated magnetization at different magnetic fields and temperatures using the angular dependencies of resistance. The strong FeF₂ anisotropy pins the uncompensated magnetization along the easy axis independent of the cooling field orientation. Most interestingly, magnetic fields as …

Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals And Solar Cells, Rui Guo

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

A great challenge facing humanity in the 21^st century is finding inexhaustible and inexpensive energy sources to power the planet. Renewable energies are the best solutions because of their abundance, diversity, and pollution-free emission. Solar energy is the cleanest and most abundant renewable energy source available. In the continuing quest for efficient and low-cost solar cells, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a potential replacement for silicon solar cells. Since 2009, the record efficiencies of PSCs have been skyrocketing from 3.8 % to 25.2 % and are now approaching the theoretical limit. Along with the three-dimensional perovskites used …

Strain And Stress Relationships For Optical Phonon Modes In Monoclinic Crystals With Β-Ga2O3 As An Example, Rafal Korlacki, Megan Stokey, Alyssa Lynn Mock, Sean Knight, Alexis Papamichail, Vanya Darakchieva, Mathias Schubert

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications

Strain-stress relationships for physical properties are of interest for heteroepitaxial material systems, where strain and stress are inherent due to thermal expansion and lattice mismatch. We report linear perturbation theory strain and stress relationships for optical phonon modes in monoclinic crystals for strain and stress situations which maintain the monoclinic symmetry of the crystal. By using symmetry group analysis and phonon frequencies obtained under various deformation scenarios from density-functional perturbation theory calculations on β-Ga₂O₃, we obtain four strain and four stress potential parameters for each phonon mode. We demonstrate that these parameters are sufficient to …

Reinvestigation Of The Intrinsic Magnetic Properties Of (Fe1-Xcox)2b Alloys And Crystallization Behavior Of Ribbons, Tej Nath Lamichhane, Olena Palasyuk, Vladimir P. Antropov, Ivan A. Zhuravlev, Kirill Belashchenko, Ikenna C. Nlebedim, Kevin W. Dennis, Anton Jesche, Matthew J. Kramer, Sergey L. Bud'ko, R. William Mccallum, Paul C. Canfield, Valentin Taufour

Kirill Belashchenko Publications

New determination of the magnetic anisotropy from single crystals of (Fe_1-xCo_x)2B alloys are presented. The anomalous temperature dependence of the anisotropy constant is discussed using the standard Callen-Callen theory, which is shown to be insufficient to explain the experimental results. A more material specific study using first-principles calculations with disordered moments approach gives a much more consistent interpretation of the experimental data. Since the intrinsic properties of the alloys with x=0.3-0.35 are promising for permanent magnets applications, initial investigation of the extrinsic properties are described, in particular the crystallization of melt spun ribbons with Cu, Al, …

Brillouin Zone Center Phonon Modes In Znga2O4, Megan Stokey, Rafal Korlacki, Sean Knight, Matthew J. Hilfiker, Zbigniew Galazka, Klaus Irmscher, Vanya Darakchieva, Mathias Schubert

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications

Infrared-active lattice mode properties of melt-grown high-quality single bulk crystals of ZnGa₂O₄ are investigated by combined spectroscopic ellipsometry and density functional theory computation analysis. The normal spinel structure crystals are measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry at room temperature in the range of 100 cm^–1–1200 cm^–1. The complex-valued dielectric function is determined from a wavenumber-by-wavenumber approach, which is then analyzed by the four-parameter semi-quantum model dielectric function approach augmented by impurity mode contributions. We determine four infrared-active transverse and longitudinal optical mode pairs, five localized impurity mode pairs, and the high frequency dielectric constant. All …

Free Charge Carrier Properties In Two-Dimensional Materials And Monoclinic Oxides Studied By Optical Hall Effect, Sean Knight

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

In this dissertation, optical Hall effect (OHE) measurements are used to determine the free charge carrier properties of important two-dimensional materials and monoclinic oxides. Two-dimensional material systems have proven useful in high-frequency electronic devices due to their unique properties, such as high mobility, which arise from their two-dimensional nature. Monoclinic oxides exhibit many desirable characteristics, for example low-crystal symmetry which could lead to anisotropic carrier properties. Here, single-crystal monoclinic gallium oxide, an AlInN/GaN-based high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) structure, and epitaxial graphene are studied as examples. To characterize these material systems, the OHE measurement technique is employed. The OHE is a physical …

Fabrication Of Magnetocaloric La(Fe,Si)13 Thick Films, N H. Dung, N B. Doan, P De Rango, L Ranno, Karl G. Sandeman, N M. Dempsey

Publications and Research

La(Fe,Si)₁₃–based compounds are considered to be very promising magnetocaloric materials for magnetic refrigeration applications. Many studies have focused on this material family but only in bulk form. In this paper we report on the fabrication of thick films of La(Fe,Si)₁₃, both with and without post-hydriding. These films exhibit magnetic and structural properties comparable to bulk materials. We also observe that the ferromagnetic phase transition has a negative thermal hysteresis, a phenomenon not previously found in this material but which may have its origins in the availability of a strain energy reservoir, as in the cases of …

Applied-Force Oscillations In Avalanche Dynamics, Louis W. Mcfaul, Gregory Sparks, Jordan Sickle, Jonathan T. Uhl, Wendelin J. Wright, Robert Maass, Karin A. Dahmen

Faculty Journal Articles

Until now most studies of discrete plasticity have focused on systems that are assumed to be driven by a monotonically increasing force; in many real systems, however, the driving force includes damped oscillations or oscillations induced by the propagation of discrete events or “slip avalanches.” In both cases, these oscillations may obscure the true dynamics. Here we effectively consider both cases by investigating the effects of damped oscillations in the external driving force on avalanche dynamics. We compare model simulations of slip avalanches under mean-field dynamics with observations in slip-avalanche experiments on slowly compressed micrometer-sized Au specimens using open-loop force …

Questaal: A Package Of Electronic Structure Methods Based On The Linear Muffin-Tin Orbital Technique, Dimitar Pashov, Swagata Acharya, Walter R.L. Lambrecht, Jerome Jackson, Kirill Belashchenko, Athanasios Chantis, Francois Jamet, Mark Van Schilfgaarde

Kirill Belashchenko Publications

This paper summarises the theory and functionality behind Questaal, an open-source suite of codes for calculating the electronic structure and related properties of materials from first principles. The formalism of the linearised muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) method is revisited in detail and developed further by the introduction of short-ranged tight-binding basis functions for full-potential calculations. The LMTO method is presented in both Green's function and wave function formulations for bulk and layered systems. The suite's full-potential LMTO code uses a sophisticated basis and augmentation method that allows an efficient and precise solution to the band problem at different levels of theory, …

Infrared-Active Phonon Modes In Single-Crystal Thorium Dioxide And Uranium Dioxide, Sean Knight, Rafal Korlacki, Christina Dugan, James C. Petrosky, Alyssa Lynn Mock, Peter A. Dowben, J. Matthew Mann, Martin M. Kimani, Mathias Schubert

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications

The infrared-active phonon modes, in single-crystal samples of thorium dioxide (ThO₂) and uranium dioxide (UO₂), were investigated using spectroscopic ellipsometry and compared with density functional theory. Both ThO₂ and UO₂ are found to have one infrared-active phonon mode pair [consisting of one transverse optic (TO) and one associated longitudinal optic (LO) mode], which is responsible for the dominant features in the ellipsometric data. At room temperature, our results for the mode pair’s resonant frequencies and broadening parameters are comparable with previous reflectance spectroscopy characterizations and density functional theory predictions. For ThO₂, our …

Effects Of Intrinsic Defects And Alloying With Fe On The Half-Metallicity Of Co2Mnsi, G. G. Baez Flores, Ivan A. Zhuravlev, Kirill Belashchenko

Kirill Belashchenko Publications

The electronic structure and half-metallic gap of Co2MnSi in the presence of crystallographic defects, partial Fe substitution for Mn, and thermal spin fluctuations are studied using the coherent potential approximation and the disordered local moment method. In the presence of 5% Co or Mn vacancies the Fermi level shifts down to the minority-spin valence-band maximum. In contrast to NiMnSb, both types of Mn antisite defects in Co2MnSi are strongly exchange coupled to the host magnetization, and thermal spin fluctuations do not strongly affect the half-metallic gap. Partial substitution of Mn by Fe results in considerable changes in the Bloch spectral …

Defect-Free Plastic Deformation Through Dimensionality Reduction And Self-Annihilation Of Topological Defects In Crystalline Solids, Yipeng Gao, Yongfeng Zhang, Larry K. Aagesen, Jianguo Yu, Min Long, Yunzhi Wang

Computer Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

As a signature of symmetry-breaking processes, the generation and annihilation of topological defects (domain walls, strings, etc.) are of great interest in condensed matter physics and cosmology. Here we propose a distinctive self-organization process through phase transitions, in which all the generated topological defects are dimensionality reduced and self-annihilated. In crystalline solids, such a unique mechanism allows a perfect single crystal after plastic deformation, which originates from the coupling of different types of broken symmetries.

Superconducting Phase Transition In Inhomogeneous Chains Of Superconducting Islands, Eduard Ilin, Irina Burkova, Xiangyu Song, Michael Pak, Dmitri S. Golubev, Alexey Bezryadin

Faculty Publications

We study one-dimensional chains of superconducting islands with a particular emphasis on the regime in which every second island is switched into its normal state, thus forming a superconductor-insulator-normal metal (S-I-N) repetition pattern. As is known since Giaever tunneling experiments, tunneling charge transport between a superconductor and a normal metal becomes exponentially suppressed, and zero-bias resistance diverges, as the temperature is reduced and the energy gap of the superconductor grows larger than the thermal energy. Here we demonstrate that this physical phenomenon strongly impacts transport properties of inhomogeneous superconductors made of weakly coupled islands with fluctuating values of the critical …

Why The Crackling Deformations Of Single Crystals, Metallic Glasses, Rock, Granular Materials, And The Earth’S Crust Are So Surprisingly Similar, Karin A. Dahmen, Jonathan T. Uhl, Wendelin J. Wright

Faculty Journal Articles

Recent experiments show that the deformation properties of a wide range of solid materials are surprisingly similar. When slowly pushed, they deform via intermittent slips, similar to earthquakes. The statistics of these slips agree across vastly different structures and scales. A simple analytical model explains why this is the case. The model also predicts which statistical quantities are independent of the microscopic details (i.e., they are "universal"), and which ones are not. The model provides physical intuition for the deformation mechanism and new ways to organize experimental data. It also shows how to transfer results from one scale to another. …