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Articles 181 - 210 of 255

Full-Text Articles in Physics

Ray Scattering By An Arbitrarily Oriented Spheroid .I. Diffraction And Specular Reflection, James A. Lock Jan 1996

Ray Scattering By An Arbitrarily Oriented Spheroid .I. Diffraction And Specular Reflection, James A. Lock

Physics Faculty Publications

Diffraction and reflection of an arbitrarily polarized plane wave by an arbitrarily oriented spheroid in the short-wavelength limit are considered in the context of ray theory. A closed-form solution for both diffraction and reflection is obtained, and the polarization character of the diffracted plus reflected electric field is obtained. It is found that the magnitude of the reflected electric field is multivalued for forward scattering. This is interpreted in terms of the variation of the spheroid's Gaussian curvature at the points where grazing ray incidence occurs.

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Failure Of The Optical Theorem For Gaussian-Beam Scattering By A Spherical Particle, James A. Lock, Joseph T. Hodges, Gérard Gouesbet Dec 1995

Failure Of The Optical Theorem For Gaussian-Beam Scattering By A Spherical Particle, James A. Lock, Joseph T. Hodges, Gérard Gouesbet

Physics Faculty Publications

It is shown that when an electromagnetic wave with some degree of amplitude rolloff in the transverse direction is scattered by a spherical particle, the optical theorem is not valid. For such shaped beams the extinction cross section may be written as an infinite series in powers of the reciprocal of the beam width. The imaginary part of the forward-scattering amplitude is shown to be the first term in this series. Two approximations to based on the dominance of diffraction in the forward direction for w(0) greater than or similar to a, where w(0) is the beam half-width and a …

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A Stochastic Theory Of Inhomogeneously Broadened Linewidths In Solids, Ulrich Zürcher Jun 1995

A Stochastic Theory Of Inhomogeneously Broadened Linewidths In Solids, Ulrich Zürcher

Physics Faculty Publications

We investigate spectral diffusion decay using a model for solids that consists of two-level-systems (TLSs) interacting via strain fields. For the case when the rate of TLS flips vanishes, we find algebraic decay of correlation functions of the local field. We show that properties of equilibrium fluctuations are in agreement with the hierarchical picture proposed by Basché and Moerner: TLSs far away produce fast fluctuations that are small in magnitude, and close TLSs produce large fluctuations that are less frequent.

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Interpretation Of Extinction In Gaussian-Beam Scattering, James A. Lock May 1995

Interpretation Of Extinction In Gaussian-Beam Scattering, James A. Lock

Physics Faculty Publications

The extinction efficiency for the interaction of a plane wave with a large nonabsorbing spherical particle is approximately 2.0. When a Gaussian beam of half-width w(0) is incident upon a spherical particle of radius a with w(o)/a < 1, the extinction efficiency attains unexpectedly high or low values, contrary to intuitive expectations. The reason for this is associated with the so-called compensating term in the scattered field, which cancels the field of the Gaussian beam behind the particle, thereby producing the particle's shadow. I introduce a decomposition of the total exterior field into incoming and outgoing portions that are free of compensating terms. It is then shown that a suitably defined interaction efficiency has the intuitively expected asymptotic values of 2.0 for w(o)/a >> 1 and 1.0 for w(o)/a << 1.

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Partial-Wave Representations Of Laser Beams For Use In Light-Scattering Calculations, Gérard Gouesbet, James A. Lock, Gérard Gréhan Apr 1995

Partial-Wave Representations Of Laser Beams For Use In Light-Scattering Calculations, Gérard Gouesbet, James A. Lock, Gérard Gréhan

Physics Faculty Publications

In the framework of generalized Lorenz-Mie theory, laser beams are described by sets of beam-shape coefficients. The modified localized approximation to evaluate these coefficients for a focused Gaussian beam is presented. A new description of Gaussian beams, called standard beams, is introduced. A comparison is made between the values of the beam-shape coefficients in the framework of the localized approximation and the beam-shape coefficients of standard beams. This comparison leads to new insights concerning the electromagnetic description of laser beams. The relevance of our discussion is enhanced by a demonstration that the localized approximation provides a very satisfactory description of …

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Is Fundamentals Of Physics Too Violent?: Reply, Victorial Kaspi, Jearl D. Walker Mar 1995

Is Fundamentals Of Physics Too Violent?: Reply, Victorial Kaspi, Jearl D. Walker

Physics Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Improved Gaussian Beam-Scattering Algorithm, James A. Lock Jan 1995

Improved Gaussian Beam-Scattering Algorithm, James A. Lock

Physics Faculty Publications

The localized model of the beam-shape coefficients for Gaussian beam-scattering theory by a spherical particle provides a great simplification in the numerical implementation of the theory. We derive an alternative form for the localized coefficients that is more convenient for computer computations and that provides physical insight into the details of the scattering process. We construct a FORTRAN program for Gaussian beam scattering with the localized model and compare its computer run time on a personal computer with that of a traditional Mie scattering program and with three other published methods for computing Gaussian beam scattering. We show that the …

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Further Thoughts On Newton's Zero-Order Rainbow, James A. Lock, Timothy A. Mccollum Dec 1994

Further Thoughts On Newton's Zero-Order Rainbow, James A. Lock, Timothy A. Mccollum

Physics Faculty Publications

A zero-order rainbow angle may be defined as the relative minimum angle of deviation of geometrical light rays transmitted without internal reflections through a transparent particle. If the incident rays are parallel and the particle is a sphere, such a minimum does not exist. But if the incident rays ale not parallel or if the particle has an elliptical rather than circular cross section, an angle of minimum deviation, hence a zero-order rainbow, can occur. For a spherical water droplet, the zero-order rainbow will occur when a point source is placed less than a droplet radius away from its surface. …

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Rigorous Justification Of The Localized Approximation To The Beam Shape Coefficients In Generalized Lorenz-Mie Theory .1. On-Axis Beams, James A. Lock, Gérard Gouesbet Sep 1994

Rigorous Justification Of The Localized Approximation To The Beam Shape Coefficients In Generalized Lorenz-Mie Theory .1. On-Axis Beams, James A. Lock, Gérard Gouesbet

Physics Faculty Publications

Generalized Lorenz-Mie theory describes electromagnetic scattering of an arbitrary light beam by a spherical particle. The computationally most expensive feature of the theory is the evaluation of the beam-shape coefficients, which give the decomposition of the incident light beam into partial waves. The so-called localized approximation to these coefficients for a focused Gaussian beam is an analytical function whose use greatly simplifies Gaussian-beam scattering calculations. A mathematical justification and physical interpretation of the localized approximation is presented for on-axis beams.

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Rainbow Scattering By A Coated Sphere, James A. Lock, J. Michael Jamison, Chih-Yang Lin Jul 1994

Rainbow Scattering By A Coated Sphere, James A. Lock, J. Michael Jamison, Chih-Yang Lin

Physics Faculty Publications

We examine the behavior of the first-order rainbow for a coated sphere by using both ray theory and Aden-Kerker wave theory as the radius of the core alpha12 and the thickness of the coating delta are varied. As the ratio delta/alpha12 increases from 10(-4) to 0.33, we find three classes of rainbow phenomena that cannot occur for a homogeneous-sphere rainbow. For delta/alpha12 less than or similar to 10(-3), the rainbow intensity is an oscillatory function of the coating thickness, for delta/alpha12 almost-equal-to 10(-2), the first-order rainbow breaks into a pair of twin rainbows, and for delta/alpha12 almost-equal-to 0.33, various rainbow-extinction …

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Light And Color In The Open Air: Introduction By The Feature Editors, James A. Lock Jul 1994

Light And Color In The Open Air: Introduction By The Feature Editors, James A. Lock

Physics Faculty Publications

The natural environment is still rich in new observable phenomena despite centuries of scientific observation. Reflecting this fact, the papers in this feature issue of Applied Optics report the observation and analysis of both new and well-known naked-eye optical phenomena.

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Correlated Light Scattering By A Dense Distribution Of Condensation Droplets On A Window Pane, James A. Lock, Chin-Lien Chiu Jul 1994

Correlated Light Scattering By A Dense Distribution Of Condensation Droplets On A Window Pane, James A. Lock, Chin-Lien Chiu

Physics Faculty Publications

An analytical model of the scattering structure factor for an assembly of noninteracting hard disks has recently appeared in the literature [Phys. Rev. A 42, 5978-5989 (1990)]. We employ this model to calculate correlated light scattering by monodispersions and binary mixtures of condensation droplets on a window pane. We find that an area fraction of f greater-than-or-equal-to 0.6 is required for producing the near-forward direction scattering suppression and that a moderately wide polydispersion of droplet sizes is capable of producing the experimentally observed bright ring of colored light.

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Scaling Behavior Of Fluctuations In Systems With Continuous Symmetry, Ulrich Zürcher May 1994

Scaling Behavior Of Fluctuations In Systems With Continuous Symmetry, Ulrich Zürcher

Physics Faculty Publications

In nematic liquid crystals, director fluctuations correpond to the dynamical mode that is critical for all temperatures in zero external fields. The Hurst exponent characterizes the temporal behavior of the mean square displacement of director fluctuations, 〈[δn(r,t)-δn(r,0)]2〉∼t2H. We find H=1/2 in finite fields and H=3/4 in zero field. This result differs from that of Zhang et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1834 (1993)] who find a Hurst exponent that varies continuously from H≃1 in zero field to H≃1/2 in moderate fields.

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Phase Diagram Of The Ising Model On Percolation Clusters, Miron Kaufman, T. Berger, P. D. Gujrati, D. Bowman Apr 1994

Phase Diagram Of The Ising Model On Percolation Clusters, Miron Kaufman, T. Berger, P. D. Gujrati, D. Bowman

Physics Faculty Publications

The annealed Ising magnet on percolation clusters is studied by means of a mapping into a Potts-Ising model and with the Migdal-Kadanoff renormalization-group method. The phase diagram is determined in the three-dimensional parameter space of the Ising coupling K, the bond-occupation probability p, and the fugacity q, which controls the number of clusters. Three phases are identified: percolating ferromagnetic, percolating paramagnetic, and nonpercolating paramagnetic. For large q the phase diagram includes a multicritical point at the intersection of the Ising critical line and the percolation critical line. In the case of random bond percolation (q = 1) the Ising critical …

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A Fringe Center Detection Technique Based On A Sub-Pixel Resolution, And Its Applications Using Sinusoidal Gratings, Ming Chang, Paul P. Lin, Wen Chih Tai Jan 1994

A Fringe Center Detection Technique Based On A Sub-Pixel Resolution, And Its Applications Using Sinusoidal Gratings, Ming Chang, Paul P. Lin, Wen Chih Tai

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications

A common problem in optical profilometry is the accuracy in locating fringe centers. This paper presents an accurate fringe center detection technique based on sub-pixel resolution using the fringe projection method. An optimum reconstruction filter is developed which has low sensitivity to noise. In fringe center detection, computer simulation results of using one-pixel and sub-pixel resolutions are compared. The detection technique is then applied to radius measurement of cylindrical objects and surface profile measurement of diffuse objects. The experimental results thus obtained through the proposed optimum reconstruction filter show significant improvement in measurement accuracy.

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Diffraction Of A Gaussian Beam By A Spherical Obstacle, James A. Lock, Edward A. Hovenac Aug 1993

Diffraction Of A Gaussian Beam By A Spherical Obstacle, James A. Lock, Edward A. Hovenac

Physics Faculty Publications

The Kirchhoff integral for diffraction in the near-forward direction is derived from the exact solution of the electromagnetic boundary value problem of a focused Gaussian laser beam incident on a spherical particle. The diffracted intensity in the vicinity of the particle is computed and the way in which the features of the diffraction pattern depend on the width of the Gaussian beam is commented on.

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Thermally Activated Escape Over Fluctuating Barriers, Ulrich Zürcher, Charles R. Doering Jun 1993

Thermally Activated Escape Over Fluctuating Barriers, Ulrich Zürcher, Charles R. Doering

Physics Faculty Publications

We investigate the thermally activated escape of a Brownian particle over a potential barrier whose height fluctuates with a rate α between the values E+ and E−. We are mainly interested in the low-temperature behavior where E+/T≫E−/T. We calculate the mean exit time as a function of the rate of the barrier fluctuations for the piecewise linear and the piecewise constant barrier, τ=τ(α). For the piecewise constant potential we find three different regimes: τ∼τ+ for α<τ−1+=exp(-E+/T), τ∼2τ− for α>τ−1−=exp(-E−/T), and τ∼α−1 for τ−1+<α<τ−1−. The mean exit time for the piecewise linear potential has a different behavior for fast barrier fluctuations, α>τ−1−; τ(α) is a monotonously increasing function that approaches the asymptotic value τ∼ √τ+τ− for α→∞. We show that …

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Contribution Of High-Order Rainbows To The Scattering Of A Gaussian Laser Beam By A Spherical Particle, James A. Lock Apr 1993

Contribution Of High-Order Rainbows To The Scattering Of A Gaussian Laser Beam By A Spherical Particle, James A. Lock

Physics Faculty Publications

I review the theory of the scattering of a Gaussian laser beam by a dielectric spherical particle and give the details for constructing a computer program to implement the theory. Computational results indicate that if the width of the laser beam is much less than the diameter of the particle and if the axis of the beam is incident near the edge of the particle, the fifth-, sixth-, and ninth-order rainbows should be evident in the far-field scattered intensity. I performed an experiment that yielded tentative evidence for the presence of the sixth-order rainbow.

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The Structure Of A Complex Of Bovine &-Thrombin And Recombinant Hirudin At 2.8-A Resolution, Jacqueline Vitali, Philip D. Martin, Michael G. Malkowski, William D. Robertson, Jerome B. Lazar, Richard C. Winant, Paul H. Johnson, Brian F.P. Edwards Sep 1992

The Structure Of A Complex Of Bovine &-Thrombin And Recombinant Hirudin At 2.8-A Resolution, Jacqueline Vitali, Philip D. Martin, Michael G. Malkowski, William D. Robertson, Jerome B. Lazar, Richard C. Winant, Paul H. Johnson, Brian F.P. Edwards

Physics Faculty Publications

Crystals of the complex of bovine alpha-thrombin with recombinant hirudin variant 1 have space group C222(1) with cell constants a = 59.11, b = 102.62, and c = 143.26 A. The orientation and position of the thrombin component was determined by molecular replacement and the hirudin molecule was fit in 2 magnitude of Fo - magnitude of Fc electron density maps. The structure was refined by restrained least squares and simulated annealing to R = 0.161 at 2.8-A resolution. The binding of hirudin to thrombin is generally similar to that observed in the crystals of human thrombin-hirudin. Several differences in …

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Rayleigh-Brillouin Scattering To Determine One-Dimensional Temperature And Number Density Profiles Of A Gas Flow Field, James A. Lock, Richard G. Seasholtz, W. Trevor John May 1992

Rayleigh-Brillouin Scattering To Determine One-Dimensional Temperature And Number Density Profiles Of A Gas Flow Field, James A. Lock, Richard G. Seasholtz, W. Trevor John

Physics Faculty Publications

Rayleigh-Brillouin spectra for heated nitrogen gas were measured by imaging the output of a Fabry-Perot interferometer onto a CCD array The spectra were compared with the theoretical 6-moment model of Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering convolved with the Fabry-Perot instrument function. Estimates of the temperature and a dimensionless parameter proportional to the number density of the gas as functions of position in the laser beam were calculated by least-squares deviation fits between theory and experiment.

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Assessing The Contributions Of Surface Waves And Complex Rays To Far-Field Mie Scattering By Use Of The Debye Series, Edward A. Hovenac, James A. Lock May 1992

Assessing The Contributions Of Surface Waves And Complex Rays To Far-Field Mie Scattering By Use Of The Debye Series, Edward A. Hovenac, James A. Lock

Physics Faculty Publications

The contributions of complex rays and the secondary radiation shed by surface waves to scattering by a dielectric sphere are calculated in the context of the Debye-series expansion of the Mie scattering amplitudes. Also, the contributions of geometrical rays are reviewed and compared with those of the Debye series. Interference effects among surface waves, complex rays, and geometrical rays are calculated, and the possibility of observing these interference effects is discussed. Experimental data supporting the observation of a surface-wave-geometrical-ray-interference pattern are presented.

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Optical Caustics In Natural Phenomena, James A. Lock, James H. Andrews May 1992

Optical Caustics In Natural Phenomena, James A. Lock, James H. Andrews

Physics Faculty Publications

When observing a distant point source of light through a water droplet adhering to a pane of glass near one's eye or the scattering of light from raindrops, one often sees optical caustics. In this paper, diffraction integrals are used to investigate these caustics. The caustic shapes are related to divergences in the stationary phase method for approximating the diffraction integrals. These divergences correspond to the coalescing of two or more geometrical light rays in ray optics or the coalescing of two or more regions of stationary phase in wave optics. The number of coalescing light rays is related to …

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Dephasing Processes In Glasses With Strong Strain Interactions, Ulrich Zürcher, R. Silbey May 1992

Dephasing Processes In Glasses With Strong Strain Interactions, Ulrich Zürcher, R. Silbey

Physics Faculty Publications

Spectral diffusion decay is calculated for a glass modeled by two level systems which are strongly coupled to phonons. The spin-phonon interaction induces an effective spin-spin interaction which dominates the energy scale. We show that spectral diffusion is a property of macroscopic local fields which fluctuate on time scales that are much longer than the spin-phonon relaxation time T1. We assume for the spectral diffusion a Gaussian distribution and derive a self-consistent equation for its variance which is nonlocal in time. At high temperatures, the variance grows linearly with time while at low temperatures, we find strong deviations from simple …

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Scaling Dynamics Of Aerosol Coagulation, B. J. Olivier, C. M. Sorensen, Thomas W. Taylor Apr 1992

Scaling Dynamics Of Aerosol Coagulation, B. J. Olivier, C. M. Sorensen, Thomas W. Taylor

Physics Faculty Publications

A combination of static and quasielastic light scattering and the theory of scaling solutions to Smoluchowski's equation was used to determine the absolute coagulation rate K'0 and kernel homogeneity lambda of a coagulating liquid-drop aerosol. Droplet sizes ranged from 0.23 to 0.42-mu-m, implying Knudsen numbers in the range 0.26 and 0.14. The temporal evolution of the number concentration M0 and the modal radius r(M) of an assumed zeroth-order log-normal distribution showed near-power-law behavior similar to that predicted by the scaling theory. From the temporal scaling behavior of M0(t) and r(M)(t), the absolute coagulation rate was calculated. The coagulation rates from …

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Internal Caustic Structure Of Illuminated Liquid Droplets, James A. Lock, Edward A. Hovenac Oct 1991

Internal Caustic Structure Of Illuminated Liquid Droplets, James A. Lock, Edward A. Hovenac

Physics Faculty Publications

The internal electric field of an illuminated liquid droplet is studied in detail with the use of both wave theory and ray theory. The internal field attains its maximum values on the caustics within the droplet. Ray theory is used to determine the equations of these caustics and the density of rays on them. The Debye-series expansion of the interior-field Mie amplitudes is used to calculate the wave-theory version of these caustics. The physical interpretation of the sources of stimulated Raman scattering and fluorescence emission within a liquid droplet is then given.

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Mie Theory Model Of The Corona, James A. Lock, Leiming Yang Aug 1991

Mie Theory Model Of The Corona, James A. Lock, Leiming Yang

Physics Faculty Publications

We performed a calculation of the corona colors that employed Mie theory to obtain the scattered light intensity. The scattered intensity was integrated over the visible spectrum for a number of different cloud droplet size distributions. The results were converted to chromaticity coordinates, convolved with the angular size of the sun, and plotted on the 1931 CIE chromaticity diagram. The results were compared to observations of multiple-ring coronas. It was found that, when using Mie theory to estimate cloud droplet sizes, water droplets with diameters in the 7-mu-m less-than-or-similar-to D less-than-or-similar-to 15-mu-m range produced the 13 multiple-ring coronas that were …

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Light And Color In The Open Air: Introduction By The Feature Editor, James A. Lock, Craig F. Bohren Aug 1991

Light And Color In The Open Air: Introduction By The Feature Editor, James A. Lock, Craig F. Bohren

Physics Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Interference Between Diffraction And Transmission In The Mie Extinction Efficiency, James A. Lock, Leiming Yang Jul 1991

Interference Between Diffraction And Transmission In The Mie Extinction Efficiency, James A. Lock, Leiming Yang

Physics Faculty Publications

We give simple analytic and numerical demonstrations showing that the interference structure in the Mie extinction efficiency of a sphere is caused by the interference of the light waves that are diffracted and transmitted in the near-forward direction.

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Using Refraction Caustics To Monitor Evaporation Of Liquid Drop Lenses, James A. Lock, Jearl D. Walker, James H. Andrews Nov 1990

Using Refraction Caustics To Monitor Evaporation Of Liquid Drop Lenses, James A. Lock, Jearl D. Walker, James H. Andrews

Physics Faculty Publications

Irregularities in the perimeter of a water droplet adhering to a vertical pane of glass cause perturbations in the curvature of the droplet surface. When laser light passes through such a droplet, the perturbations produce a far field refraction caustic, which is a section of the caustic known as the parabolic umbilic in the catastrophe theory classification. As the water evaporates and the droplet surface curvature changes, the section of the parabolic umbilic caustic on the viewing screen also changes. We determine the evolution of curvature of the droplet surface by observing the evolution of the far field caustic and …

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Quantum-Mechanical Harmonic Chain Attached To Heat Baths Ii: Nonequilibrium Properties, Ulrich Zürcher, Peter Talkner Oct 1990

Quantum-Mechanical Harmonic Chain Attached To Heat Baths Ii: Nonequilibrium Properties, Ulrich Zürcher, Peter Talkner

Physics Faculty Publications

We study nonequilibrium properties of a one-dimensional harmonic chain to whose ends independent heat baths are attached which are kept at different temperatures. Using the quantum Langevin equation approach, we determine the stationary nonequilibrium state for arbitrary temperatures and coupling strength to the heat baths. This allows us to discuss several typical nonequilibrium properties. We find that the heat flux through the chain is finite as the length of the chain goes to infinity, i.e., we recover the well-known fact that the lattice thermal conductivity of the perfect harmonic chain is infinite. In the quantal case, the heat flux jqm …

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