Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Evaluation Of The Social Impact Of Reservoir Construction On The Residential Plans Of Displaced Persons In Kentucky And Ohio, Richard L. Ludtke, Rabel J. Burdge

KWRRI Research Reports

The states of Kentucky and Ohio have numerous reservoir projects at various stages of planning and construction. Each of the projects produces substantial social impact for the residents of the area and particularly for those persons affected by a loss of property and homes. This impact is not uniform in that people respond differently to displacement and the methods of adjusting relocation are known to differ among people.

This research was initiated to develop and test a model for explaining migration under such conditions. The model includes a consideration of people's potential for transferring existing statuses to new residences, the …

An Evaluation Of Relationships Between Streamflow Patterns And Watershed Characteristics Through The Use Of Opset, L. Douglas James, William O. Thompson, Glendon Allen Ross, Earnest Y. Liou

KWRRI Research Reports

Selection among alternative flood control measures would be better informed if better information could be obtained on the marginal change in flood hazard associated with land use and other changes in the tributary watershed. Hydrologic modeling is the most promising approach to answering this question; however, the use of existing models is hampered by the absence of information correlating model parameters with physical characteristics of the watershed.

To deal with this situation, a method was developed for estimating the parameter values for the Stanford Watershed Model which best match recorded with simulated streamflows. Physical characteristics were measured for 17 rural …

Part I - Controlling The Soil Moisture Environment Of Transpiring Plants, Part Ii - Prediction Of Leaf Temperature Under Natural Atmospheric Conditions, Charles T. Haan, Billy J. Barfield, Robert Edling

KWRRI Research Reports

Part I

A technique for controlling the soil moisture potential in the root zone of transpiring plants was developed. The method uses the principles of unsaturated flow through a porous media to develop the desired moisture potential. In the case of non-steady state transpiration, the maximum possible fluctuation in the soil moisture potential can be determined by the techniques presented.

Part II

Two implicit leaf temperature prediction equations were derived from the energy balance approach. The equations define sensible and latent heat transfer from a plant population as a two step process:

1. Transfer between the plant leaf and the canopy …

Anticipations Of Change: A Socio-Economic Description Of A Kentucky County Before Reservoir Construction, Charles Robert Smith

KWRRI Research Reports

In the past the construction of large reservoirs in the United States has been evaluated largely in terms of the economic benefit they bring to the area where they are constructed and to the nation. Where human populations are involved, however, a host of social changes occur, many of which fundamentally alter the way of life of a people.

This report is part of a larger study which aims at analyzing the social costs and benefits of reservoir construction. The project is long range in that studies are to be carried out before, during, and after construction. This report concentrates …

Opset Program For Computerized Selection Of Watershed Parameter Values For The Stanford Watershed Model, Earnest Yuan-Shang Liou, L. Douglas James

KWRRI Research Reports

The advent of high-speed electronic computer made it possible to model complex hydrologic processes by mathematical expressions and thereby simulate streamflows from climatological data. The most widely used program is the Stanford Watershed Model, a digital parametric model of the land phase of the hydrologic cycle based on moisture accounting processes. It can be used to simulate annual or longer flow sequences at hourly time intervals. Due to its capability of simulating historical streamflows from recorded climatological data, it has a great potential in the planning and design of water resources systems. However, widespread use of the Stanford Watershed Model …

The Stanford Watershed Model: The Correlation Of Parameter Values Selected By A Computerized Procedure With Measurable Physical Characteristics Of The Watershed, Part 2, Glendon Allen Ross

KWRRI Research Reports

Soundly planned water resources development requires a knowledge of streamflow magnitudes and time patterns. Where recorded information is unavailable, water resources project design can be greatly improved by streamflow simulation.

This study is devoted to describing the application of a self-calibrating version of the Stanford Watershed Model to 17 rural Kentucky watersheds and two urbanizing watersheds. The required data for this version (OPSET) is tabulated and the data collection process is described. The watershed parameter values estimated by OPSET and independent numerical estimates of physical watershed characteristics are tabulated and correlated. The results should help in estimating parameter values for …

Chemistry Of The Oxidant, Ferrate, Its Interaction With Specific Organics Found In Waste Water, Donald H. Williams, J. T. Riley

KWRRI Research Reports

It became obvious during this investigation that while much work has been done with ferrate (VI) chemistry, discrepancies existed in the literature and very little attention had been given possible engineering uses. This work attempted to fulfill these two needs in an exploratory manner.

The preparative techniques were reviewed and mechanical improvements made in one which allowed improved yields. Essentially what was done was to enlarge and improve the filtering technique of the product and use cooler temperatures throughout the preparation. This greatly shortened the time required. Then it was learned that the addition of ethyl alcohol to the final …

Solution Geochemistry Of The Water Of Limestone Terrains, John Thrailkill, David B. Beiter, Michael T. Osolnik, Roger H. Postley, William T. Mitchell, Leonard N. Plummer, James R. Riddell, Richard C. Worley, Robert D. Zwicker

KWRRI Research Reports

Limestone groundwater flows mainly in openings it has solutionally enlarged, thus an understanding of the water's state of saturation relative to calcite (the principal mineral component of limestone) is fundamental to an understanding of the nature and evolution of the limestone aquifer. This study investigated the Mammoth Cave-Sinkhole Plain (MCSP) and Cave Hollow (CH) aquifers in Kentucky, both in Missippian limestones.

Both aquifers were always undersaturated with calcite. Except for completely ventilated vadose flows (usually) and some vadose seepage (occasionally), all recharges sampled (sinking streams, vadose flows, and vadose seepage) were also undersaturated. The lack of saturation in the MCSP …

The Effect Of A Large Reservoir On Local Government Revenue And Expenditure, Clyde T. Bates

KWRRI Research Reports

Development of a large multi-purpose reservoir within the area of their jurisdiction may affect property ta.x revenue and expenditure of county governments and school districts. Privately owned land sold to a federally sponsored reservoir is not subject to property taxes because of the doctrine of intergovernmental immunity. Local officials often assume that this loss of assessment will reduce their tax revenue and thereby their fiscal ability to provide an acceptable level of government services. They may also expect the influx of construction workers or the disruption of existing facilities to increase the cost of providing these services. The study approaches …

Patterns Of Land Use Change Around A Large Reservoir, Billy R. Prebble

KWRRI Research Reports

Reservoirs are built to control floods, provide water for irrigation and municipal supply, generate electric power, augment low flows for navigation and water quality control, and provide improved fishing and recreation opportunity. A reservoir is justified if the benefit it provides to society exceeds the cost to develop it. Much research has been done to determine the benefit of a water resources development to society as a whole. Some research has explored the benefit of such a facility to a region. Very little research exists on the effects of a reservoir on the immediately surrounding area.

It seems reasonable that …

Economic Development Of Areas Contiguous To Multipurpose Reservoirs: The Kentucky-Tennessee Experience, Michael B. Hargrove

KWRRI Research Reports

This study analyzes the effects of multi-purpose reservoir projects on the economic development of areas contiguous to the dam and reservoir. The study concentrates on the development potential in a humid region where the provision of agricultural water is not critical to the economy. Can a reservoir project be a major part of a development program for a local area? How can the favorable effects of the project on the contiguous area be increased? These questions are answered by this study.

The study is divided into three major phases. The first phase is a theoretical analysis of the determinants of …

The Persistence Of Pesticides In Impounded Waters, Robert A. Lauderdale

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this study was to investigate the persistance of the insecticides aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, and DDT in water. A small drainage area was sprayed with these compounds, and the insecticides were collected in the runoff water from the area. Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the effectiveness of aeration, adsorption on silt, and adsorption on algae in removing the pesticides from water.

All of the pesticides were found in samples of water collected from the area for the full period of the tests. The amounts which were found in a small pond into which the surface water drained …

Economic Analysis Of Alternative Flood Control Measures, L. Douglas James, Thomas M. Rachford, James Ray Villines, Clyde R. Dempsey, James Norris Cline, Carlos Fix Miller

KWRRI Research Reports

Within the last few years, the growing realization that an effective flood control program must include non-structural measures (land use management and flood proofing) has resulted in Presidential Executive Order 11296 requiring Federal agencies to seek the optimum combination of structural and non-structural measures for flood control. The requirement has created a dilemma. No methodology is available for systematic evaluation of alternative combinations of structural and non-structural measures. Prospective procedures are too time consuming to be feasible under current financial and manpower limitations.

The only way out is to perform much of the planning process by digital computer. With this …

Planning Flood Control Measures By Digital Computer, James Norris Cline, L. Douglas James

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this study was to develop adequate guidelines whereby those interested in flood control planning would be able to apply a pair of digital computer programs known as the University of Kentucky Flood Control Planning Programs to ease the computational burden of evaluating specific flood control situations. Program II determines the economically optimum combination of channel improvement, land use restriction, and flood proofing for flood damage abatement. Program III also incorporates reservoir storage into the planning process. The Programs are not intended to provide a finished design but rather to select the optimum combination of flood control measures …

Ecological Study Of The Effects Of Strip Mining On The Microbiology Of Streams, Ralph H. Weaver, Harry D. Nash

KWRRI Research Reports

The microflora of Cane Branch of Beaver Creek in McCreary County, Kentucky, which drains an area that was strip-mined between 1955 and 1959, was studied and compared with that of Helton Branch which drains a comparable area where there has been no mining. Differences include: the establishment of Ferrcbacillus ferrooxidans, for which procedures were developed for direct colony isolation from the stream; fewer saprophytic bacteria; more numerous and more diversified filamentous and unicellular fungi; and characteristic differences in algal flora. Representatives of 42 genera of filamentous fungi were identified. Of these, 21 were isolated only from Cane Branch. Representatives of …

Evaluation Of The Legal Institutions Of Diversion, Transfer, Storage, And Distribution Of Water In Kentucky, A. Dan Tarlock

KWRRI Research Reports

In 1966 Kentucky enacted a water use regulation statute which makes :important modifications in the common law doctrine of riparian rights by authorizing the state to grant permits for the use of water. The permit system is primarily designed to allow the state to gather the information necessary to conduct long range planning studies. However, the permit system can also be used to apportion water among competing users. The report examined the common law of riparian rights to determine how KRS Ch. 151 had modified it and analyzed some of the legal problems which could arise in the administration of …

Evaluation Of Runoff Coefficients From Small Natural Drainage Areas, Carlos Fix Miller, L. Douglas James

KWRRI Research Reports

The Kentucky Department of Highways, as do most other agencies which build small drainage structures, estimates flood peaks as the product of a runoff coefficient, a rainfall intensity, and the drainage area, Available procedures were applied to 39 gaged watersheds in and near Kentucky and compared with the results of frequency analysis of historical stream gage records. The methods consistently underestimated the flood peak.

Therefore, a more intensive study (using the Stanford Watershed Model) of the runoff coefficient was undertaken by dividing it into overland flow and streamflow components. A set of curves was developed based on the 50-year event …

Esthetic And Recreational Potential Of Small Naturalistic Streams Near Urban Areas, John A. Dearinger, Kenneth R. Harper, L. Douglas James

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this study was to find a way to evaluate the esthetic and recreational potential of small streams and their watersheds. Research was limited to naturalistic streams with drainage areas under 100 square miles and located within 25 miles of a city. A methodology, based on some previous work of the U.S. Soil Conservation Service and the principles or concepts of terrain analysis, land use planning, value Judgment philosophy and the economics of outdoor recreation, was developed and applied in detail to two streams (Boone and Jessamine Creeks) near Lexington, Kentucky.

Evaluations were made of the streams' potential …

The Effects Of Geographical And Climatic Setting On The Economic Advantages Of Alternative Flood Control Measures, Clyde R. Dempsey, L. Douglas James

KWRRI Research Reports

It has long been realized that tributary urban development and channel improvement greatly affect the flow regime in a given watershed. A previous study used the Stanford Watershed Model to derive relationships expressing how the flood peaks in Sacramento, California, might be expected to vary with changing conditions of urbanization, channelization, and tributary drainage area. In order to observe the effects of climatic setting and geographical location on these relationships, the same type of analysis was applied to a drainage area near Louisville, Kentucky.

If reservoir storage is to be considered in a flood control program, it is necessary to …

Economic Analysis Of Flood Detention Storage By Digital Computer, James Ray Villines, L. Douglas James

KWRRI Research Reports

The objective of this study was to develop a digital computer procedure for preliminary analysis of the economic justification of reservoir detention storage for flood control and to present a sample study illustrating its application. A computer program called the University of Kentucky Flood Control Planning Program III was developed and tested on the flood plain of the South Fork of the Licking River in northeastern Kentucky.

Given a specified reservoir site and a downstream flood plain divided into planning units, Program III selects the economically efficient combination of reservoir detention storage and the associated combination of channel improvement, flood …

A Study Of The Removal Of Pesticides From Water, James David Whitehouse

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this study was to investigate some of the properties of pesticides as they exist in water, and to determine the effectiveness of several water treatment processes in the removal of pesticides from water. Among the pesticides investigated were malathion, DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, captan, benzene hexachloride (BHC), 2,4-D, and 2,4,5-T. The water treatment processes included aeration, chemical coagulation, adsorption on activated carbons and clays, and foam separation.

The removal of pesticides from water by aeration was found to be significant. Dieldrin was removed almost 100 percent, while aldrin, DDT, and BHC were removed to a lesser extent. 2, …

Analysis Of Reservoir Recreation Benefits, Robert Cecil Tussey Jr.

KWRRI Research Reports

Recreation visitation to two Kentucky reservoirs (Rough River and Dewey) constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was studied to develop mathematical expressions for estimating numbers of visitors and recreation benefits. Regression analysis was used to relate characteristics of 168 origin areas (120 Kentucky counties, the District of Columbia, and the remaining states excluding Hawaii and Alaska) to visitation from that area to Rough River Reservoir. The resulting equations were then applied to Dewey to test their generality. Good results were obtained when only air distance and population were used as the independent variables. Correlations including the age and …

The Effect Of Landowner Attitude On The Financial And The Economic Costs Of Acquiring Land For A Large Public Works Project, John Malvern Higgins Jr.

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this study was to examine the various economic and financial costs relating to the acquisition of property required for the construction of three reservoirs and to determine if any correlation could be made between the attitudes of the landowners selling property and the costs. Rough River Reservoir, Dewey Reservoir, and West Fork of Mill Creek Reservoir were studied. The costs involved in purchasing right-of-way were classified qualitatively and quantified to the extent possible. A procedure was devised to quantify 15 factors influencing attitude and an equation was derived to predict the landowner's attitude from these determining factors. …

Derivation Of Reservoir Operating Rules By Economic Analysis, Charles O. Dowell

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology for determining an optimum set of reservoir operating rules specifying the of storage space based on the example of Rough River Reservoir, a Corps of Engineers project in Breckinridge and Grayson Counties, Kentucky, and assuming this multipurpose reservoir provides flood control, water supply, and recreation. The operating rules were derived by the method of marginal analysis which uses as its criteria achievement of maximum net benefits from the available storage capacity.

Benefit relationships were derived for each use. The variation of flood control benefits with available flood storage was determined …

Factors Controlling Porosity And Permeability In The Curdsville Member Of The Lexington Limestone, William C. Macquown Jr., Jimmie L. Barr, George T. Hine, Jojok Sumartojo, Edward V. Peck, Franklin D. Thomas

KWRRI Research Reports

Factors controlling the porosity and permeability of the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone of Middle Ordovician Age in the Blue Grass Region of Kentucky are geological.

Microstratigraphic analysis had led to the division of the lower Lexington Limestone, consisting principally of the Curdsville Member into three beds which may be subdivided into "zones" made up of several lithologic types and sub-types. Lower, middle, and upper bed characteristics are helpful in determining the regional depositional history in the progressively transgressing Curdsville sea. Paleogeography of Curdsville time has been determined by delineation of two local facies: (1) a carbonate bank--shoal …

Review Of The Economic Benefits And Costs Resulting From Dewey Reservoir, David H. Rosenbaum

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this investigation was to study the economic effects of the construction of Dewey Reservoir in Floyd County, Kentucky. Primary emphasis was placed on determining the degree the project had shifted income to this economically underdeveloped area by determining the incomes of those receiving project benefits and those paying project costs. The income redistribution effects of all benefits and costs associated with Dewey Reservoir were evaluated by assuming that the Federal income tax structure indicates the marginal value of income to individuals in the various income brackets.

Major benefits from the Dewey Project have been: flood control, $722,166 …

Covariance Analysis Of Reservoir Development Effects On Property Tax Base, Claude M. Vaughan Jr.

KWRRI Research Reports

Much attention has been given in recent years to the development of water resources in the United States. Large scale multi-purpose dam and reservoir projects are of particular interest. Such projects are traditionally undertaken after the resulting benefit has been found to exceed the required cost. The benefits which are most readily evaluated are primary benefits such as flood control, hydroelectric power, and navigation. The purpose of this study is to investigate secondary benefits which accrue to local economies as a result of reservoir construction. The particular secondary benefit which this study evaluates is the reservoir impact on the local …

Economic Analysis Of Alternative Flood Control Measures By Digital Computer, Thomas M. Rachford

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this project was to develop a digital computer program for selecting the optimum combination of flood proofing, flood-plain land use, channel improvement, and residual flood damage for a given floodplain. Based on economic efficiency, the optimum policy is selected for each planning unit of the total flood-plain for each period of time called a planning stage. The program was written in Fortran IV for the IBM 7040 and the University of Kentucky Computing Center compiler. The program requires about 23,000 words of core storage and about 30 seconds of execution time per planning-unit-stage for typical conditions. The …