Sports Sciences Commons^™

Body Fat Percentage Estimation From Smartphone Three-Dimensional Optical Imaging, Christine M. Florez, Christian Rodriguez, Madelin R. Siedler, Ethan Tinoco, Grant M. Tinsley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Body composition is an important component of overall health. The development of digital assessment methods has led to increased interest in devices that allow users to monitor their own body composition. Smartphone applications with three-dimensional optical imaging (3DO) capabilities are a user-friendly technology capable of predicting percent body fat (BF%) from relevant body measurements. PURPOSE: To determine the validity of two BF% equations using smartphone 3DO data, as compared to a 4-compartment (4C) model criterion, and to produce a new BF% estimation equation. METHODS: At a single laboratory visit, 60 participants (28 F, 32 M; [mean ± SD] …

What Are The Most Effective Exercise, Physical Activity And Dietary Interventions To Improve Body Composition In Women Diagnosed With Or At High-Risk Of Breast Cancer? A Systematic Review And Network Meta-Analysis, Christine Kudiarasu, Pedro Lopez, Daniel A. Galvão, Robert U. Newton, Dennis R. Taaffe, Lorna Mansell, Brianna Fleay, Christobel Saunders, Caitlin Fox-Harding, Favil Singh

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Obesity has been recognized as a risk factor in the development and recurrence of breast cancer and is also associated with poor prognostic outcomes. This systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed to identify the most effective exercise, physical activity, and dietary interventions to reduce fat mass, body fat percentage and body weight as well as potentially increase lean mass in women diagnosed with or at high risk of breast cancer. Methods: A systematic search of databases was performed up to May 2022. Eligible randomized controlled trials examined the effects of exercise, physical activity and/or dietary interventions on fat mass …

Bmi Superior To Fat-Free Mass Index And Fat Mass Index For Predicting Arterial Stiffness In College Students, Amanda Callaghan, Kennedy Kerbs, Kyndal Downing, Zachary Zeigler

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Arterial stiffness is a significant predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Body mass index (BMI) has been used to predict cardiovascular disease outcomes but does not consider fat and lean mass. Fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) may be superior to BMI in predicting arterial stiffness because it considers body composition. PURPOSE: This study aims to determine if FFMI and FMI are superior to BMI at predicting arterial stiffness in college students. METHODS: Participants came into the exercise physiology lab, signed consent, and then had anthropometric measurements of height and weight taken, as well as …

An Examination Of Kinanthropometric And Physical Injury Risk Factors In Elite Australian Football, Callum J. Mccaskie

Theses: Doctorates and Masters

Kinanthropometric assessment is an integral part of understanding an athlete’s physical profile and readiness for competition. This typically includes a variety of different assessments which serve to quantify body shape, proportion, and composition in a bid to understand human physiology. Common assessments include stature, body mass, limb ratios, body circumferences, body mass index, skinfold testing, body composition testing, and musculoskeletal morphological evaluations. Specifically, kinanthropometric evaluations have involved the characterisation of athletes according to sport, sex, competition level and playing position. While this has provided researchers and practitioners with greater insight into athletic phenotypes, more purposeful kinanthropometric assessments which focus on …

Study Protocol: Investigating The Feasibility Of A Hybrid Delivery Of Home-Based Cluster Set Resistance Training For Individuals Previously Treated For Lung Cancer, C. M. Fairman, O. L. Owens, Kristina L. Kendall, J. Steele, Christopher Latella, M. T. Jones, L. Marcotte, Carolyn M. J. Peddle-Mcintyre, K. K. Mcdonnell

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Symptom burden remains a critical concern for individuals with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) following the completion of treatment. The most common symptom clusters, dyspnea (shortness of breath) and fatigue, can contribute to physical decline, reductions in quality of life, and a higher risk of comorbidities and mortality. Dyspnea is a primary limiter of exercise capacity in individuals with lung cancer, resulting in exercise avoidance and an accelerated physical decline. As such, designing resistance training with cluster sets to mitigate symptoms of dyspnea and fatigue may result in improved exercise tolerance. Thus, maintaining the exercise stimulus via cluster sets, …

How Does Body Composition Predict The Performance Of Rotc Cadets On The Acft, Annika C. Grams, Ruth Larson, Payton Price, Sofia Harman, Sara Thomasson, Kaitlyn Wabakken, Katelynn Brock, Zachary Zeigler, Anthony Acevedo

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) is a newly developed test assessing U.S. Army soldiers' combat readiness. Body composition characteristics vary between soldiers and could affect performance outcomes. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to determine whether fat-mass and fat-free-mass can predict performance outcomes of the ACFT in ROTC cadets. Methods: ROTC cadets (31 males, 21 females; aged 20.5 ± 2.2 years) completed the 6-event ACFT (3-repetition maximum trap-bar deadlift [MDL], standing power toss [SPT], hand-release pushups [HRPU], sprint-drag-carry shuttle run [SDC], plank [PLK], and 2-mile run [2MR]). The cadets were invited into the laboratory for measurements of anthropometrics …

Body Composition And Psychophysical Well-Being Of Women Practicing Yoga, Aneta Omelan, Justyna Wiśniewska, Robert Podstawski

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Introduction: This study characterized yoga as a form of free-time physical activity by analyzing and evaluating the body composition of women who regularly practice yoga, and by describing the effect of yoga on their psychophysical health. Material and Methods: The study involved 94 women: 56 yoga practitioners and 38 Zumba participants. The subjects were surveyed with a questionnaire to elicit information about their socioeconomic status. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Differences were assessed with two-tailed chi-square tests and Student’s t-tests. Results: The vast majority of the participants (89%) felt a positive influence of yoga on their mental …

Body Composition Of Utah Highway Patrol Officers: No Difference Between Air Displacement Plethysmography And Alternative Tools For Measurement And Prediction., Peter Macgregor, Justin R. Brown, Jacqueline Spoon, L Nathan Thomas

Topics in Exercise Science and Kinesiology

Topics in Exercise Science and Kinesiology Volume 3: Issue 1, Article 6, 2022. Different techniques exist for examining body composition. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in body fat percentage as measured by air displacement plethysmography (ADP), body adiposity index (BAI), bioelectrical impedance (BIA), a body mass index conversion equation (BMI_D), and skinfolds (SKF). Twenty-one male Utah Highway Patrol Officers participated in this study (age 35.19 ± 10.32 years, 1.79 ± 0.09 m tall, 92.20 ± 14.56 kg in weight, and 105.52 ± 10.01 cm hip circumference). All measurements were taken during a single visit …

Differentiation Of The Body Composition In The Polish National Team Pentathletes, Wladyslaw Jagiello, Roman M. Kalina, Marina Jagiello

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Contemporary anthropological research confirms the fact that body composition is one of the elements differentiating athletes from persons not practising sport systematically. The differences in body composition – in many cases even extreme – also regard athletes in the context of the sports discipline they practise. The aim of the study was to determine the properties of body composition of the Polish national team pentathletes in comparison to persons of the same population not practising competitive sport. Material/Methods: The research comprised members of the Polish national team in modern pentathlon (n=10). The subjects were 18-23 (20±1.5) years of age …

Comparison Of Various Physical And Body Composition Profiles Between Indian Elite Male And Female Gymnasts, Tamoghni Manna, Arush Goswami, Subhra Karmakar Chatterjee, Meenu Dhingra, Swapan K. Dey

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

The present study aimed to compare various physical and body composition profiles of Indian male and female gymnasts and also to compare the above parameters with their international/national peers. The study was conducted on 15 male (age = 19.2 ±3.75 years) and 16 female Indian gymnasts (age = 16.4 ±2.99 years). Various physical and body composition parameters were measured using standard methods. The female gymnasts were found to have a higher amount of fat mass and volumes of extracellular water than their male and international peers while the males had a higher amount of fat free mass than females but …

Comparison Of Body Composition, Physical Fitness Parameters And Skeletal Muscle Damage Indices Among Young Indian Male Soccer & Hockey Players, Surojit Sarkar, Subhra Karmakar Chatterjee, Swapan K. Dey

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: ‪The present study was aimed to evaluate the evidential comparison of anthropometric, body composition, and physical fitness parameters and muscle damage indices between soccer and field hockey players. Material and methods: ‪Forty-one young Indian male players (including soccer, N = 18, and hockey, N = 23) were evaluated for anthropometric parameters (height, weight, BMI, BMR), and physical fitness variables (grip strength, back strength, flexibility, VO2max, anaerobic power) using standard procedures. Body composition (fat mass, fat free mass, cell mass, muscle mass, fluid content, glycogen, minerals, body density) was assessed by using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA). Muscle damage indices …

Physical Performance, Body Composition And Body Balance In Relation To National Ranking Positions In Young Polish Tennis Players, Mateusz Karnia, Tomasz Garsztka, Mateusz Rynkiewicz, Tadeusz Rynkiewicz, Piotr Zurek, Marcin Luszczyk, Ewelina Sledziewska, Ewa Ziemann

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between body composition, aerobic capacity and the balance in young tennis players at rest and during fatigue triggered by an endurance test. Moreover, we tried to find the correlation between the tennis ranking position and the balance. Material/Methods: Well-trained 16 young tennis players (15 and 17 years old, singles national ranking 3-39, average training experience of 9 years) took part in this study. They were assigned to two groups according to their age – 15 TG and 17 TG. Participants completed the same battery of body composition, aerobic, and …

The Relation Between Selected Anthropometric Variables And The Sports Results Of Early Pubescent Swimmers, Grzegorz Bielec, Daniel Jurak

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Relationships between anthropometric parameters and sports results in swimming are well documented, but only few studies concern young athletes. Scientific evidence does not indicate definitely which anthropometric variables determine swimming performance among pubertal athletes. Material and methods: Forty-one swimmers at the mean age of 12.2 years (including 15 females) were examined. Body composition was assessed with a Tanita BC 545N device. Body height, hand length, hand width and arm span were also measured. Anthropometric data were compared to results of 50 m freestyle and 200 m individual medley. Results: Calculations made by Pearson’s coefficient revealed significant correlations between body …

Effects Of 8-Week Ketogenic Diet On Anthropometrics, Body Composition, Metabolic Parameters, And Psychological Factors In Young Obese Population, Hayden G. West, Soon-Mi Choi, Frank B. Wyatt, Michael W. Olson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Obese have a significantly higher Body Mass Index (BMI), which can be associated with poor nutritional intake and sedentary lifestyles. The ketogenic diet is a form of a dietary intervention which is often implemented for metabolic syndrome individuals such as obese populations. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of a ketogenic diet on anthropometrics, body composition, metabolic parameters, and psychological factors in young obese population. METHODS: Seven young obese participants (n=7, height (cm); 174.8 ± 10.9, weight (kg); 105 ± 20.7, BMI (kg∙m^-2); 34.6 ± 4.8) completed an 8-week intervention with …

The Effects Of Body Composition On Resting Metabolic Rate Among College Aged Students, Natalie A. Delgadillo, Frank Wyatt, Michael W. Olson, Soon-Mi Choi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is the measure of daily energy expenditure while the body is at rest. RMR is becoming more useful in order to measure the energy demands in both athletes and non-athletes. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to analyze the RMR among college aged students, along with their body compositions in order to determine if there is a correlation between body fat percentage and RMR. METHODS: Participants in this study included 19 students at Midwestern State University between the ages of 19-25. (n = 19; female = 12; male = 7). Participants were asked prior …

Body Composition Estimation In Youth Athletes: Agreement Between Two-Component Methods, Patrick S. Harty, Abby Ambrosius, Christopher Dodge, Brandon Merfeld, Chinguun Khurelbaatar, Makenna Carpenter, Madelin Siedler, Matthew Stratton, Christian Rodriguez, Jacob Green, Dale Keith, Jake Boykin, Andrew R. Jagim, Grant M. Tinsley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Body composition techniques such as skinfold measurements, air displacement plethysmography, and underwater weighing are commonly performed in athletic populations, particularly in youth athletes who may not have access to other laboratory methods. However, little is known whether such body composition estimates can be directly compared across techniques. PURPOSE: To determine the agreement between common two-component (2C) body composition techniques. METHODS: 90 youth athletes (Males: 39; Females: 51; Age: 18.2 ± 2.4 years; Height: 172.0 ± 9.9 cm; Body Mass: 69.0 ± 12.5 kg; Underwater Weighing [UWW] Body Fat Percentage [%BF]: 20.2 ± 7.0%) participated in this study. 2C …

Associations Of Changes In Body Composition And Athletic Performance In Collegiate American Football Players, Jake Boykin, Dale Kieth, Christine Harrison, Javier A. Zaragoza, Jessica Prather, Matthias Tinnin, Lemuel W. Taylor Iv, Grant M. Tinsley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Football practitioners ubiquitously employ offseason resistance training to improve on-field performance. Early offseason training is frequently designed to emphasize accretion of lean and total body mass. While this is a main objective of sport-specific conditioning, there are few investigations comparing correlated changes in body composition, maximal strength, and football-specific performance tests after an early-offseason training program. PURPOSE: The purpose of this analysis was to quantify the relationship between changes in athletic performance and body composition in collegiate American football players. METHODS: Before and after a 7-week offseason training program, body composition and athletic performance were assessed in NCAA Division III …

Relationship Between Changes In Upper Body Fat-Free Mass And Bench Press Performance In American Football Players, Dale S. Keith, Jake R. Boykin, Christine M. Harrison, Javier A. Zaragoza, Jessica Prather, Matthias Tinnin, Lem W. Taylor, Grant M. Tinsley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Horizontal pushing strength and strength endurance are relevant attributes for blocking and block shedding in American football. Since most positions in American football require the ability to either block or shed a block, and since bench press repetitions to failure (RTF) with 225 pounds is a component of the NFL draft combine, improving horizontal pushing strength and strength endurance have been key areas of emphasis for strength and conditioning coaches working with these athletes. PURPOSE: The purpose of this analysis was to quantify the relationship between changes in upper body fat-free mass (FFM) and metrics of bench press performance …

Comparison Of Laboratory-Grade And Consumer-Grade Hand-To-Foot Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzers For Body Composition Estimation, Gabrielle C. Dehaven, Madelin R. Siedler, Christian Rodriguez, Sarah White, Abegale D. Williams, Patrick S. Harty, Matthew T. Stratton, Dale Keith, Jacob Green, Jake Boykin, Grant M. Tinsley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a simple and effective technique to estimate body composition, including body fat percentage (BFP). While these analyzers are a popular method of describing a person’s body composition, laboratory-grade devices are expensive and inaccessible to most people. As a result, they may be an unrealistic method for consumers to use. However, consumer-grade devices are increasingly available. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare laboratory-grade and consumer-grade bioelectrical impedance analyzers. METHODS: Seventy-five adults (40 F, 35 M) were evaluated using a laboratory-grade, hand-to-foot, multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA_LAB; Seca mBCA 515) …

Validity Of Hand-To-Foot And Foot-To-Foot Consumer Bioimpedance Analyzers: A Four-Compartment Model Comparison, Sarah J. White, Madelin R. Siedler, Christian Rodriguez, Abegale D. Williams, Gabrielle Dehaven, Patrick S. Harty, Matthew T. Stratton, Dale Keith, Jacob Green, Jake Boykin, Grant M. Tinsley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Body fat percentage (BF%) is a useful variable for predicting disease risk and determining overall fitness. Consumer-grade bioimpedance analyzers seek to provide accurate body composition data while remaining affordable and accessible. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare body fat percentages obtained from hand-to-foot and foot-to-foot consumer bioimpedance analyzers to a gold standard 4-compartment (4C) model. METHODS: Seventy-five adults (40 F, 35 M; age: 27.2 ± 7.3 y; height: 168.1 ± 8.8 cm; BM: 72.1 ± 16.6 kg; 4C model BF%: 25.0 ± 9.2%) were evaluated by a 4C model, a consumer-grade hand-to-foot bioimpedance analyzer (BIA-HF; …

The Effects Of External Load And Body Composition On The Sebt In Marching Band Performers, Alexander Alvarez

Online Theses and Dissertations

Introduction: Marching band performers are susceptible to a variety of injuries that may have long-term consequences, especially in the lower extremity. The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) dynamic stability assessment tool has been utilized to detect the risk of lower extremity injuries, such as chronic ankle instability. The SEBT may be influenced by internal and external load variations amongst individuals; however, the interactions between these factors and the impact on specific populations, such as marching band performers, have not been studied. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine how performance on the SEBT differs when taking external load …

Changes In Body Composition In Patients With Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma And The Relationship With Activity Levels And Dietary Intake, Emily Jeffery, Y. C. Gary Lee, Robert U. Newton, Philippa Lyons-Wall, Joanne Mcveigh, Deirdre B. Fitzgerald, Leon Straker, Carolyn J. Peddle-Mcintyre

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background:

Skeletal muscle loss is common in advanced cancer and is associated with negative outcomes. In malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), no study has reported body composition changes or factors associated with these changes. This study aimed to describe changes in body composition over time and its relationship with activity levels, dietary intake and survival.

Methods:

The study was a secondary analysis of data collected from a longitudinal observational study of patients with MPM. Participants completed 3-month assessments for up to 18 months. Participants with two dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were included. Changes in appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and …

Seasonal Variation In Anthropometric And Performance Variables In American Professional Soccer Players, Hannah Elizabeth Ramirez

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

BACKGROUND: Preseason is an essential component of sport; it prepares players physiologically for the beginning of the competitive season by allowing for improvements in performance and fitness variables. As the season progresses, the need to maintain an ideal performance state may be difficult due to accumulating training load. PURPOSE: The purpose was to determine the seasonal variation of power, agility, and body fat percentage (BF%) via a series of tests throughout the competitive season of American professional soccer players. METHODS: 23 male United Soccer League (USL) One players underwent a performance battery (akimbo vertical jump (VJ), reactive strength index (RSI), …

Survey Of Ncaa Athletic Trainers’ Administration Of The National Wrestling Coaches Association Weight Certification Program, Samuel Konrath

All Graduate Plan B and other Reports, Spring 1920 to Spring 2023

Context: The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) implemented a minimum weight certification program in 1997 to help protect wrestlers from dangerous weight loss practices. Despite nearly a quarter of a century of this program, there is no published research detailing the implementation of it.

Objective: Determine how the NCAA minimum weight certification is being implemented across Division I programs.

Design: Cross-sectional study

Setting: Survey

Patients or Other Participants: A total of 35 (45.5%) of 77 NCAA division I wrestling athletic trainers responded to the survey.

Main Outcome Measure(s): Survey data on how the NCAA minimum weight certification program was implemented …

Eccentric-Only Versus Concentric-Only Resistance Training Effects On Biochemical And Physiological Parameters In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Christine Kudiarasu, Wafina Rohadhia, Yoshihiro Katsura, Tomoko Koeda, Favil Singh, Kazunori Nosaka

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Background:

The benefits of resistance training for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are well documented; however, the effects of exercise with different muscle contraction types such as eccentric versus concentric contractions on physiological outcomes for this population are not clear. This study compared eccentric-only (ECC) and concentric-only resistance training (CON) to test the hypothesis that ECC would be superior to CON to improve insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, body composition, muscle strength and physical function of patients with T2D.

Methods:

Adults with T2D (50–79 years) were allocated to the ECC (n = 9) or CON group (n = 9). Resistance …

Body Composition And Fitness Characteristics From Structural Firefighters In A Health And Wellness Program: Differences According To Injury Status And Location, Tomas J. Ruvalcaba, Daniel Higuera, Robin (Rob) Marc Orr, J. Jay Dawes, Kristina A. Ross, Robert G. Lockie

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Structural firefighting can put firefighters at an elevated risk for injury. Numerous health and fitness characteristics (body composition, flexibility, muscular strength and endurance, aerobic capacity) can influence the performance of fireground operations, and could help prevent injury in firefighters. PURPOSE: To analyze the differences in health and fitness between healthy firefighters, and firefighters who reported a current upper-body, lower-body, or back injury. METHODS: Archival data from structural firefighters in a health and wellness program was investigated (258 males; 12 females). Body composition data included height; body mass; body mass index (BMI); body fat percentage; fat and lean body mass; waist …

Body Composition Assessment In Masters Level Swimmers, Megan E. Larson, Amy Morgan, Jessica Kiss, Mary-Jon Ludy

International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education

Body composition of collegiate swimmers has been extensively studied; however, there are limited reports of body composition among Masters swimmers. This study compared the accuracy of air displacement plethysmography (ADP) and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) to the gold standard method of underwater weighing (UWW) in Masters level swimmers. The relationship between percent body fat (%BF) and body mass index (BMI) was also assessed. Recruitment (n = 6 females, 11 males) occurred at two Masters swim clubs. Pearson correlation coefficients revealed no significant differences between ADP, BIA, and UWW (p > 0.05). For both female and male Masters swimmers, the mean %BF …

Maintaining Weight Loss In Obese Men With Prostate Cancer Following A Supervised Exercise And Nutrition Program—A Pilot Study, Rebekah L. Wilson, Dennis R. Taaffe, Robert U. Newton, Nicolas H. Hart, Philippa Lyons-Wall, Daniel A. Galvão

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Supervised exercise and nutrition programs can mitigate or reverse androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) induced fat mass (FM) gain, lean mass (LM) loss, and impaired physical function. It is unclear whether these benefits are retained following transition to self-management. This study examined the effect of a home-based weight maintenance program on body composition and physical function in obese men with prostate cancer (PCa) on ADT following a 12-week supervised weight loss intervention. Eleven obese PCa patients (74 ± 5 years, 40.0 ± 4.9% body fat) on ADT ( > 6 months) com-pleted a 12-week self-managed home-based weight maintenance program consisting of 150 …

Case Study: Effect Of Surgical Metal Implant On Single Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Measures Of An Athlete, Dale R. Wagner

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

This case study examined the influence of a surgical metal implant on the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) readings of an athlete. Single‐frequency BIA using a tetrapolar electrode configuration was applied to both the right and left sides of a 23‐year‐old female jumper who had an 8 × 345 mm titanium alloy nail implanted in her left tibia. The metal implant reduced BIA resistance and reactance on the implanted side by 27 and 6 ohms, respectively. This reduction in impedance resulted in a 0.4 kg–1.9 kg increase in the estimate of fat‐free mass (FFM) depending on the prediction formula used. There …

Is It Time To Rethink Our Weight Loss Paradigms?, Paulo Gentil, Ricardo Borges Viana, João Pedro Naves, Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio, Victor Coswig, Jeremy Loenneke, Claudio André Barbosa

Faculty and Student Publications

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Strategies aiming to promote weight loss usually include anything that results in an increase in energy expenditure (exercise) or a decrease in energy intake (diet). However, the probability of losing weight is low and the probability of sustained weight loss is even lower. Herein, we bring some questions and suggestions about the topic, with a focus on exercise interventions. Based on the current evidence, we should look at how metabolism changes in response to interventions instead of counting calories, so we can choose more efficient models that can account for the …