Dentistry Commons^™

Moving An Incisor Across The Midline: A Treatment Alternative In An Adolescent Patient, Jose Bosio, T. Bradley, Arthur Hefti

T. Gerard Bradley

A 13-year-old sought treatment for a severely compromised maxillary left central incisor and an impacted fully developed left canine. Extraction of both teeth became necessary. As the key component of the revised comprehensive treatment plan, the right maxillary central incisor was moved into the position of the left central incisor. All other maxillary teeth were moved mesially to close any gaps. Active orthodontic treatment was completed after 34 months. Frenectomy, minor periodontal surgeries, and bonded lingual retainers were used to improve aesthetics and stabilize the tooth positions. The patient was pleased with the treatment outcome. Cone-beam computed tomography provided evidence …

An Investigation Into The Mechanical And Aesthetic Properties Of New Generation Coated Nickel-Titanium Wires In The As-Received State And After Clinical Use, T. Bradley, David Berzins, Nicholas Valeri, Jessica Pruszynski, Theodore Eliades, Christos Katsaros

T. Gerard Bradley

The orthodontic profession is constantly seeking to improve and optimize the aesthetics of orthodontic wires since the introduction of aesthetic brackets. Nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires since their introduction to orthodontics (Andreasen and Hilleman, 1971) have been extensively researched in vitro and are used as an initial levelling and aligning archwire because of its properties of springback and superelasticity (Burstone et al., 1985; Miura et al., 1986; Leu et al., 1990; Bishara et al., 1995; Bradley et al., 1996; Biermann et al., 2007; Berzins and Roberts 2010). Aesthetic wires are usually either coated NiTi wires or composite wires of reinforced polymers. Shape …

Enamel Colour Changes Following Whitening With 10 Percent Carbamide Peroxide: A Comparison Of Orthodontically‐Bonded/Debonded And Untreated Teeth, K. Hintz, T. Bradley, Theodore Eliades

T. Gerard Bradley

The purpose of this study was to determine if a colour difference exists between teeth that had orthodontic appliances bonded to and debonded from them and untreated controls subjected to whitening with 10 per cent carbamide peroxide. The sample consisted of 20 pairs of first and second premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons. The contralateral surfaces were divided into an experimental and control group. The experimental group underwent orthodontic bonding/debonding procedures. Both groups were subjected to 4 hour whitening and 20 hour hydration sessions for 30 days. The L*a*b*colour system was chosen to evaluate any colour change and these changes were …

Primary Language Spoken At Home And Children's Dental Service Utilization In The United States, Matthew Noyce, Aniko Szabo, Nicholas Pajewski, Scott Jackson, T. Bradley, Christopher Okunseri

T. Gerard Bradley

Objective: Language barriers have been well documented as a contributing factor to disparities in the receipt of medical services, especially for Hispanic children. However, there is a paucity of information on the effect of language barriers on children's dental service utilization. We examined the association of primary language spoken at home with the receipt of preventive and routine dental care for children in the United States. Methods: We analyzed data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2002-2004), which contains data on 21,049 children weighted to represent 75.8 million children nationally. Results: Among children aged 1-18 years, 13 percent spoke a …

Erosive Tooth Wear Among Children In The United States: Relationship To Race/Ethnicity And Obesity, Jesse Mcguire, Aniko Szabo, Scott Jackson, T. Bradley, Christopher Okunseri

T. Gerard Bradley

Objective.  The study aims were to estimate the prevalence of erosive tooth wear (ETW) in children and to specifically examine its association with race/ethnicity and obesity in the United States.

Design.  We analysed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2003–2004. ETW was measured using the modified Smith and Knight Tooth Wear Index derived from the 1998 United Kingdom Adult Health Survey.

Results.  This study shows that 45.9% of children aged 13–19 years had evidence of ETW in at least one tooth. The prevalence of ETW was bilaterally symmetrical in all teeth examined and was most prevalent …

Galvanic Corrosion Between Various Combinations Of Orthodontic Brackets And Archwires, Arash Bakhtari, T. Bradley, William Lobb, David Berzins

T. Gerard Bradley

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare galvanic currents generated by different combinations of commonly used brackets and archwires. Methods: As-received stainless steel, nickel-titanium, and betatitanium wires were coupled to stainless steel and titanium brackets in an artificial saliva medium. The galvanic current and amount of charge transferred for each pair were monitored with a zero resistance ammeter for 10 hours. Results: Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant difference in charge and galvanic currents when factored for type of bracket (P\0.001), but no significant difference between them when factored by type of wire (P .0.05). Specifically, …

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (Dsc) Analyses Of Superelastic And Nonsuperelastic Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic Wires, T. Bradley, William Brantley, Bill Culbertson

T. Gerard Bradley

The purpose of this study was to determine the transformation temperatures for the austenitic, martensitic, and rhombohedral (R) structure phases in representative as-received commercial nitinol (NiTi) orthodontic wire alloys, to reconcile discrepancies among recent publications. Specimens were examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) over a temperature range from approximately −170° C to 100° C, with a scanning rate of 10° C per minute. Two different pathways, with the intermediate R structure either absent or present, were observed for the transformation from martensitic to austenitic NiTi, whereas the reverse transformation from austenitic to martensitic NiTi always included the R structure. The …

Comparison Of Enamel Colour Changes Associated With Orthodontic Bonding Using Two Different Adhesives, Theodore Eliades, A. Kakaboura, George Eliades, T. Bradley

T. Gerard Bradley

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the enamel colour changes associated with bonding of brackets with a no-mix (one-phase) adhesive resin (Unite) and a glassionomer adhesive (GC Fuji Ortho). Thirty recently extracted premolars were used in the investigation. Black rectangular pieces of adhesive tape with a 3-mm diameter window were used to standardize the enamel surface intended for analysis. The teeth were divided into two groups of 15 teeth each, brackets (Starfire TMB) were bonded with the two adhesives, and the enamel surfaces were colourimetrically evaluated at three time intervals: (a) before bonding (baseline), (b) following debonding and …

Effect Of Various Curing Lights On The Degree Of Cure Of Orthodontic Adhesives, Markus Niepraschk, Christos Rahiotis, T. Bradley, Theodore Eliades, George Eliades

T. Gerard Bradley

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the percentage degree of cure (%DC) of orthodontic adhesive resins irradiated with 3 types of light sources of various intensities: plasma arc, halogen, and light-emitting diode (LED). Methods: Twenty maxillary incisor stainless steel brackets (0.018-in slot) were divided into 4 groups of 5 brackets each. A standardized amount of composite resin was applied to each bracket base, simulating its clinical application. The brackets were light-cured with a halogen light for 20 seconds (10 seconds each from the incisal and cervical bracket edges), an LED light for 20 seconds (10 seconds per …

Surface Characterization Of Retrieved Niti Orthodontic Archwires, Theodore Eliades, George Eliades, A. Athanasiou, T. Bradley

T. Gerard Bradley

The structure and morphological condition of retrieved NiTi orthodontic archwires was evaluated and any possible alterations in the surface composition of the alloy following 1-6 months in vivo were characterized. NiTi wires (GAC, German Orthodontics, ORMCO) of various cross-sections were collected through a retrieval protocol and were subjected to multi-technique characterization. Optical microscopy revealed islands of amorphous precipitants and accumulated microcrystalline particles. Micro MIR-FTIR investigation of the retrieved samples demonstrated the presence of a proteinaceous biofilm, the organic constituents of which were mainly amide, alcohol, and carbonate. Scanning electron microscope and X-ray micro-analysis showed that the elemental species precipitated on …

Degree Of Cure Of Orthodontic Adhesives With Various Polymerization Initiation Modes, Theodore Eliades, George Eliades, T. Bradley, D. Watts

T. Gerard Bradley

The purpose of this study was to estimate the degree of cure (DC) of a light-cured, and a two- and a one-phase (no-mix) chemically-cured, as well as a dual-cured commercially available orthodontic adhesive resin. Forty stainless steel brackets were divided into four groups of 10 brackets each, and the bracket bases were covered with a standardized volume of adhesive. They were then pressed firmly onto a yellowish background surface of 75 per cent reflectance covered with cellulose film to facilitate detachment of the system and recovery of the set material. The visible light- and dual-cured adhesives were photopolymerized by irradiation …

Dimensional Changes Of Upper Airway After Rapid Maxillary Expansion: A Prospective Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study, Yoon Chang, Lisa Koenig, Jessica Pruszynski, T. Bradley, Jose Bosio, Dawei Liu

T. Gerard Bradley

Introduction: The aim of this prospective study was to use cone-beam computed tomography to assess the dimensional changes of the upper airway in orthodontic patients with maxillary constriction treated by rapid maxillary expansion.

Methods: Fourteen orthodontic patients (mean age, 12.9 years; range, 9.7-16 years) were recruited. The patients with posterior crossbite and constricted maxilla were treated with rapid maxillary expansion as the initial part of their comprehensive orthodontic treatments. Before and after rapid maxillary expansion conebeam computed tomography scans were taken to measure the retropalatal and retroglossal airway changes in terms of volume, and sagittal and cross-sectional areas. The transverse …

Socio-Demographics Of Adult Orthodontic Visits In The United States, Joseph Whitesides, Nicholas Pajewski, T. Bradley, Anthony Iacopino, Christopher Okunseri

T. Gerard Bradley

Introduction: Population-based studies in orthodontics have focused on differences between normative and perceived needs. However, information from national data on the prevalence of orthodontic visits and their associated factors in adults in the United States is scarce. We examined the demographic profile of likely adult users of orthodontic services and whether there is racial and ethnic disparity in orthodontic visits. Methods: We analyzed data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2000-2004. Results: Overall, about 1% of the population reported an orthodontic visit. Subjects who made a general dental visit during the current year were significantly more likely to also have …

Structural Conformation And Leaching From In Vitro Aged And Retrieved Invisalign Appliances, Susan Schuster, George Eliades, Spiros Zinelis, Theodore Eliades, T. Bradley

T. Gerard Bradley

The objectives of this study were to investigate the structure of Invisalign appliances (Align Technology, Santa Clara, Calif) after intraoral exposure, and to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the substances leached from the aligners after accelerated in vitro aging. Samples of Invisalign appliances were randomly selected from 10 patients before intraoral placement and after retrieval, and the prepared specimens were subjected to (1) bright-field optical reflection microscopy to study the surface morphology; (2) Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy to characterize the in vivo changes in molecular composition induced on appliance surfaces, (3) scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis to identify …

Tooth Enamel Hypoplasia In Phace Syndrome, Yvonne Chiu, Dawn Siegel, Beth Drolet, Brian Hodgson

Brian D Hodgson

Individuals with PHACE syndrome (posterior fossa malformations, hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, cardiac defects, eye abnormalities, sternal cleft, and supraumbilical raphe syndrome) have reported dental abnormalities to their healthcare providers and in online forums, but dental involvement has not been comprehensively studied. A study was conducted at the third PHACE Family Conference, held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in July 2012. A pediatric dentist examined subjects at enrollment. Eighteen subjects were enrolled. The median age was 4.2 years (range 9 mos–9 yrs; 14 girls, 4 boys). Eleven of 18 patients had intraoral hemangiomas and five of these (50%) had hypomature enamel hypoplasia. None of …

Different Loading Times For Dental Implants: No Clinically Important Differences?, Gary Stafford

Gary L Stafford DMD

Data sources

The Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Medline, and Embase databases were searched. Reference lists of identified articles were also scanned for relevant papers. There were no restrictions on language or date of publication.

Study selection

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of parallel group design and of split-mouth design including root-form osseointegrated dental implants having a follow-up of four months to one year after loading were included.

Data extraction and synthesis

Data were independently extracted, in duplicate, by at least two review authors. The outcome measures were prosthesis and implant failures …

Systematic Review Of Laser And Other Light Therapy For The Management Of Oral Mucositis In Cancer Patients, Cesar Migliorati, Ian Hewson, Rajesh Lalla, Heliton Antunes, Cherry Estilo, Brian Hodgson, Nilza Nelly Lopes, Mark Schubert, Joanne Bowen, Sharon Elad

Brian D Hodgson

Background The aim of this study was to review the available literature and define clinical practice guidelines for the use of laser and other light therapies for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis. Methods A systematic review was conducted by the Mucositis Study Group of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology. The body of evidence for each intervention, in each cancer treatment setting, was assigned an evidence level. Based onthe evidence level, one of the following three guideline determinations was possible: recommendation, suggestion, and no guideline possible. Results A new recommendation was made …

Practice Based Dental Research - Advancing And Improving Dental Practice, Gary Stafford

Gary L Stafford DMD

No abstract provided.

A Snapshot Of Dental Adhesives, Gary Stafford

Gary L Stafford DMD

No abstract provided.

Dental Enamel As A Dietary Indicator In Mammals, Peter Lucas, Paul Constantino, Bernard Wood, Brian Lawn

Paul J. Constantino

The considerable variation in shape, size, structure and properties of the enamel cap covering mammalian teeth is a topic of great evolutionary interest. No existing theories explain how such variations might be fit for the purpose of breaking food particles down. Borrowing from engineering materials science, we use principles of fracture and deformation of solids to provide a quantitative account ofhowmammalian enamelmay be adapted to diet. Particular attention is paid to mammals that feed on ‘hard objects’ such as seeds and dry fruits, the outer casings of which appear to have evolved structures with properties similar to those of enamel. …

Fracture Susceptibility Of Worn Teeth, Amanda Keown, Mark Bush, James Lee, Chris Ford, Paul Constantino, Brian Lawn

Paul J. Constantino

An experimental simulation study is made to determine the effects of occlusal wear on the capacity of teeth to resist fracture. Tests are carried out on model dome structures, using glass shells to represent enamel and epoxy filler to represent dentin. The top of the domes are ground and polished to produce flat surfaces of prescribed depths relative to shell thickness. The worn surfaces are then loaded axially with a hard sphere, or a hard or soft flat indenter, to represent extremes of food contacts. The loads required to drive longitudinal cracks around the side walls of the enamel to …

Morphology And Fracture Of Enamel, Sangwon Myoung, James Lee, Paul Constantino, Peter Lucas, Herzl Chai, Brian Law

Paul J. Constantino

This study examines the inter-relation between enamel morphology and crack resistance by sectioning extracted human molars after loading to fracture. Cracks appear to initiate from tufts, hypocalcified defects at the enamel–dentin junction, and grow longitudinally around the enamel coat to produce failure. Microindentation corner cracks placed next to the tufts in the sections deflect along the tuft interfaces and occasionally penetrate into the adjacent enamel. Although they constitute weak interfaces, the tufts are nevertheless filled with organic matter, and appear to be stabilized against easy extension by self-healing, as well as by mutual stress-shielding and decussation, accounting at least in …

Properties Of Tooth Enamel In Great Apes, Paul Constantino, Brian Lawn, James Lee, Peter Lucas, Dylan Morris, Tanya Smith

Paul J. Constantino

A comparative study has been made of human and great ape molar tooth enamel. Nanoindentation techniques are used to map profiles of elastic modulus and hardness across sections from the enamel–dentin junction to the outer tooth surface. The measured data profiles overlap between species, suggesting a degree of commonality in material properties. Using established deformation and fracture relations, critical loads to produce function-threatening damage in the enamel of each species are calculated for characteristic tooth sizes and enamel thicknesses. The results suggest that differences in load-bearing capacity of molar teeth in primates are less a function of underlying material properties …

[Studies On Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumors], T. Li, L. Sun, H. Luo, J. Luan, L. Gao, Xiaomei Gu, X. Li, L. Xu

Xiaomei Gu

Keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KCOTs, previously known as odontogenic keratocysts) are aggressive, noninflammatory jaw lesions with a putative high growth potential and a propensity for recurrence. This article puts together a summary of the serial studies related to KCOTs undertaken by the author's research group in recent years. Intraosseous jaw cysts with a solely orthokeratinized lining epithelium have been suggested to differ from the typical KCOTs. We report 20 cases of such cyst type under the term of 'orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst (OOC)'. Apart from the presence of a keratinizing epithelial lining, the OOC lacks the other histological features of KCOT, exhibits …

Librarians' Roles In Evidence-Based Dentistry Education: A Review Of Literature And A Survey In North America, Xiaomei Gu

Xiaomei Gu

This study describes the current roles of dental librarians in Evidence-based Dentistry (EBD) education including their perceptions of EBD and barriers to their involvement. A Web-based survey was distributed to the dental librarians in North America, with a 71% response rate. The results showed that the majority of dental librarians are playing multiple and diverse roles in EBD education. The most frequently cited barrier to their involvement is the low level of interest from the dental faculty/student/school. Most dental librarians felt competent in supporting EBD, although continuing education needs in both EBD and teaching skills were pointed out.

Ptch Mutations In Sporadic And Gorlin-Syndrome-Related Odontogenic Keratocysts, Xiaomei Gu, H. Zhao, L. Sun, T. Li

Xiaomei Gu

Odontogenic keratocysts are relatively common lesions that may occur in isolation or in association with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (or Gorlin syndrome). The PTCH gene has been reported to be associated with Gorlin syndrome. We investigated 10 cases of non-syndromic keratocysts and two other cases associated with Gorlin syndrome, looking for PTCH mutations. Four novel and 1 known PTCH mutations were identified in five individual patients. Of the 5 mutations identified, 2 were germ-line mutations (2619C>A; 1338_1339insGCG) in 2 cysts associated with Gorlin syndrome, and 3 were somatic mutations (3124_3129dupGTGTGC; 1361_1364delGTCT; 3913G>T) in 3 non-syndromic cysts. This …

Ptch Germline Mutations In Chinese Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome Patients, T. Li, J. Yuan, Xiaomei Gu, L. Sun, H. Zhao

Xiaomei Gu

Objectives: PTCH, the human homologue of the Drosophila segment polarity gene, patched, has been identified as the gene responsible for nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate PTCH gene mutation in Chinese patients with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Materials and methods:  DNA was isolated from both odontogenic keratocyst tissue and peripheral blood of five patients with syndrome and one patient with only multiple odontogenic keratocysts, and mutational analysis of the PTCH gene performed by direct sequencing after amplification of all 23 exons by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results:  A previously reported germline mutation …

[Detection Of Ptch Gene Mutations In Odontogenic Keratocysts By Sscp And Dna Sequencing], Xiaomei Gu, T Li

Xiaomei Gu

OBJECTIVE: To investigate PTCH gene mutations in odontogenic keratocysts (OKC). METHODS: PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing were used to analyze the PTCH gene mutations in 12 OKCs, including 10 sporadic and 2 nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) associated OKC. RESULTS: Four mutations were identified in 4 cysts, among which two germline mutations were associated with NBCCS and 2 somatic mutations were in 2 unrelated sporadic cases. In addition, eight previously reported polymorphisms in the PTCH gene were also found in 10 cases. CONCLUSION: The present study indicated that both sporadic and NBCCS-related OKCs could carry PTCH gene mutation. Thus, mutational …

The Quantification Of Tooth Displacement, Thomas Radmer, L Johnson, Mingan Yang, Thomas Wirtz

Dr. L. Thomas Johnson

By using reference points from a single pixel marker placed at the center point of the cuspid teeth and the center point on each of the incisor teeth, a polynomial curve was generated as a native curve for each dental arch studied. The polynomial curve generated from actual tooth position in each arch provides the forensic odontologist with another reference point that is quantifiable. The study represents that individual characteristics, such as tooth displacement, can be quantified in a simple, reliable, and repeatable format.

The Long-Term Effects Of Water Fluoridation On The Human Skeleton, Debbie Chachra, H. Limeback, T. Willett, Marc Grynpas

Debbie Chachra

Municipal water fluoridation has notably reduced the incidence of dental caries and is widely considered a public health success. However, ingested fluoride is sequestered into bone, as well as teeth, and data on the long-term effect of exposure to these very low doses of fluoride remain inconclusive. Epidemiological studies suggest that effects of fluoride on bone are minimal. We hypothesized that the direct measurement of bone tissue from individuals residing in municipalities with and without fluoridated water would reveal a relationship between fluoride content and structural or mechanical properties of bone. However, consonant with the epidemiological data, only a weak …