Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Risk Factors And Gender Differentials For Death Among Children Hospitalized With Diarrhoea In Bangladesh, Amal K. Mitra, Mohammad M. Rahman, George J. Fuchs

Faculty Publications

To identify risk factors for death among children with diarrhoea, a cohort of 496 children, aged less than 5 years, admitted to the intensive care unit of a diarrhoeal disease hospital in Bangladesh, was studied during November 1992-June 1994, Clinical and laboratory records of children who died and of those who recovered in the hospital were compared, Deaths were significantly higher among those who had altered consciousness, hypoglycaemia, septicaemia, paralytic ileus, toxic colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, invasive or persistent diarrhoea, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and malnutrition, Females experienced a 2-fold higher risk of death than males (p=0.003). Several indices of …

Proteolytic Enzymes In The Marine Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas Atlantica: Post-Secretional Activation And Effects Of Environmental Conditions, Monica Hoffman, Alan W. Decho

Faculty Publications

Production and activities of cellular and extracellular proteolytic enzymes associated with the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas atlantica were examined in response to physiological state and changing environmental variables under laboratory conditions. Enzymes evidenced by zymography were metalloproteases, as defined by substrate preference and susceptibility to inhibitors (EDTA and 1, 10-phenanthroline). Distinct bands (i.e. molecular-weight [MW] size classes) of enzymes were isolated from within cellular and extracellular compartments. Susceptibility of extracellular enzymes to environmental stressors was related, in part, to the MW size classes of the enzymes. While all bands of enzymes showed some degree of inhibition when pH was decreased, the …

Biomedical Research Leaders: Report On Needs, Opportunities, Difficulties, Education And Training, And Evaluation, Samuel H. Wilson, Deborah Brown, Jay Moskowitz, Dan Hurley, David Brown, David Brown, Byron J. Bailey, Michael Mcclain, Marilyn Misenhimer, Judith Buckalew, Thomas Burks

Faculty Publications

The National Association of Physicians for the Environment (NAPE) has assumed a leadership role in protecting environmental health in recent years. The Committee of Biomedical Research Leaders was convened at the recent NAPE Leadership Conference: Biomedical Research and the Environment held on 1–2 November 1999, at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. This report summarizes the discussion of the committee and its recommendations. The charge to the committee was to raise and address issues that will promote and sustain environmental health, safety, and energy efficiency within the biomedical community. Leaders from every important research sector (industry laboratories, academic health …

The Integrity Of Death: Resolving Dilemmas In Medicine, Larry I. Palmer

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Use Of Uniaxial And Triaxial Accelerometers To Measure Children's "Free-Play" Physical Activity, Alise E. Ott, Russell R. Pate, Stewart G. Trost, Dianne S. Ward, Ruth P. Saunders

Faculty Publications

In order to effectively measure the physical activity of children, objective monitoring devices must be able to quantify the intermittent and nonlinear movement of free play. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the Computer Science and Applications (CSA) uniaxial accelerometer and the TriTrac-R3D triaxial accelerometer with respect to their ability to measure 8 "free-play" activities of different intensity. The activities ranged from light to very vigorous in intensity and included activities such as throwing and catching, hopscotch, and basketball. Twenty-eight children, ages 9 to 11, wore a CSA and a heart rate monitor while performing …

Children's Understanding Of The Concept Of Physical Activity, Stewart G. Trost, Angela M. Morgan, Ruth P. Saunders, Gwen A. Felton, Dianne S. Ward, Russell R. Pate

Faculty Publications

This study evaluated 4th-grade students' understanding of the concept of physical activity and assessed the effects of two interventions to enhance the students' understanding of this concept. Students were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: the video group (n=40) watched a 5-min video describing physical activity; the verbal group (n=42) listened to a generic description of physical activity; the control group received no instruction (n=45). Students completed a 17-item checklist testing their understanding of the concept of physical activity. Compared to controls, students in the verbal and video group demonstrated significantly higher checklist …

Comparison Of A Dietary Record Using Reported Portion Size Versus Standard Portion Size For Assessing Nutrient Intake, Desiree C. Welten, Ruth A. Carpenter, R. Sue Mcpherson, Suzanne Brodney, Deirdre Douglass, James B. Kampert, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

Objective: Because the percentage of missing portion sizes was large in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS), careful consideration of the accuracy of standard portion sizes was necessary. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the consequences of using standard portion size instead of reported portion sizes on subjects' nutrient intake.

Methods: In 2307 men and 411 women, nutrient intake calculated from a 3-day dietary record using reported portion sizes was compared with nutrient intake calculated from the same record in which standard portion sizes were substituted for reported portion sizes.

Results: The standard portion sizes provided significantly …

Low Fasting Plasma Glucose Level As A Predictor Of Cardiovascular Disease And All-Cause Mortality, Ming Wei, Larry W. Gibbons, Tedd L. Mitchell, James B. Kampert, Michael P. Stern, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

Background - Although medical textbooks usually classify fasting plasma glucose <70 or 80 mg/dL (<3.89 or 4.44 mmol/L) as abnormal, the prognosis for patients with low fasting plasma glucose is unclear.

Methods and Results - We conducted prospective cohort studies among 40,069 men and women to investigate the association between fasting plasma glucose levels and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. We documented a U-shaped relation between fasting plasma glucose and mortality. In addition to diabetes and impaired fasting glucose levels, low fasting plasma glucose levels were also associated with high morality. After multivariate adjustment for age, sex, study population, ethnicity, current smoking status, high blood pressure, total cholesterol, body mass index, triglycerides, history of cardiovascular disease and cancer, and a family …

Teaching The Ethics Of Biology, David Harris Phd, Carol K. Johansen

Faculty Publications

Discusses the basic principles of ethics and ethical decision making as applied to biology. Ethical issues associated with biology; Theoretical basis of ethical decision-making; Models of ethical decision-making; Social implications of scientific experimentation and discovery.

Using The Levels Of Family Involvement Model With Religious Professionals, Dale R. Hawley, Carla M. Dahl

Faculty Publications

Serving as a religious professional is a complex task with a wide variety of demands and responsibilities. This variety contributes to a professional identity that requires the fulfillment of a number of roles. The Levels of Family Involvement (LFI) model (W. J. Doherty, 1995) offers a structure for helping clergy ascertain which roles may be most beneficial to a family in a given set of circumstances, as well as which roles are beyond their training and mission. The LFI is offered as a guideline for helping clergy select modes of intervention and identify areas for personal and professional development. Case …

Managing Phantom Pain With Drugs, Shelly Jensen Reed

Faculty Publications

Reed offers advice on how to manage and prevent pain that exists in a limb that doesn't. More than 70 percent of amputees suffer from stump and phantom limb pain years after amputation.

Correlates Of Physical Activity In Male And Female Youth, Timothy Bungum, Marsha Dowda, Anne T. Weston, Stewart G. Trost, Russell R. Pate

Faculty Publications

This study examined associations between psychosocial factors and physical activity in a group of youth (n=520). Students completed the Previous Day Physical Activity Recall and a survey of potential determinants of physical activity. Regression analyses of intentions to be physically active revealed that enjoyment and self-efficacy predicted intentions for both males and females. Attitudes predicted moderate to vigorous activity (MVPA), and enjoyment and self-efficacy predicted vigorous activity (VPA) for males. Self-efficacy predicted both MVPA and VPA for females. The findings suggest that intervention programs targeted at youth should include developmentally appropriate activities that are fun and promote physical …

Alcohol, Tobacco, And Pharmaceutical Industry Funding: Considerations For Organizations Serving Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual And Transgender Communities, Laurie A. Drabble

Faculty Publications

Emerging research suggests that alcohol, tobacco and drug-related problems may be higher in lesbian and gay communities than in the population as a whole. At the same time, alcohol, tobacco and pharmaceutical industries have increased marketing strategies that are targeted specifically to lesbian and gay communities. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) and HTV/AIDS organizations, often marginalized and under-funded, have frequently faced significant challenges in funding programs and special events. These organizations are often the very same groups needed to promote and support effective substance abuse countermeasures in LGBT communities. Agency leaders, community members, and substance abuse prevention advocates all …

Moderate Intensity Exercise Training Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness In Women, J. David Branch, Russell R. Pate, Sharon P. Bourque

Faculty Publications

Among women, there is an increased prevalence of sedentary lifestyle and less participation in physical activity at levels recommended by the Surgeon General. As a result, women have been identified as a target group in public health initiatives to increase physical activity. The health-related benefits of habitual, moderate intensity physical activity are well documented in the epidemiological literature, but less is known about the effect of such physical activity on cardiorespiratory fitness. Our hypothesis was that moderate and vigorous exercise training regimens of similar estimated energy expenditure would result in similar changes in cardiorespiratory fitness. Eighteen sedentary premenopausal women with …

Personal Values And Work Satisfaction Of Registered Nurses Working In Hospitals, Marie M. Prothero, Elaine S. Marshall, Donna M. Fosbinder, Leland J. Hendrix

Faculty Publications

Personal values are increasingly recognized as important factors in work environments, including health care systems (Cameron & Whetten, 1995; Covey, Merrill, & Merrill, 1995; Fagermoen, 1997). The personal values of nursing students have been explored (Eddy, Elfrink, Weis, & Schank, 1994; Sivberg & Petersson, 1997) as have those of nurses, in the context of work design (Koerner, 1993 ). Factors of nurses' work satisfaction have also been studied extensively (Avallone & Gibbon, 1998; Brown, Naughton, & Nolan, 1998; Johnston,1997; Kangas, Kee, & McKee-Waddle,1999; Seymour & Buscherhof,1990). However, little is known about the personal values of nurses as they relate to …

Cardiovascular Disease Prevention By Sports: Myth Or Reality?, Maria João C. A. Almeida, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

Low levels of physical activity and fitness substantially increase risk of several chronic diseases, reduce longevity, and lead to loss of function. The strength and relation of inactivity to health problems and the high prevalence of sedentary habits in most countries of the world make lack of exercise a major public health problem. Fortunately, there is now good consensus regarding public health recommendations for physical activity from many important medical, scientific, and public health organizations. Recent research on physical activity interventions provides additional approaches to helping sedentary adults become more physically active.

Is Malnutrition Declining? An Analysis Of Changes In Levels Of Childhood Malnutrition Since 1980, Mercedes De Onis, Edward A. Frongillo Jr., Monika Blo¨ Ssner

Faculty Publications

Nutritional status is the best global indicator of well-being in children. Although many surveys of children have been conducted since the 1970s, lack of comparability between them has made it difficult to monitor trends in child malnutrition.

Cross-sectional data from 241 nationally representative surveys were analysed in a standard way to produce comparable results of low height-for-age (stunting). Multilevel modelling was applied to estimate regional and global trends from 1980 to 2005.

The prevalence of stunting has fallen in developing countries from 47% in 1980 to 33% in 2000 (i.e. by 40 million), although progress has been uneven according to …