Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Volume 3, Number 1 (2005), Ut Institute Of Agriculture

Tennessee Land, Life and Science Magazine

Issue Highlights:

• Healing Waters
• Partnerships that Build Community
• Skills for Adult Success
• UT Institute of Agriculture Outreach

Molecular Characterization Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Isolates From Wild Ungulates In South-Central Spain, Christian Gortazar, Joaquín Vicente, Sofia Samper, Joseba M. Garrido, Isabel Fernandez-De-Mera, Patricia Gavín, Ramón A. Juste, Carlos Martín, Pelayo Acevedo, Manuel De La Puentea, Ursula Höflea

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

The role of European wild ungulates in the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) is still under discussion. This study describes the geographical distribution and molecular typing of 77 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates belonging either to M. bovis or to M. caprae, cultivated from hunter harvested red deer (Cervus elaphus) and European wild boar (Sus scrofa) in 24 Spanish localities, and compares them with spoligotypes detected previously in humans, livestock or wild animals, as described in the literature. The distribution of the molecular type patterns suggests that the population of M. tuberculosis complex strains isolated from Spanish …

Use Of An Electronic Nose To Diagnose Mycobacterium Bovis Infection In Badgers And Cattle, R. Fend, R. Geddes, S. Lesellier, H.-M. Vordermeier, L. A. L. Corner, E. Gormley, E. Costello, R. G. Hewinson, D. J. Marlin, A. C. Woodman, M. A. Chambers

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

It is estimated that more than 50 million cattle are infected with Mycobacterium bovis worldwide, resulting in severe economic losses. Current diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in cattle relies on tuberculin skin testing, and when combined with the slaughter of test-positive animals, it has significantly reduced the incidence of bovine TB. The failure to eradicate bovine TB in Great Britain has been attributed in part to a reservoir of the infection in badgers (Meles meles). Accurate and reliable diagnosis of infection is the cornerstone of TB control. Bacteriological diagnosis has these characteristics, but only with samples collected postmortem. Unlike …

Hidden Effects Of Chronic Tuberculosis In African Buffalo, Anna E. Jolles, David V. Cooper, Simon A. Levin

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Infectious diseases can bring about population declines and local host extinctions, contributing significantly to the global biodiversity crisis. Nonetheless, studies measuring population-level effects of pathogens in wild host populations are rare, and taxonomically biased toward avian hosts and macroparasitic infections. We investigated the effects of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium bovis, on African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) at Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, South Africa. We tested 1180 buffalo for bTB infection between May 2000 and November 2001. Most infections were mild, confirming the chronic nature of the disease in buffalo. However, our data indicate that bTB …

Spatial Management Of Wildlife Disease, Richard Horan, Christopher Wolf, Eli P. Fenichel, Kenneth H. Mathews, Jr.

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

The spread of wildlife diseases is a major threat to livestock, human health, resource-based recreation, and biodiversity conservation (Cleaveland, Laurenson, and Taylor). The development of economically sound wildlife disease-management strategies requires an understanding of the links between ecological functions (e.g., disease transmission and wildlife dispersal) and economic choices, and the associated tradeoffs. Spatial linkages are particularly relevant. Yet while ecologists have long-argued that space is important (Hudson et al.), prior economic work has largely ignored spatial issues.

For instance, Horan and Wolf analyzed a case study of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in Michigan deer, a problem where the disease appears to …

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication Project: 2005 Activities Report And Conference Proceedings

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

On June 7 and 8, 2005, the State of Michigan and U.S. Department of Agriculture hosted the ninth annual bovine Tuberculosis (TB) meeting of scientists, with the intent to share research information and provide updates on policies, regulations and activities regarding bovine TB.

This document is a thank you to stakeholders and serves as an annual report offering insight into the finer points of this multi-agency project. The year 2005 has been one of milestones. The Upper Peninsula received TB-Free Status; only one TB positive farm was found during routine surveillance testing; and the disease prevalence rate in Deer Management …

Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis From Free-Ranging Deer And Rabbits Surrounding Minnesota Dairy Herds, Eran A. Raizman, Scott J. Wells, Peter A. Jordan, Glenn D. Delgiudice, Russell R. Bey

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) among deer and rabbits surrounding infected and noninfected Minnesota dairy farms using fecal culture, and to describe the frequency that farm management practices were used that could potentially lead to transmission of infection between these species. Fecal samples from cows and the cow environment were collected from 108 Minnesota dairy herds, and fecal pellets from free-ranging white-tailed deer and eastern cottontail rabbits were collected from locations surrounding 114 farms; all samples were tested using bacterial culture. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to 114 …

Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication: Uniform Methods And Rules, Effective January 1, 2005

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

These Uniform Methods and Rules (UM&R) are the minimum standards adopted and approved by the Deputy Administrator, Veterinary Services (VS), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), on January 20, 2005. They were established for the maintenance of tuberculosis-free accredited herds of cattle and bison and the maintenance of State or zone status in the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) tuberculosis eradication program.

These minimum standards do not preclude the adoption of more stringent standards by any State or zone.

Latency-Related Gene Encoded By Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Promotes Virus Growth And Reactivation From Latency In Tonsils Of Infected Calves, Sandra Perez, Melissa Inman, Alan R. Doster, Clinton J. Jones

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Infection of calves with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) results in transient immunosuppression that may lead to bacterium-induced pneumonia and, occasionally, death. Although sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) are the primary site of BHV-1 latency, viral genomes are detected in the tonsils of latently infected calves. Dexamethasone (DEX) consistently induces reactivation from latency, and viral gene expression is detected in TG and tonsils. In sensory neurons of latently infected calves, the latency-related (LR) gene is abundantly expressed and is required for reactivation from latency. In the present study, we compared the abilities of wild-type (wt) BHV-1 and a strain …

Predictive Spatial Dynamics And Strategic Planning For Raccoon Rabies Emergence In Ohio, James E. Childs, David L. Smith, Colin A. Russell, Leslie A. Real

Other Publications in Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease

Rabies is an important public health concern in North America because of recent epidemics of a rabies virus variant associated with raccoons. The costs associated with surveillance, diagnostic testing, and post-exposure treatment of humans exposed to rabies have fostered coordinated efforts to control rabies spread by distributing an oral rabies vaccine to wild raccoons. Authorities have tried to contain westward expansion of the epidemic front of raccoonassociated rabies via a vaccine corridor established in counties of eastern Ohio, western Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Although sporadic cases of rabies have been identified in Ohio since oral rabies vaccine distribution in 1998, …

Evaluation Of Western Blotting Methods Using Samples With Or Without Sodium Phosphotungstic Acid Precipitation For Diagnosis Of Scrapie And Chronic Wasting Disease, Hongsheng Huang, Jasmine Rendulich, Dan Stevenson, Katherine I. O'Rourke, Aru Balachandran

Other Publications in Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease

The purpose of this study was to enhance the sensitivity of the Western blot (WB) test for use as an alternative and confirmatory method for the diagnosis of scrapie and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Canada by comparing 2 sample preparation procedures: an abnormal prion protein (PrP^Sc) concentration procedure using sodium phosphotungstic acid (PTA) precipitation and a procedure using crude sample without precipitation. A total of 100 cerebrum samples (52 sheep and 48 elk), including 66 negative (31 sheep, 35 elk) and 34 positive (21 scrapie and 13 CWD positive) samples diagnosed by using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on retropharyngeal …

The Incidence Of Genotypes At Codon 171 Of The Prion Protein Gene (Prnp) In Five Breeds Of Sheep And Production Traits Of Ewes Associated With Those Genotypes, B. M. Alexander, R. H. Stobart, W. C. Russell, Katherine I. O'Rourke, G. S. Lewis, J. R. Logan, J. V. Duncan, G. E. Moss

Other Publications in Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease

Scrapie is one of several transmissible spongiform encephalopathies of livestock. Disease susceptibility is linked to polymorphisms in the normal prion protein gene that encodes the mammalian prion precursor. Codon 171 of this gene is a major determinant of scrapie susceptibility. Selection for arginine (R) at codon 171 is encouraged by the USDA to decrease the incidence of scrapie. Objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of R allele variants at codon 171 in a sample of sheep from five breeds (Columbia, Hampshire, Rambouillet, Suffolk, and Targhee) and western white-faced commercial ewes and to determine whether the R allele …

Experimental Transmission Of Chronic Wasting Disease Agent From Mule Deer To Cattle By The Intracerebral Route, Amir N. Hamir, Robert A. Kunkle, Randall C. Cutlip, Janice M. Miller, Katherine I. O'Rourke, Elizabeth S. Williams, Michael W. Miller, Mick J. Stack, Melanie J. Chaplin, Jügen A. Richt

Other Publications in Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease

This communication reports final observations on experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) from mule deer to cattle by the intracerebral route. Thirteen calves were inoculated intracerebrally with brain suspension from mule deer naturally affected with CWD. Three other calves were kept as uninoculated controls. The experiment was terminated 6 years after inoculation. During that time, abnormal prion protein (PrP^res) was demonstrated in the central nervous system (CNS) of 5 cattle by both immunohistochemistry and Western blot. However, microscopic lesions suggestive of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) in the brains of these PrP^res-positive animals were subtle in 3 …

Wildlife-Cattle Interactions In Northern Michigan: Implications For The Transmission Of Bovine Tuberculosis, Jerry Alan Hill

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) was discovered in northern Michigan white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in 1994, and has been known to exist in Michigan cattle herds since 1998. Despite efforts to eradicate the disease in cattle, infection and re-infection of farms continues to occur, suggesting transmission among cattle, deer, or other wildlife reservoirs. The goals of this study were to document wildlife activity on farms and evaluate the possible role wildlife play in the ecology of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Michigan. Visual observations were conducted on farms in a 5-county area of northern Michigan to document direct …

Development And Pathogenesis Of Parelaphostrongylus Odocoilei (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) In Experimentally Infected Thinhorn Sheep (Ovis Dalli), Emily J. Jenkins, Eric P. Hoberg, L. Polley

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty and Staff Publications

Recently, the protostrongylid nematode Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei has been reported in a new host species, thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli). For the first time, we completed the life cycle of P. odocoilei in three Stone’s sheep (O. dalli stonei) and two thinhorn hybrids (O. dalli stonei × O. dalli dalli), each infected with 200 third-stage larvae from slugs (Deroceras laeve). The prepatent period ranged from 68 days to 74 days, and shedding of first-stage larvae (L1) peaked at >10,000 L1 per gram of feces between 90 and 110 days postinfection. A total of 75, …