Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Construct Validity Evidence For The Male Role Norms Inventory-Short Form: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach Using The Bifactor Model, Ronald F. Levant, Rosalie J. Hall, Ingrid K. Weigold, Eric R. Mccurdy

Psychology: Faculty Publications

The construct validity of the Male Role Norms Inventory-Short Form (MRNI-SF) was assessed using a latent variable approach implemented with structural equation modeling (SEM). The MRNI-SF was specified as having a bifactor structure, and validation scales were also specified as latent variables. The latent variable approach had the advantages of separating effects of general and specific factors and controlling for some sources of measurement error. Data (N = 484) were from a diverse sample (38.8% men of color, 22.3% men of diverse sexualities) of community-dwelling and college men who responded to an online survey. The construct validity of the MRNI-SF …

Investigation Of The Phenomenological And Psychopathological Features Of Trichotillomania In An Italian Sample, Gioia Bottesi, Silvia Cerea, Enrico Razzetti, Claudio Sica, Randy O. Frost, Marta Ghisi

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Trichotillomania (TTM) is still a scarcely known and often inadequately treated disorder in Italian clinical settings, despite growing evidence about its severe and disabling consequences. The current study investigated the phenomenology of TTM in Italian individuals; in addition, we sought to examine patterns of self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and OCD-related symptoms in individuals with TTM compared to healthy participants. The current study represents the first attempt to investigate the phenomenological and psychopathological features of TTM in Italian hair pullers. One hundred and twenty-two individuals with TTM were enrolled: 24 were assessed face-to-face (face-to-face group) and 98 were recruited online (online group). …

Using A “Messy” Problem As A Departmental Assessment Of Undergraduates' Ability To Think Like Psychologists, Patricia Marten Dibartolo, Lauren E. Duncan, Minh Ly, Alan N. Rudnitsky

Psychology: Faculty Publications

This paper presents a case study of faculty in a psychology department whose shared questions about pedagogy and learning informed a data-driven curricular review and revision using an open-ended assessment that privileged deep learning. This paper describes the development of this assessment and how its results across the arc of the major led to a revision of the department’s curriculum, including the creation of new courses that focused on developing students’ abilities to ‘think like psychologists.’ The study indicates that faculty intuitions of potential problems in student learning can be successfully assessed and then addressed through curricular changes.

Objectification In Action: Self- And Other-Objectification In Mixed-Sex Interpersonal Interactions, Randi L. Garcia, Valerie A. Earnshaw, Diane M. Quinn

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Although the process of sexual objectification is theorized to occur within interpersonal interactions, we believe this is the first study to examine sexual objectification and self-objectification in actual (nonconfederate) interpersonal encounters. Men and women were brought into the laboratory and interacted in mixed-sex dyads. We used dyadic analysis to detect whether partners’ objectification of each other affected state self-objectification, and the resulting feelings of comfort and authenticity during the interaction. After the interaction, participants completed a cognitive performance task, a measure of career aspirations, and a measure of relationship agency. Results showed that for women only, being objectified by their …

Hoarding Among Outpatients Seeking Treatment At A Psychiatric Hospital In Singapore, Clarissa Ong, Vathsala Sagayadevan, Siau Pheng Lee, Rebecca Ong, Siow Ann Chong, Randy O. Frost, Mythily Subramaniam

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Hoarding symptoms commonly co-occur with other psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder, and have been observed across cultures. Yet, few studies have examined hoarding in other disorders or in an Asian context. The present study aimed to determine: (1) the prevalence of clinically significant hoarding, (2) differences between participants with and without significant hoarding, and (3) predictors of hoarding severity in a Singaporean clinical sample. Five hundred outpatients with anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, schizophrenia, and pathological gambling completed a battery of questionnaires on hoarding, anxiety, depression, functional impairment due to clutter, and quality of life. Thirty percent of our …

Racial Attitude (Dis)Similarity And Liking In Same-Race Minority Interactions, Randi L. Garcia, Hilary B. Bergsieker, J. Nicole Shelton

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Two studies investigate the relationship between racial attitude (dis)similarity and interpersonal liking for racial minorities and Whites in same-race and cross-race pairs. In nationally representative and local samples, minorities report personally caring about racial issues more than Whites do (Pilot Study), which we theorize makes racial attitude divergence with ingroup members especially disruptive. Both established friendships (Study 1) and face-to-face interactions among strangers (Study 2) provided evidence for the dissimilarity-repulsion hypothesis in same-race interactions for minorities but not Whites. For minorities, disagreeing with a minority partner or friend about racial attitudes decreased their positivity toward that person. Because minorities typically …

A Contemporary Psychometric Evaluation Of The Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (Oci-R), Bethany M. Wootton, Gretchen J. Diefenbach, Laura B. Bragdon, Gail Steketee, Randy O. Frost, David F. Tolin

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Traditionally, hoarding symptoms were coded under obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), however, in DSM-5 hoarding symptoms are classified as a new independent diagnosis, hoarding disorder (HD). This change will likely have a considerable impact on the self-report scales that assess symptoms of OCD, since these scales often include items measuring symptoms of hoarding. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of one of the most commonly used self-report measures of OCD symptoms, the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), in a sample of 474 individuals with either OCD (n = 118), HD (n = 201), or no current or past psychiatric disorders (n = 155). Participants …

Hoarding And Emotional Reactivity: The Link Between Negative Emotional Reactions And Hoarding Symptomatology, A. M. Shaw, K. R. Timpano, G. Steketee, D. F. Tolin, Randy O. Frost

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Hoarding disorder (HD) is characterized by difficulty discarding, clutter, and frequently excessive acquiring. Theories have pointed to intense negative emotional reactions (e.g., sadness) as one factor that may play a critical role in HD's etiology. Preliminary work with an analogue sample indicated that more intense negative emotions following emotional films were linked with greater hoarding symptoms. Symptom provocation imaging studies with HD patients have also found evidence for excessive activation in brain regions implicated in processing emotions. The current study utilized a sample with self-reported serious hoarding difficulties to examine how hoarding symptoms related to both general and hoarding-related emotional …

Motives For Acquiring And Saving In Hoarding Disorder, Ocd, And Community Controls, Randy O. Frost, Gail Steketee, David F. Tolin, Nicole Sinopoli, Dylan Ruby

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Hoarding disorder (HD) was classified as a separate disorder in DSM-5 (. APA, 2013). However, only recently research on hoarding has begun in earnest, and as of yet, very little research exists on the motivation to acquire and save the excessive volume of possessions seen in patients with this disorder. This investigation examined the frequency of four motives for acquiring and saving possessions that are often reported anecdotally by people with HD (information, emotional reasons, avoid waste, and aesthetic reasons). Comparisons in a sample of 443 participants indicated that those with HD reported higher frequencies of each of these four …

Predictors Of Relationship Dissolution In Lesbian, Gay, And Heterosexual Adoptive Parents, Abbie E. Goldberg, Randi L. Garcia

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Little work has examined relationship dissolution or divorce in adoptive parents or same-sex parent couples. The current study examined predictors of relationship dissolution across the first 5 years of parenthood among a sample of heterosexual, lesbian, and gay male adoptive couples. Of the 190 couples in the study, 15 (7.9%) dissolved their relationships during the first 5 years of adoptive parenthood. Specifically, 7 of 57 lesbian couples (12.3%), 1 of 49 gay male couples (2.0%), and 7 of 84 heterosexual couples (8.3%) dissolved their unions. Results of our logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of relationship dissolution were significantly …

Mediators Of Behavior Change Resulting From A Sexual Risk Reduction Intervention For Sti Patients, Cape Town, South Africa, Eileen V. Pitpitan, Seth C. Kalichman, Randi L. Garcia, Demetria Cain, Lisa A. Eaton, Leickness C. Simbayi

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Theory-based sexual risk reduction interventions are often demonstrated effective, but few studies have examined the mechanisms that mediate their behavior changes. In addition, critical contextual factors, such as alcohol use, are often not accounted for by social cognitive theories and may add to the explanatory value of intervention effects. The purpose of this study is to examine the underlying mechanisms driving condom use following a brief sexual risk reduction intervention grounded in the information, motivation, behavioral skills (IMB) model of behavior change. We examined IMB theoretical constructs and alcohol-related contextual factors as potential mediators in separate models. Patients (n = …

Feeling (Mis)Understood And Intergroup Friendships In Interracial Interactions, Nicole Shelton, Sara Douglass, Randi L. Garcia, Tiffany Yip, Thomas E. Trail

Psychology: Faculty Publications

The present research investigated whether having out-group friends serves as a buffer for feeling misunderstood in interracial interactions. Across three experience sampling studies, we found that among ethnic minorities who have few White friends or are not interacting with White friends, daily interracial interactions are associated with feeling less understood. By contrast, we found that among ethnic minorities who have more White friends or are interacting with White friends, the relationship between daily interracial interactions and feeling understood is not significant. We did not find similar results for Whites; that is, having ethnic minority friends did not play a role …

Hoarding Behaviour In An Italian Non-Clinical Sample, Francesco Bulli, Gabriele Melli, Claudia Carraresi, Eleonora Stopani, Alberto Pertusa, Randy O. Frost

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Background: Hoarding is associated with significant impairment. Although traditionally considered as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), some authors have proposed that pathological hoarding could be considered as a stand alone condition. The prevalence of pathological hoarding behaviour has been shown to be high in some countries, but little is known about the prevalence and correlates of hoarding in the non-clinical population in Italy. Method: We studied the prevalence of self-reported hoarding behaviour using the Italian version of the Saving Inventory-Revised, as well as the association between hoarding and various clinical correlates, including obsessive-compulsive symptoms, compulsive buying, anxiety, and depression. …

Monitoring The Health Of Transgender And Other Gender Minority Populations: Validity Of Natal Sex And Gender Identity Survey Items In A U.S. National Cohort Of Young Adults, Sari L. Reisner, Kerith J. Conron, Laura Anatale Tardiff, Stephanie Jarvi Steele, Allegra R. Gordon, S Bryn Austin

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Background: A barrier to monitoring the health of gender minority (transgender) populations is the lack of brief, validated tools with which to identify participants in surveillance systems.

Methods: We used the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS), a prospective cohort study of U.S. young adults (mean age = 20.7 years in 2005), to assess the validity of self-report measures and implement a two-step method to measure gender minority status (step 1: assigned sex at birth, step 2: current gender identity). A mixed-methods study was conducted in 2013. Construct validity was evaluated in secondary data analysis of the 2010 wave (n = …

Life In Groups: The Roles Of Oxytocin In Mammalian Sociality, Allison M.J. Anacker, Annaliese K. Beery

Psychology: Faculty Publications

In recent decades, scientific understanding of the many roles of oxytocin (OT) in social behavior has advanced tremendously. The focus of this research has been on maternal attachments and reproductive pair-bonds, and much less is known about the substrates of sociality outside of reproductive contexts. It is now apparent that OT influences many aspects of social behavior including recognition, trust, empathy, and other components of the behavioral repertoire of social species. This review provides a comparative perspective on the contributions of OT to life in mammalian social groups. We provide background on the functions of OT in maternal attachments and …

An Exploration Of Comorbid Symptoms And Clinical Correlates Of Clinically Significant Hoarding Symptoms, Brian J. Hall, David F. Tolin, Randy O. Frost, Gail Steketee

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Background Hoarding disorder (HD) is currently being considered for inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), yet remains poorly understood. Consensus is building that hoarding may constitute a separate disorder, although comorbidity remains high and complicates the diagnostic picture. The purpose of this investigation was to explore patterns of comorbidity among people who engage in hoarding behavior in order to better understand its clinical presentation and phenomenology. Methods Data were collected from a large internet sample (N = 363) of people who self-identified as having hoarding problems, met criteria for clinically significant hoarding, and …

Activities Of Daily Living Scale In Hoarding Disorder, Randy O. Frost, Veselina Hristova, Gail Steketee, David F. Tolin

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Research on hoarding over the last two decades has shown that hoarding disorder appears to be a distinct disorder that burdens the individual, the community and the families of people who hoard. Although hoarding clearly interferes with the daily functioning, especially in the context of extensive clutter, no validated measures of this interference have been developed. The present research examined the psychometric properties of the Activities of Daily Living in Hoarding scale (ADL-H) in two large samples of individuals with significant hoarding problems, one identified through the internet (n=363) and a second through clinical diagnostic interviews (n=202). The ADL-H scale …

Developing A Faculty Learning Community Grounded In The Science Of How People Learn: A Year-Long, Faculty-Led Teaching And Learning Seminar., Alan Rudnitsky, Glenn Ellis, Patricia Marten Dibartolo, Kevin M. Shea

Psychology: Faculty Publications

This chapter describes a multiyear professional development effort undertaken by a learning and teaching center at a liberal arts college. As part of its founding mandate, the center helps faculty improve teaching by paying attention to the current literature about how people learn. This core commitment of our center is pursued through support of a year‐long faculty seminar. Now in its fourth year, the seminar has had a significant impact on its faculty participants and their thinking about teaching and learning. Moreover, the seminar has seeded a number of teaching and assessment initiatives at the college.

Do People With Hoarding Disorder Under-Report Their Symptoms?, Jennifer Dimauro, David F. Tolin, Randy O. Frost, Gail Steketee

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Previous research indicates that people with hoarding sometimes under- or over-report the severity of their symptoms. This article examines the results of two separate studies that evaluate severity ratings made by participants with hoarding disorder (HD) in comparison to ratings by family members or independent evaluators. In Study 1, HD participants' ratings of the severity of the clutter in their home and their hoarding behaviors were less severe than those made by their friends or family members. This result may be accounted for by family members' rejecting attitudes towards the participant. In Study 2, HD participants appeared to under-report specific …

Characteristics Of Hoarding In Older Adults, Gretchen J. Diefenbach, Jennifer Dimauro, Randy O. Frost, Gail Steketee, David F. Tolin

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Objective: This study determined the clinical characteristics of late-life hoarding disorder (HD). Methods: Older adults (age 60 and older) with HD (n = 55) and without psychiatric diagnoses (n = 39) were compared on psychiatric, functional, cognitive, and health-related measures. Associations between age and clinical characteristics in a large sample of mixed age (n = 210; age range: 20-78) participants with HD were also determined. Results: Individuals with late-life HD were characterized by substantial impairments in psychiatric, functional, cognitive, and medical status. Health risks (e.g., risks of falls and fire) were also common. However, older age was generally not associated …

A Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix Investigation Of Hoarding, Joseph F. Meyer, Randy O. Frost, Timothy A. Brown, Gail Steketee, David F. Tolin

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Hoarding is a serious and potentially life-threatening mental health problem that, until recently, was considered a subtype of OCD. However, recent research suggests it is distinct and more prevalent than OCD. Three key defining features have emerged in factor analytic studies of hoarding scales: excessive acquisition, difficulty discarding, and excessive clutter. Covariation among these defining features has received limited attention. The primary aim of the current study was to examine the role of the three key features in defining hoarding disorder. Convergent and discriminant validity of the three hoarding factors were examined in a multitrait-multimethod matrix. A secondary aim was …

The Buried In Treasures Workshop: Waitlist Control Trial Of Facilitated Support Groups For Hoarding, Randy O. Frost, Dylan Ruby, Lee J. Shuer

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Hoarding is a serious form of psychopathology that has been associated with significant health and safety concerns, as well as the source of social and economic burden (Tolin, Frost, Steketee, & Fitch, 2008; Tolin, Frost, Steketee, Gray, & Fitch, 2008). Recent developments in the treatment of hoarding have met with some success for both individual and group treatments. Nevertheless, the cost and limited accessibility of these treatments leave many hoarding sufferers without options for help. One alternative is support groups that require relatively few resources. Frost, Pekareva-Kochergina, and Maxner (2011) reported significant declines in hoarding symptoms following a non-professionally run …

Measuring Group Synchrony: A Cluster-Phase Method For Analyzing Multivariate Movement Time-Series, Michael J. Richardson, Randi L. Garcia, Till D. Frank, Madison Gergor, Kerry L. Marsh

Psychology: Faculty Publications

A new method for assessing group synchrony is introduced as being potentially useful for objectively determining degree of group cohesiveness or entitativity. The cluster-phase method of Frank and Richardson (2010) was used to analyze movement data from the rocking chair movements of six-member groups who rocked their chairs while seated in a circle facing the center. In some trials group members had no information about others’ movements (their eyes were shut) or they had their eyes open and gazed at a marker in the center of the group. As predicted, the group level synchrony measure was able to distinguish between …

Neural Mechanisms Of Decision Making In Hoarding Disorder, David F. Tolin, Michael C. Stevens, Anna L. Villavicencio, Melissa M. Norberg, Vince D. Calhoun, Randy O. Frost, Gail Steketee, Scott L. Rauch, Godfrey D. Pearlson

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Context: Hoarding disorder (HD), previously considered a subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), has been proposed as a unique diagnostic entity in DSM-5. Current models of HD emphasize problems of decision-making, attachment to possessions, and poor insight, whereas previous neuroimaging studies have suggested abnormalities in frontal brain regions. Objective: To examine the neural mechanisms of impaired decision making in HD in patients with well-defined primary HD compared with patients with OCD and healthy control subjects (HCs). Design: We compared neural activity among patients with HD, patients with OCD, and HCs during decisions to keep or discard personal possessions and control possessions …

Comorbidity In Hoarding Disorder, Randy O. Frost, Gail Steketee, David F. Tolin

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Background: Hoarding Disorder (HD) is currently under consideration for inclusion as a distinct disorder in DSM-5 (1). Few studies have examined comorbidity patterns in people who hoard, and the ones that have suffer from serious methodological shortcomings including drawing from populations already diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), using outdated definitions of hoarding, and relying on inadequate assessments of hoarding. The present study is the first large-scale study of comorbidity in a sample of people meeting recently proposed criteria for hoarding disorder (1) and relying on validated assessment procedures. Methods: We compared psychiatric comorbidity in a large HD sample (n …

Comparison Of Object And Animal Hoarding, Randy O. Frost, Gary Patronek, Elizabeth Rosenfield

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Recent research has highlighted the prevalence and harmful consequences of hoarding,1 and investigators have proposed inclusion of hoarding disorder in DSM-5.2 An unanswered question about the proposed disorder is whether people who hoard animals would meet diagnostic criteria for it. This article discusses the similarities and differences between object and animal hoarding. People who hoard animals appear to meet the basic diagnostic criteria for hoarding disorder. Their homes are cluttered, disorganized, and dysfunctional. They have great difficulty relinquishing animals to people who can more adequately care for them, and they form intense attachments (urges to save) that result in significant …

A Brief Interview For Assessing Compulsive Hoarding: The Hoarding Rating Scale-Interview, David F. Tolin, Randy O. Frost, Gail Steketee

Psychology: Faculty Publications

This article describes the development and validation of the Hoarding Rating Scale-Interview (HRS-I), a brief (5-10 min) five-item semi-structured interview that assesses the features of compulsive hoarding (clutter, difficulty discarding, acquisition, distress and impairment). Trained interviewers administered the HRS-I to 136 adults (73 compulsive hoarding, 19 OCD, 44 non-clinical controls) along with a battery of self-report measures. An initial assessment was conducted in the clinic, and a second assessment was conducted in participants' homes. The HRS-I showed high internal consistency and reliability across time and context. The HRS-I clearly differentiated hoarding and non-hoarding participants, and was strongly associated with other …

Waitlist-Controlled Trial Of Cognitive Behavior Therapy For Hoarding Disorder, Gail Steketee, Randy O. Frost, David F. Tolin, Jessica Rasmussen, Timothy A. Brown

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Objective: This study investigated a multicomponent cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) for hoarding based on a model proposed by Frost and colleagues and manualized in Steketee and Frost (2007).

Method: Participants with clinically significant hoarding were recruited from the community and a university-based anxiety clinic. Of the 46 patients randomly assigned to CBT or waitlist (WL), 40 completed the 12-week assessment and 36 completed 26 sessions. Treatment included education and case formulation, motivational interviewing, skills training for organizing and problem solving, direct exposure to nonacquiring and discarding, and cognitive therapy. Measures included the Saving Inventory-Revised (self-report), Hoarding Rating Scale-Interview, and measures …

Excessive Acquisition In Hoarding, Randy O. Frost, David F. Tolin, Gail Steketee, Kristin E. Fitch, Alexandra Selbo-Bruns

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Compulsive hoarding (the acquisition of and failure to discard large numbers of possessions) is associated with substantial health risk, impairment, and economic burden. However, little research has examined separate components of this definition, particularly excessive acquisition. The present study examined acquisition in hoarding. Participants, 878 self-identified with hoarding and 665 family informants (not matched to hoarding participants), completed an Internet survey. Among hoarding participants who met criteria for clinically significant hoarding, 61% met criteria for a diagnosis of compulsive buying and approximately 85% reported excessive acquisition. Family informants indicated that nearly 95% exhibited excessive acquisition. Those who acquired excessively had …

The Economic And Social Burden Of Compulsive Hoarding, David F. Tolin, Randy O. Frost, Gail Steketee, Krista D. Gray, Kristin E. Fitch

Psychology: Faculty Publications

The aim of the present study was to determine the economic and social burden of compulsive hoarding in a large sample of individuals with self-identified hoarding, as well as a separate sample of family members of individuals who hoard. Self-identified hoarding participants (N = 864, 94% female, 65% met research criteria for clinically relevant compulsive hoarding) and family informants (N = 655, 58% described a relative who appeared to meet research criteria for compulsive hoarding), completed an internet survey. Questions were derived in part from those used in the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), and when possible, hoarding participants were compared …