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Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Retention Of Aeronautical Knowledge, Stephen M. Casner, Daniel Heraldez, Karen M. Jones
Retention Of Aeronautical Knowledge, Stephen M. Casner, Daniel Heraldez, Karen M. Jones
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Pilots' retention of aeronautical knowledge learned during private pilot training was studied in four experiments. In the first experiment, ten questions from the FAA private pilot airplane knowledge test were administered to sixty pilots, yielding an average score of 74.8%. Test scores were compared against seven characteristics of the pilots tested: certificates and ratings held, current role in aviation (pilot, CFI, or applicant for additional certificate/rating), total flight time, recent flight experience, reading habits, months passed since last evaluation, and months remaining until next evaluation. These factors explain some of the overall variability in test scores. Three follow-up experiments explored …
Hemets – Human Error Modeling For Error Tolerant Systems, Michael E. Fotta, Shawn Nicholson, Michael D. Byrne
Hemets – Human Error Modeling For Error Tolerant Systems, Michael E. Fotta, Shawn Nicholson, Michael D. Byrne
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
HEMETS simulates a human operator interacting with a prototype user interface for a proposed system design. HEMETS is built upon a Human Error Modeling Architecture (HEMA) – extension of ACT-R. A subsystem, HEMA System Interface (HEMA SI), has also been developed to enable the real time translation of user interface information into a cognitive model readable form. HEMETS will enable designers to foresee the human error consequences of a design and take steps to eliminate, reduce or recover from those errors.
The Effects Of Multimodal Collaboration Technology On Subjective Workload Profiles Of Tactical Air Battle Management Teams, Victor S. Finomore, Benjamin A. Knott, W. Todd Nelson, Scott M. Galster, Robert S. Bolia
The Effects Of Multimodal Collaboration Technology On Subjective Workload Profiles Of Tactical Air Battle Management Teams, Victor S. Finomore, Benjamin A. Knott, W. Todd Nelson, Scott M. Galster, Robert S. Bolia
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
A tactical air battle management task required a team of two weapons directors, two strike operators, and a tanker operator to communicate with each other in order to coordinate offensive and defensive air attacks, and aerial refuelling. This study compared the impact of two types of communication modalities (Voice or Picture Chat) and the number of enemy targets (4 or 6) on team performance and perceived team workload. Three subjective workload scales were evaluated in their ability to characterize task difficulty, communication demands, and demands of the different team roles. The results are discussed with respects to the descriptive and …
Airline Command And Control: An Ethnographic Study, Karen Feigh, Amy Pritchett
Airline Command And Control: An Ethnographic Study, Karen Feigh, Amy Pritchett
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The role of airline operations control centers in the national air transportation system is increasing. Yet, the role of airline operations personnel has not been well studied. This paper presents the findings of a series of ethnographic studies examining the work of airline Operational Managers (OMs) across several major and regional airlines. The role of airline OMs, and the information and tools they use to solve problems and maintain the airline’s published schedule are discussed. Additionally, several work models developed as a result of the ethnography are presented and discussed. The work models include an information flow model, cultural model, …
Simulating Uas: How Much Fidelity And Why?, Gerald P. Chubb
Simulating Uas: How Much Fidelity And Why?, Gerald P. Chubb
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The physical, functional, and operational fidelity of a simulation can impact design assessments, training device effectiveness, and the validity of research results done with desk-top simulators (or synthetic tasks). While difficult to quantify, fidelity issues need to be considered in each of these contexts as attempts are made to improve human system integration. This paper reviews some of the implications of fidelity, discusses current efforts to model the impacts training can have on performance, and outlines the kinds of empirical testing that could be done to compare Improved Performance Research Integration Tool (IMPRINT) model predictions of training impacts to actual …
A Comparison Of Technological Systems To Enhance Night Flight Landings, Shawn M. Doherty
A Comparison Of Technological Systems To Enhance Night Flight Landings, Shawn M. Doherty
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
A common issue for aviation involves night flights into airports with no light or low light conditions. This study investigated the effectiveness of runway visual capture by pilots using an enhanced visual system that provided an integrated display of infra-red light and light intensification to the pilot or a low-cost lighting system on the ground during landings to an airport in Palatka, Florida. Six pilots each flew a series of five approaches into the airport in conditions utilizing these technologies as well as instances of full runway lighting or no runway lighting. Results indicated that both systems produced visual capture …
Advancing Safety Performance: Using Change Management Principles To Implement Safety Management Systems In Air Carrier Operations, Triant Flouris
Advancing Safety Performance: Using Change Management Principles To Implement Safety Management Systems In Air Carrier Operations, Triant Flouris
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
This paper focuses on providing a theoretical answer to the question, how can an air carrier effectively implement a Safety Management System (SMS) in its operations? The core assumption of this study is that the value of a wellstructured SMS in enhancing air carrier operational safety is axiomatic. We argue that air carriers, through the use of change management can successfully transform existing systems into SMS compliant systems.
A Human Factors Analysis Of Miscommunication Between Pilots And Air Traffic Controllers In Taiwan, Wen-Jiang Chang, Eric Min-Yang Wang, Wen-Ling Tsai, Wei Hsu, Jin-Ru Yen, Hero Ho
A Human Factors Analysis Of Miscommunication Between Pilots And Air Traffic Controllers In Taiwan, Wen-Jiang Chang, Eric Min-Yang Wang, Wen-Ling Tsai, Wei Hsu, Jin-Ru Yen, Hero Ho
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The objective of this research was to analyze the human factors, which involved in specific types of miscommunication between pilots and air traffic controllers (ATCs). The study was based on the transcripts of pilot and ATC communication, which including the thirty flight incidents filed by local ATC authority. The research team consisted of an experienced air traffic controller, a pilot, and professors of linguistics, transportation management, human factors, and several assistants. The cases were analyzed and discussed thoroughly; as a result, seventeen types of communication error were identified from these incidents. Among these communication errors, three of seventeen types were …
Pert Networks As A Method For Analyzing The Visual Scanning Strategies Of Aircraft Pilots, Francesco Di Nocera, Robert S. Bolia
Pert Networks As A Method For Analyzing The Visual Scanning Strategies Of Aircraft Pilots, Francesco Di Nocera, Robert S. Bolia
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
In a Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) network, no process can begin executing until all processes that immediately precede it have completed their activity. PERT networks have been used in psychology to investigate the structure of cognitive processes, and may be applied also to the analysis of eye-movements in order to gather detailed information on the processes underlying the ocular activity. This may be particularly useful to understand phenomena for which specific hypothesis have been made. The primary aim of this paper is to show the potential of this approach as a visualization technique, and to devise a research …
Assessing Large-Scale Training Events: Developing Common Tools And Protocols, Sara Elizabeth Gehr, Margaret Schurig, Leah J. Rowe, Ebb Smith, Winston Bennett Jr.
Assessing Large-Scale Training Events: Developing Common Tools And Protocols, Sara Elizabeth Gehr, Margaret Schurig, Leah J. Rowe, Ebb Smith, Winston Bennett Jr.
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Numerous previous studies have shown the positive effects that simulators provide in training aircrew for both basic maneuvering and more advanced team combat skills. As technology evolves, we have the ability to connect simulators separated by great geographic distance and often in different countries, thus allowing an even greater number of aircrew to train together as a team. In addition, live-fly training events provide an excellent opportunity to train aircrew. However, these large-scale distributed and live-fly training events must be examined for effectiveness. To accomplish this, training assessors must use a common set of data collection instruments, and follow a …
Measurement Of Social Competence In Pilot Selection, Hans-Juergen Hoermann Phd, Beate Radke, Stefan Hoeft Phd
Measurement Of Social Competence In Pilot Selection, Hans-Juergen Hoermann Phd, Beate Radke, Stefan Hoeft Phd
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
To ensure that pilots possess the necessary level of competence for effective teamwork during line operation, some airlines have introduced special test methods into their selection procedures that allow measuring different subcomponents of Social Competence before a pilot applicant is being employed. Costs and benefits of these measures vary to some degree. For a German airline, we have conducted a validation study (N=292 ab-initio pilots) with several of these measures, including the Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire (Buhrmester, Furman, Wittenberg & Reis, 1988), the Social Skills Inventory (Riggio, 1989), the Temperament Structure Scales (Maschke, 1987), and Assessment Center methods (Hoeft & Pecena, …
Prediction Differs From Description: General Versus Specific Intelligence Testing For The Selection Of Ab Initio Air Traffic Controllers, Stefan Hoeft, Marc Damitz, André Beauducel
Prediction Differs From Description: General Versus Specific Intelligence Testing For The Selection Of Ab Initio Air Traffic Controllers, Stefan Hoeft, Marc Damitz, André Beauducel
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Meta-analyses and recent large-scale primary studies concerning the importance of intelligence indicate that for almost all jobs general mental ability (g) alone predicts performance well. However, there is a controversy concerning the question whether specific abilities (s) are needed to predict job or training performance. In the present study performance test data of 5223 applicants from the DLR program for selection of ab initio air traffic controllers at DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH were analyzed. Results of different approaches based on exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to estimate g- and s-intelligence components were compared. In addition to this, the …
The Performance Costs Of Digital Head-Up Displays, Lisa Hagen, Chris M. Herdman Ph.D., Matthew S. Brown Ph.D.
The Performance Costs Of Digital Head-Up Displays, Lisa Hagen, Chris M. Herdman Ph.D., Matthew S. Brown Ph.D.
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Motor vehicle manufacturers are installing Head-Up Displays (HUDs) in motor vehicles to provide drivers with a variety of vehicle information such as vehicle speed. In theory, HUDs should assist drivers in monitoring the status of their vehicle while allowing them to spend more time looking at the external scene. However, research in the aviation literature has shown that pilots tend to cognitively tunnel on HUDs to the extent that processing of the external scene is delayed. In the present research, a driving simulator was used to examine whether cognitive tunnelling occurs with analogue and digital HUDs. Participants were better at …
Proactive Safety Requires Proactive Measurement, Alyssa Mitchell Gibbons, Terry L. Von Thaden
Proactive Safety Requires Proactive Measurement, Alyssa Mitchell Gibbons, Terry L. Von Thaden
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
A major challenge for organizations and safety researchers alike is that commonly used measures of safety (e.g., accident/incident rates, safety behavior) support a reactive rather than a proactive approach to safety. We argue that Reason’s (1990) widely-accepted model of the causes of error suggests a more useful place to focus measurement attempts: preconditions for unsafe acts. Measuring and investigating preconditions rather than errors or outcomes facilitates a proactive, preventive focus; furthers theory development regarding the role of organizational factors in safety; and offers potential remedies to measurement challenges in safety research.
Measuring Change In Pilots’ Conceptual Understandings Of Autoflight, Edwin Hutchins
Measuring Change In Pilots’ Conceptual Understandings Of Autoflight, Edwin Hutchins
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Pilots transitioning to the Airbus A320 were observed in flight and interviewed at four sample points during their first 18 months on the airplane. The interview data were analyzed by examining changes in both the relative frequencies of automation terms and the similarity of pairs of terms over time. The results show that pilots master selected modes before managed modes, and that even after 18 months of experience, their models of complex managed modes are still changing.
Trade-Offs Between Safety-Buffers, Efficiency, And Task-Load, K. Wolfgang Kallus, Peter Hoffmann, Hilde Winkler, Alexandra Kohlberger, Carmen Prenn
Trade-Offs Between Safety-Buffers, Efficiency, And Task-Load, K. Wolfgang Kallus, Peter Hoffmann, Hilde Winkler, Alexandra Kohlberger, Carmen Prenn
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
A new scaling approach for traffic situations in ATM assess the changes in and trade-offs between safety-buffers, efficiency and task-load in the work of air-traffic controllers. A computerised scaling tool was developed, which showed sufficient validity for simulated traffic situations (Vormayr, 2005). Results from a study of 23 Austrian air traffic controllers were presented, which could be grouped into controllers with a individual critical situation (ICS) (n=10) and (n=13) without an individual critical situation during a full shift are reported. Controllers were asked to rate the traffic situations after the shift during a reconstruction interview, based on these ratings individual …
The Effects Of International Flight Schedules On Pilot Fatigue, Carol M. Hannah
The Effects Of International Flight Schedules On Pilot Fatigue, Carol M. Hannah
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Pilot fatigue is a critical safety issue for the aviation industry. Fatigue reduces human performance capability and can result in catastrophic error. International airline pilots are particularly susceptible to fatigue’s effects due to sleep loss, long duty days, and jet lag. When fatigued, pilots make errors, which can lead to incidents and accidents. Flight schedules may add to pilot fatigue since they can involve long duty days, short rest periods and may not take into consideration past research on fatigue. Consequently, pilots may not get enough rest to prevent job fatigue. To better understand how pilot flight schedules affect fatigue, …
Aviation Weather Encounter Study: Some Preliminary Findings, David Hunter, Monica Martinussen, Mark Wiggins, David O'Hare
Aviation Weather Encounter Study: Some Preliminary Findings, David Hunter, Monica Martinussen, Mark Wiggins, David O'Hare
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The purpose of this study was to identify the circumstances associated with encounters with adverse weather by general aviation pilots. Self-report data were analyzed for 224 pilots who completed an internet-based questionnaire, and who reported their principal residence as North America. Three groups were identified on the basis of their weather encounters: No-Weather, Near-Weather, and In-Weather. The data provide a description of the demographic characteristics of the pilots, along with details of the events and conditions that existed prior to and immediately following their in-flight weather encounters. Analyses were also conducted comparing the demographic and other characteristics of the three …
Generating Procedures And Recovery Sequences: A Formal Approach, Michael Heymann, Asaf Degani, Immanuel Barshi
Generating Procedures And Recovery Sequences: A Formal Approach, Michael Heymann, Asaf Degani, Immanuel Barshi
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
This paper presents a formal approach for the analysis and development of effective, safe, and efficient procedures for abnormal and emergency situations. The focus is on methods for describing the behavior of the underlying machine, specification of desirable and unsafe regions of operation, and an algorithmic approach for computation of optimal action sequences. We discuss current gaps in procedure development and conclude with some of the challenges that lie ahead.
An Analysis Of Atc Communication-Line Occupancy From Real-Time Simulation, Kota Kageyama, Tetsushi Yamamoto
An Analysis Of Atc Communication-Line Occupancy From Real-Time Simulation, Kota Kageyama, Tetsushi Yamamoto
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
ATC (Air Traffic Control) communication between air traffic controllers and flight-crews is the most essential task in the ATC operations. This paper describes results from an analysis of the ATC communication in two (2) series of real-time (human-in-the-loop) simulation experiments. We analyzed communication-line occupancy rate in a modeled sector of Japanese en-route airspace. In the analysis, we focused on phraseology in the communication. We standardized air traffic controllers’ phraseology as well as flight-crews’ one, because individual difference of phraseology had an effect on time amount for the communication. Then, the line occupancy rate was computed on the standardized phraseology. Communication …
Optimizing Efb Use Through Training, Standards, And Best Practices, Barbara G. Kanki Ph.D, Thomas L. Seamster
Optimizing Efb Use Through Training, Standards, And Best Practices, Barbara G. Kanki Ph.D, Thomas L. Seamster
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) provides an integrated information management system that promises new capabilities and benefits to pilots, but information access and display differs substantially from traditional paper documents. Pilots must understand what information is available and where it is located, how data is accessed and entered, and how this system interacts with other aircraft systems. Operators must develop standards, best practices and training that will optimize the EFB capabilities and ensure safe and effective crew performance. This paper presents how key training and procedural enhancements as well as the identification of best practices can be identified during the …
Task Analysis For Team Of Air Traffic Controllers In Enroute Atc, Satoru Inoue, Taro Kanno, Hisae Aoyama, Kazuo Furta
Task Analysis For Team Of Air Traffic Controllers In Enroute Atc, Satoru Inoue, Taro Kanno, Hisae Aoyama, Kazuo Furta
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The tasks involved in Air Traffic Control (ATC) make heavy demands on the information processing capacities of air traffic controllers. In particular, human factors problems that lead to both major and minor incidents are considered to be a serious problem for ATC in Air Traffic safety. In this research, we examined the functional problems in an ATC system from the human factors aspects, and concluded that solution of this problem needs some kinds of measures. This research focuses on analysis of the air traffic controller's tasks for en-route ATC and modeling controller's cognitive process.
Aviation Technologies And Human Error: A Research Literature Database And Analysis, Christopher M. Johnson, Esa M. Rantanen, Stuart L. Moment
Aviation Technologies And Human Error: A Research Literature Database And Analysis, Christopher M. Johnson, Esa M. Rantanen, Stuart L. Moment
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Technological interventions are commonly introduced in aviation to prevent or mitigate human errors. Such interventions, however, may also create new opportunities for error and even result in new error types. To examine the relationship between human errors and technological ‘fixes’, a research literature database was created that links them together within a three-dimensional matrix, with axes for the human operator, the task, and the environment. Each of these axes, as well as the errors and technologies included in the database, are furthermore organized according to specific taxonomies. To allow for universal access to the database as well as to facilitate …
Cooperative Perception In Multisensor Environment: The Case Of The Tigre Helicopter, Dr Sylvain Hourlier, Pr Corinne Roumes
Cooperative Perception In Multisensor Environment: The Case Of The Tigre Helicopter, Dr Sylvain Hourlier, Pr Corinne Roumes
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
How do Tigre pilots build a coherent situation awareness (SA) of the night world through their multiple sensors (IR and I2)? These bring numerous opportunities for pilots to misunderstand each other because of field of view (FOV), wavelength spectrum and point of view differences. After a brief review of the literature on how operators build an SA of the world, we present the field project developed to analyze the impact of sensor commonality and diversity. Realistic situations are recorded to witness how Tigre pilots "create" a mental model of the situation and develop a collaborative strategy. Crew co-construction of sense …
Anticipatory Processes In Critical Flight Situations, K. Wolfgang Kallus, Karin Tropper
Anticipatory Processes In Critical Flight Situations, K. Wolfgang Kallus, Karin Tropper
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The model of anticipatory behavior control of Hoffmann (2003) is a current concept to describe the central role of anticipatory processes. It extends and changes the focus of the situation awareness concept to describe spatial disorientation. Two simulator studies have been conducted including the exercise black hole approach – a difficult landing procedure at night – with different samples of pilots. Pilots were grouped according to their flight performance in this profile (crash, problems, landing). Results of the heart rate show a significant interaction between the recording sections within the approach and the performance group. Already some miles before the …
A Worldwide Review Of Selection For Air Traffic Control Personnel, Raymond E. King, Carol A. Manning, David J. Schroeder, Thomas R. Carretta, Hermann Rathje, Ronald Myhr
A Worldwide Review Of Selection For Air Traffic Control Personnel, Raymond E. King, Carol A. Manning, David J. Schroeder, Thomas R. Carretta, Hermann Rathje, Ronald Myhr
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Air traffic control is a highly technical occupation that requires emotional stability, considerable aptitude, and lengthy training. Identifying those individuals with the greatest potential to capitalize on training is a major interest of air traffic organizations around the world, particularly when considering limited resources. This paper compares and contrasts several selection systems, to include their development, continuing validation, and in one case, demise. In the erstwhile, two-stage US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) selection process, applicants completed the written Office of Personnel Management (OPM) test battery and a nine-week screening program at the FAA Academy in Oklahoma City, OK. The eventual …
Testing A Maneuver Space-Based Collision Avoidance System: Experiment 1, William R. Knecht
Testing A Maneuver Space-Based Collision Avoidance System: Experiment 1, William R. Knecht
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
A new data visualization technology is demonstrated for en-route tactical aircraft separation maintenance. This technology displays maneuver space (MS), a nonveridical coordinate space based on the four key maneuver elements of heading, speed, altitude, and available maneuver time. In this first major test of a prototype 4D collision avoidance system (4CAS), eight licensed general aviation pilots each flew eight simulated free flight scenarios, with the goal of deviating as little as possible from a pre-assigned flight path, while still maintaining standard separation from traffic. Compared to a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI), the CDTI+4CAS condition showed performance advantage for …
How General Aviation Pilots Use Weather Information Providers And Products, William R. Knecht
How General Aviation Pilots Use Weather Information Providers And Products, William R. Knecht
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Data obtained from 221 general aviation (GA) pilots were examined to determine usage patterns for weather information. Weather products, providers, and en-route information sources were ranked according to relative use and rated by perceived information value, frequency of use, and time invested per usage. The measures were highly correlated. Conclusion #1: A small fraction of pilots show sparse use patterns, and these may be at risk for flying with inadequate preparation. Conclusion #2: There seems to be a strong tendency for many pilots to prefer relatively simple forms of information (e.g. METARS). This may present a problem, given the often-complex …
Human-Machine System Simulation For Evaluating Flight Deck Display Based On Knowledge Representations Of Expert Pilots, Daisuke Karikawa, Makoto Takahashi, Akira Ishibashi, Masaharu Kitaramura
Human-Machine System Simulation For Evaluating Flight Deck Display Based On Knowledge Representations Of Expert Pilots, Daisuke Karikawa, Makoto Takahashi, Akira Ishibashi, Masaharu Kitaramura
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
For evaluations higher level safety in aviation, it is required to reduce accidents involving human errors. Actualizing appropriate Human-Machine Interface (HMI) design is recognized as a key issue for preventing significant hazards resulted from human errors. The present study has proposed a human-machine system simulation called Pilot Cognitive Simulator (PCS) as an evaluation method for HMI. The PCS aims at qualitative evaluations of HMI design from the aspect of information contents thorough analysis of the interaction between pilots’ cognitive process and HMI in a simulation environment. In an experimental simulation-based evaluation of a prototype supporting display, the PCS could successfully …
Ethical And Cultural Factors Relating To The Behavior And Reactions Of Pilots In The Time Of Battle, Dr. Joanne K. Lekea
Ethical And Cultural Factors Relating To The Behavior And Reactions Of Pilots In The Time Of Battle, Dr. Joanne K. Lekea
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Pilots’ performance depends on a multitude of factors. Components like the physical strength of the pilot, his psychology, any special flight conditions are important1, but not the only ones. We, also, need to look at the social and cultural factors which are specific to an individual pilot and relate to every nation’s customs and traditions, whether religious or of a social nature. These components come into play when orders related to war operations have to be executed. This is the case as, beyond the psychology unique to military officers or soldiers in the battlefield, they act according to their beliefs, …