Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Procedural Justice In The Context Of Civil Commitment: A Critique Of Tyler's Analysis, Sumner Sydeman, Michele Cascardi, Norman Poythress, Lee Ritterband

Norman Poythress

This article is a critique of T. R. Tyler's 1992 review of procedural justice and its effect on therapeutic outcome in patients involved in civil commitment hearings. The article clarifies critical elements of Tyler's analysis by drawing on the social cognition construct of information control and elements in the consumerism literature that may mirror and facilitate procedural justice effects. The importance of the committing psychiatrist's role during the commitment hearing is emphasized and issues unique to civil commitment respondents that might affect their susceptibility to procedural justice effects are highlighted. Further research examining the effects of judges', attorneys', and psychiatrists' …

Etiology Of Oppositional Defiant Disorder And Conduct Disorder: Biological, Familial And Environmental Factors Identified In The Development Of Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Eva Kimonis, Paul Frick

Eva Kimonis

Conduct problems are associated with a large number of biological, affective, cognitive, familial, and environmental risk factors. Further, research suggests that there may be multiple developmental pathways to conduct problems, each with their own unique constellation of risk and protective factors. Attempts at disaggregating youth into more homo­geneous subtypes have uncovered groups of youth that show similar risk factors and distinct developmental trajectories. This chapter will provide an overview of these major subtypes of conduct disorder (CD) and the specific risk factors associated with each subtype. Assessment and treatment implications are discussed.

Psychosocial Functioning Problems Over Time Among High Risk Youths: A Latent Class Transition Analysis, Richard Dembo, Jennifer Wareham, Norman Poythress, Kathleen Meyers

Norman Poythress

The authors report the results of latent class analyses and latent class transition analyses of antisocial behavior risk factors among 137 youths participating in a juvenile diversion program. The study examined the youths’ latent classifications using baseline and 1-year follow-up measures of family, peer, education, and mental health risk factors. Latent class transition analyses were conducted to determine the stability and change of latent class membership across two time points. For both baseline and follow-up measures, latent class analyses suggested that two latent classes were most appropriate for characterizing the youths using the four domains of risk factors. One class …

Perceived Coercion And Procedural Justice In The Broward Mental Health Court, Norman Poythress, John Petrila, Annette Christy, Roger Boothroyd

Norman Poythress

No abstract provided.

The Macarthur Adjudicative Competence Study: Diagnosis, Psychopathology, And Adjudicative Competence-Related Abilities, Steven Hoge, Norman Poythress, Richard Bonnie, John Monahan

Norman Poythress

A set of measures assessing abilities related to legal standards for competence in the adjudicative process were administered to mentally-disordered criminal defendants with diagnoses of schizophrenia, affective disorder, other psychiatric disorders, and to criminal defendants without diagnosed mental disorder. Mentally-disordered defendants were recruited from two groups: those who had been committed for restoration of competence and those who had been identified by jail personnel as mentally ill. Significant impairments in competence-related abilities were found for approximately half of the defendants with schizophrenia. Defendants with schizophrenia scored lower on measures of understanding, reasoning, and appreciation related to the adjudication process. The …

Decision-Making In Criminal Defense: An Empirical Study Of Insanity Pleas And The Impact Of Doubted Client Competence, Richard Bonnie, Norman Poythress, Steven Hoge, John Monahan

Norman Poythress

No abstract provided.

Lessons From The Broward County Mental Health Court Evaluation, Annette Christy, Roger Boothroyd, Norman Poythress, John Petrila

Norman Poythress

The creation of specialty mental health courts has emerged as a strategy to address the impact of persons with mental illness in the criminal justice system by consolidating the management of certain types of cases into a single court. This article describes an evaluation of the nation's first such court, the Broward County Mental Health Court. The purpose is to alert those who may conduct future evaluations of these types of courts to some of the contextual, logistic, and management features of our evaluation and the challenges we have encountered doing field research in this unique legal setting.

Criminal Recidivism Among Juvenile Offenders: Testing The Incremental And Predictive Validity Of Three Measures Of Psychopathic Features, Kevin Douglas, Monica Epstein, Norman Poythress

Norman Poythress

We studied the predictive, comparative, and incremental validity of three measures of psychopathic features (Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version [PCL:YV]; Antisocial Process Screening Device [APSD]; Childhood Psychopathy Scale [CPS]) vis-à-vis criminal recidivism among 83 delinquent youth within a truly prospective design. Bivariate and multivariate analyses (Cox proportional hazard analyses) showed that of the three measures, the CPS was most consistently related to most types of recidivism in comparison to the other measures. However, incremental validity analyses demonstrated that all of the predictive effects for the measures of psychopathic features disappeared after conceptually relevant covariates (i.e., substance use, conduct disorder, young age, …

Broward Mental Health Court: Process, Outcomes, And Service Utilization, John Petrila, Norman Poythress, Annette Mcgaha, Roger Boothroyd

Norman Poythress

Mental health courts are one of a variety of special jurisdiction courts that have been created in a number of countries, including the United States (Petrila, 2003). While there is no prototypical mental health court (Steadman, Davidson, & Brown, 2001; Watson, Luchins, & Hanrahan, 2001), most of those in existence today share several common characteristics. These include (a) the creation of a special docket (usually, but not always, nonviolent misdemeanants with mental illness) that is (b) handled by a particular judge, with (c) a primary goal of diverting defendants from the criminal justice system and into treatment (Goldkamp & Irons-Guynn, …

Construct Validity Of The Psychopathic Personality Inventory In A Correctional Sample, Ann Marie Sandoval, Danyel Hancock, Norman Poythress, John Edens

Norman Poythress

The relations between the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI; Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996) and 4 theoretically related constructs (empathy, aggression, work ethic, and borderline personality disorder) were examined. Additionally, the relation between the PPI and heroism was explored. One hundred male inmates were administered the PPI, the Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Empathy (Mehrabian & Epstein, 1972), the Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992), the Protestant Ethic Scale (Mirels & Garrett, 1971), the Self-Report for Borderline Personality Scale (Oldham et al., 1985), and the Activity Frequency Inventory (Lilienfeld, 1998). As predicted, the PPI was significantly negatively correlated with empathy and significantly positively …

The Reported Prevalence Of Mandated Community Treatment In Two Florida Samples, Annette Christy, Roger Boothroyd, John Petrila, Norman Poythress

Norman Poythress

Questions on multiple modes of mandated community treatment (e.g. outpatient commitment, advance directive, representative payee, and special housing) were included in two studies of persons with mental illness, using a mail survey of Medicaid enrollees receiving SSI and interviews conducted as part of an evaluation of a specialty mental health court. Results indicate that the majority of individuals reported no experience with any forms of mandated community treatment. However, respondents from the two samples who had been subject to community mandates reported comparatively similar experiences. Additional studies of the prevalence of mandated community treatment are necessary to garner expanded information …

Verbal Ability And Delinquency: Testing The Moderating Role Of Psychopathic Traits, Luna Muñoz, Paul Frick, Eva Kimonis, Katherine Aucoin

Eva Kimonis

Background: Impaired verbal abilities are one of the most consistent risk factors for serious antisocial and delinquent behavior. However, individuals with psychopathic traits often show serious antisocial behavior, despite showing no impairment in their verbal abilities. Thus, the aim of the current study was to examine whether psychopathy moderates the relationship between verbal abilities and delinquent behavior in a sample of detained youth. Methods: The sample included 100 detained adolescent boys who were assessed on self-reported delinquent acts and psychopathic traits, as well as their age at first offense based on official records. Participants also completed a competitive computer task …

Further Evidence Of The Divergent Correlates Of The Psychopathic Personality Inventory Factors: Prediction Of Institutional Misconduct Among Male Prisoners, John Edens, Norman Poythress, Scott Lilienfeld, Christopher Patrick

Norman Poythress

Recent evidence suggests that 2 largely orthogonal dimensions underpin the latent construct assessed by the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI; Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996): Fearless Dominance (PPI-I) and Impulsive Antisociality (PPI-II). Relatively few data exist on the correlates of these 2 dimensions in offender samples, however. The present study examines the criterion-related validity of these 2 dimensions among male prison inmates (N 131) in relation to the prediction of 3 categories of institutional maladjustment: aggressive misconduct, nonaggressive misconduct, and any misconduct. PPI-II significantly predicted each criterion type, with effect sizes of moderate magnitude, whereas PPI-I was essentially unrelated to these outcome …

Suicidal And Criminal Behavior Among Female Offenders: The Role Of Abuse And Psychopathology, Eva Kimonis, J. Skeem, John Edens, K. Douglas

Eva Kimonis

No abstract provided.

Improving Understanding Of Research Consent Disclosures Among Persons With Mental Illness, Paul Stiles, Norman Poythress, Alicia Hall, Diana Falkenbach

Norman Poythress

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate alternative procedures for improving the understanding of research consent disclosures by persons who have mental illness. Methods: Three groups participated in the study: persons with schizophrenia (N=79), persons with depression (N=82), and a healthy control group (N=80). The participants were guided through an informed consent process in which two factors were manipulated. One was the structure of the disclosure form; either a typical disclosure form involving standard dense text was used, or a graphically enhanced form was used. The other was the interpersonal process: the presence or absence of a third-party …

Mental Health Courts: A Workable Proposition?, Sherine Mikhail, Akintunde Akinkunmi, Norman Poythress

Norman Poythress

In the UK the notion of diverting people suffering from mental disorders from the criminal justice system to treatment within the health service is not new (Home Office, 1990), nor is the concept of a court-based psychiatric assessment and liaison service (Joseph & Potter, 1990; James & Hamilton, 1991; Joseph, 1992). Similarly, the concept of ‘specialist’ courts is not a novelty in the USA (Bean, 1998; Schwartz & Schwartz, 1998). We report on the first specialist mental health court in the USA and propose a modification of the current provision of psychiatric services to courts in England and Wales by …

Obtaining Informed Consent For Research: A Model For Use With Participants Who Are Mentally Ill, Norman Poythress

Norman Poythress

No abstract provided.

The Exploration Of Subclinical Psychopathic Subtypes And The Relationship With Types Of Aggression, Diana Falkenbach, Norman Poythress, Caysyn Creevy

Norman Poythress

The psychopathy literature includes inconsistencies with regard to correlates, etiology, and treatment, suggesting heterogeneity within the construct. This paper used measures of psychopathy (the LPS primary and secondary), temperament (the BIS and BAS scales), and anxiety (STAI), in a model-basThe psychopathy literature includes inconsistencies with regard to correlates, etiology, and treatment, suggesting heterogeneity within the construct. This paper used measures of psychopathy (the LPS primary and secondary), temperament (the BIS and BAS scales), and anxiety (STAI), in a model-based cluster analysis, and identified prototypes that somewhat resembled subclinical primary and secondary psychopathy in a college population. Variants matched theory in …

The Correlates And Consequences Of Drug Involvement Among Youths Entering A Juvenile Justice Diversion Program, Richard Dembo, Jennifer Wareham, Norman Poythress, Brittany Cook

Norman Poythress

We report the results of the relationship of lifetime and past year drug involvement to psychosocial functioning among youths entering a Juvenile Arbitration Program (a diversion program) in the 13th Judicial Circuit, who enrolled in a Center for Substance Abuse Treatment funded study. The project is a clinical trial evaluating an innovative intervention service providing sixteen weeks of intensive case management services to youths and their families. The present study examines baseline interview data for 165 youths who entered the Juvenile Arbitration Program between June 2002 and July 2003 and agreed to participate in the project. The results indicate that …

Relation Of Antisocial And Psychopathic Traits To Suicide-Related Behavior Among Offenders, Kevin Douglas, Scott Lilienfeld, Jennifer Skeem, Norman Poythress

Norman Poythress

Offenders with antisocial traits are relatively likely to attempt suicide, largely because they are more likely to have high negative emotionality and low constraint. Among 682 male offenders, we tested whether negative emotionality, low constraint, and also substance use problems mediated any relationship between antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and psychopathy on the one hand, and suicide-related behavior (SRB) and ideation on the other. ASPD and the impulsivity/lifestyle features of psychopathy weakly predicted SRB. High negative emotionality and low constraint (but not substance use) mediated the relation between ASPD and SRB. Impulsivity/lifestyle features of psychopathy retained an independent predictive effect. Self-report …

Women’S Recollections Of Victimization, Psychological Problems, And Substance Abuse, Margaret Gatz, Lisa Russell, Janice Grady, Debra Kram-Fernandez

Lisa M Russell

In this article, we describe types of physical and sexual abuse that women report and some consequences of these experiences in their lives. Research questions focused on types of abuse, the age at which abuse was experienced, and correlations between abuse and other outcomes. Data were collected from 2,729 participants in the Women, Co-Occurring Disorders and Violence Study. Results showed that two thirds of participants described their sexual and/or physical abuse as beginning before age 18. Earlier onset was related to more severe current mental distress on the Brief Symptom Inventory. In general, reported age of onset for sexual and/or …

The War Within: One Soldier's Experience, Several Clinician's Perspectives, Laura M. Schmuldt, Troyann I. Gentile, Jason S. Bluemlein, John C. Fitch Iii, William R. Sterner

Troyann I. Gentile

Soldiers returning from deployment are presenting with a plethora of serious mental health challenges, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disturbances, and substance abuse issues. This paper will describe the journey of one soldier following his deployment to Iraq and the difficulties he faced during reintegration. Clinicians representing five approaches – dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), group systems theory, and motivational interviewing (MI) will provide perspectives on the development of traumatic response symptomology, as well as suggestions for understanding and treating the soldier profiled in the case study.

Religiosidad Y Felicidad En Alumnos Universitarios: ¿Es Mejor Trabajar Con Los Ancianos?, T. L. Brink

T. L. Brink

Reports on self-estimated life satisfaction and religiosity (present and future projected) in different populations of Mexican university students. Student levels of life satisfaction were comparable to the national norms (Mitofsky) but were lower than the national norms for religiosity. Unlike in the U.S., there was no correlation between religiosity and life satisfaction. Students in a gerontology program showed higher levels of religiosity than those in another university.

Positive Psychiatry, Amresh Srivastava

Amresh Srivastava

Revolutionary advances in understanding mental disorders and in providing novel treatments have enhanced the expectations of patients and relatives. There is a growing demand on newer research in providing interventions that allow patients to live a normal life. Of late, concept of the illness itself has undergone significant change. It is now proposed that expected outcome from treatment of mental disorder is to achieve a state of ‚ ‘wellness.’ Positive psychiatry is a newer branch of psychological medicine that seeks to promote understanding of wellness and examines its application in intervention and prevention of mental disorders. The concept of positive …

Behavioural Charactertics Of Patients Vulnerable For Repeated Hospitalisation, Amresh Srivastava, Coralee Berlmont, Miky Kaushal, Avinash Desouza, Robbie Campbell, Larry Stitt

Amresh Srivastava

Background

Re-hospitalization which takes place in about 30 to 50% postdischarge patienst, leads to poor outcome, increased rate of mortality and consumes more than 2/3 of budgetary allocations. Inability to identify vulnerable candidates for repeated admissions limits our options for strategic treatment.

Methods

In this prospective study conducted at Regional Mental Health Care ( Presently Parkwood Institute) 101 patienst ( 51 feamles, mean age 43 years), were examined using standard psychometric tools on parameters of clinical, psychopathological, suicide behaviour and resiliency for their risk and preventive characerstics.

Results

We assessed 101 subjects (51 females) with mean age of 42 years. …

Should Suicide Behaviour Be An Outcome Parameter For Mental Disorder, Amresh Srivastava

Amresh Srivastava

Suicide and mental illness are closely related to each other. A high number of people who commit suicide suffer from a mental illness, and a high number of mentally ill patients exhibit suicide behavior. Suicide behavior is a significant aspect of mental illness. It is consistently observed throughout the course of illness, seen in the prodromal stage, during acute phase of remission, in residual phase and whenever illness relapses. A number of times, mental disorder improves but suicide behavior persists. 10-15% patients attempt suicide in the initial phase of an illness. More than half of the patients get hospitalized due …

Use Of Atypical Antipsychotics In Nursing Homes And Pharmaceutical Marketing, Camilla Pimentel, Jennifer Donovan, Terry Field, Jerry Gurwitz, Leslie Harrold, Abir Kanaan, Celeste Lemay, Kathleen Mazor, Jennifer Tjia, Becky Briesacher

Jennifer Tjia

OBJECTIVES: To describe the current extent and type of pharmaceutical marketing in nursing homes (NHs) in one state and to provide preliminary evidence for the potential influence of pharmaceutical marketing on the use of atypical antipsychotics in NHs.

DESIGN: Nested mixed-methods, cross-sectional study of NHs in a cluster randomized trial.

SETTING: Forty-one NHs in Connecticut.

PARTICIPANTS: NH administrators, directors of nursing, and medical directors (n = 93, response rate 75.6%).

MEASUREMENTS: Quantitative data, including prescription drug dispensing data (September 2009-August 2010) linked with Nursing Home Compare data (April 2011), were used to determine facility-level prevalence of atypical antipsychotic use, facility-level …

Rationales That Providers And Family Members Cited For The Use Of Antipsychotic Medications In Nursing Home Residents With Dementia, Alice Bonner, Terry Field, Celeste Lemay, Kathleen Mazor, Daniel Andersen, Christina Compher, Jennifer Tjia, Jerry Gurwitz

Jennifer Tjia

OBJECTIVES: To describe the rationales that providers and family members cite for the use of antipsychotic medications in people with dementia living in nursing homes (NHs). DESIGN: Qualitative, descriptive study. SETTING: Twenty-six medium-sized and large facilities in five Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services regions. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals diagnosed with dementia who received an antipsychotic medication. MEASUREMENTS: Data were collected from medical record abstraction and interviews with prescribers, administrators, direct care providers, and family members. Textual data from medical record abstraction and responses to open-ended interview questions were analyzed using directed content analysis techniques. A coding scheme was developed, and coded …

Identification Of Risk Factors For Suicide Amongst Psychiatric Patients: Can Structured Measurement Tools Be More Specific?, Amresh Shrivastava, Robbie Campbell, Megan Johnston, Coralee Berlmont, Miky Kaushal, Avinash Desousa, Larry Stitt, Charles Nelson

Amresh Srivastava

Background One of the main challenges in suicide prevention is that it cannot be predicted. Significant number of patients attempt suicide while being under psychiatric treatment. Lethality and intent of each risk factor varies and remains inconsistent. Though structured instruments have also been useful with limited success search for newer methods remains an urgent clinical need. We believe risk is multifactorial and a scale based upon fundamental domains of biological, psychological, social, environmental, spiritual and clinical origin can elucidate more specific factors. Scale for impact of suicidality- Management, Assessment & Planning of care-brief screener (SISMAP-bcs) is 23 item scale which …

The Promise Of Healthcare Reform In Transforming Services For Jail Detainees, Maureen Mcdonnell, Laura Brookes, Arthur J. Lurigio

Arthur J. Lurigio

Chronic behavioral health conditions, such as psychiatric and substance use disorders, affect at least half of all arrestees, with two-thirds suffering from at least one chronic medical disorder. These conditions contribute to their criminal behaviors and propensities to recycle through the criminal justice system (Binswanger et al. Journal of Urban Health 89:183-190, 2012). Despite their limited resources, jails have nonetheless become de facto settings for the delivery of healthcare services. With the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010, jail releasees will become eligible for government-subsidized healthcare coverage in 2014. The widespread availability of integrated healthcare services for …